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With the development of industry, musculoskeletal disorders have become increasingly prominent, and low back pain is one of the major problems. The United States and Germany have already included it in the category of occupational diseases. Therefore, it is extremely important to determine the occupational factors affecting low back pain and evaluate the load level of workers. In this paper, combined with the existing literature, the evaluation methods of the load of low back pain were reviewed, in order to provide reference for the development of prevention strategies of low back pain from the perspective of occupational factors.

Alzheimer was born in Germany in 1864. In 1887, Alzheimer graduated with a medical doctor degree at the University of Würzburg. In 1888, Alzheimer began to work in the Community Hospital for Mental and Epileptic Patients in Frankfurt am Main for 14 years. During this time, Alzheimer published the six-volume Histologic and Histopathologic Studies of the Cerebral Cortex, with co-author Franz Nissl. In 1903, Alzheimer came to work in the Royal Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Munich. One year later, he published his postdoctoral paper of Histological Studies about the Differential Diagnosis of Progressive Paralysis in 1904. In 1912, Alzheimer was provided the chair of psychiatry at the University of Breslau. On the way to Breslau, Alzheimer got sick, and eventually died in 1915. In 1906, Alzheimer found numerous amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain of a patient called Auguste under the microscope. In November of the same year, Alzheimer gave a lecture about Auguste's case at the 37(th) Conference of South-West German Psychiatrists in Tübingen, which received little attention. In 1910, Kraepelin mentioned "Alzheimer's disease" for the first time to name the disease of what Auguste got in the 8th edition of Handbook of Psychiatry. Therefore, Alzheimer achieved worldwide recognition.

In the present paper, the authors analyze current state of clinical trials for acupuncture treatment of various types of diseases or clinical conditions in countries outside China in the past 30 years. The published top 5 more papers involve disorders of muscle-skeleton and connective tissues (295 papers), disorders of the nerve system (230), problems of the department of gynaecology and obstetrics (164), post-surgical complications (134), and addiction (70). The top 5 countries having more papers published are Germany (59 papers on disorders of muscle-skeleton and connective tissues, 62 on neurological disorders, 17 on problems of the department of gynaecology and obstetrics, 21 on post-surgical complications, and 8 on addiction), USA (43 papers on disorders of muscle-skeleton and connective tissues, 27 on neurological disorders, 24 on problems of the department of gynaecology and obstetrics, 27 on post-surgical complications, and 29 on addiction), British (38 papers on disorders of muscle-skeleton and connective tissues, 17 on neurological disorders, 14 on post-surgical complications, and 6 on addiction), Sweden (17 papers on disorders of muscle-skeleton and connective tissues, 16 on neurological disorders, and 28 on problems of the department of gynaecology and obstetrics), and South Korea (14 papers on neurological disorders, 5 on post-surgical complications, and 3 on addiction).

This paper reports on results of a comparative study of the long-term care systems and relevant laws in Germany and the Netherlands. Information and data used was obtained through articles in the literature. The character of long-term care systems and the major elements of such in both countries are described in detail, including system development, organizational structures, insurance coverage, payment systems, services, delivery systems, and financial mechanisms. Findings-based recommendations are then offered related to Taiwan's long-term care and emerging long-term care insurance systems. Based on the long-term care insurance implementation experiences of these two nations, the authors propose several policy recommendations, including the following: Premiums, taxes, and government subsidies should provide the major sources of funding for the system in order to minimize risk and achieve equity in service. Co-payments should apply to all provided services in order to reduce abuse of the system. Various financial control mechanisms, including controlling benefit levels and ceilings and applying appropriate care management and financial adjustment mechanisms, are also suggested. As national insurance benefits all insured individuals, premium sharing must consider the equity of relevant stakeholders. Developed service delivery systems should be both highly accessible and use a unified evaluation tool to define the needs of the insured. In addition, the long-term care administration organization should coordinate all current long-term care related services.