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The article discusses long-term safety of drug-eluting stents in emergent coronary revascularization.

On December 18, 2020, an expert council was held with the participation of members of the Russian Society of Cardiology, the Eurasian Association of Ther-apists, the National Society for Atherothrombosis, the National Society for Evi-dence-Based Pharmacotherapy, and the Russian Heart Failure Society. The event was devoted to the discussion of the correct use of research data of "real clinical practice" in decision making.

The document focuses on key issues of diuretic therapy in CHF from the standpoint of current views on the pathogenesis of edema syndrome, its diagnosis, and characteristics of using diuretics in various clinical situations.

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A large body of empirical research shows that psychosocial risk factors (PSRFs) such as low socio-economic status, social isolation, stress, type-D personality, depression and anxiety increase the risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and also contribute to poorer health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and prognosis in patients with establishedCHD. PSRFs may also act as barriers to lifestyle changes and treatment adherence and may moderate the effects of cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Furthermore, there appears to be a bidirectional interaction between PSRFs and the cardiovascular system. Stress, anxiety and depression affect the cardiovascular system through immune, neuroendocrine and behavioural pathways. In turn, CHD and its associated treatments may lead to distress in patients, including anxiety and depression. In clinical practice, PSRFs can be assessed with single-item screening questions, standardised questionnaires, or structured clinical interviews. Psychotherapy and medication can be considered to alleviate any PSRF-related symptoms and to enhance HRQoL, but the evidence for a definite beneficial effect on cardiac endpoints is inconclusive. A multimodal behavioural intervention, integrating counselling for PSRFs and coping with illness should be included within comprehensive CR. Patients with clinically significant symptoms of distress should be referred for psychological counselling or psychologically focused interventions and/or psychopharmacological treatment. To conclude, the success of CR may critically depend on the interdependence of the body and mind and this interaction needs to be reflected through the assessment and management of PSRFs in line with robust scientific evidence, by trained staff, integrated within the core CR team.

A total of 41 patients with ischaemic heart disease and 30 normal donors were subjected to examinations of the biochemical indices of the blood coagulation system in its coagulation and anticoagulation links, as well as to tests reflecting the fibrinolytic and inhibitory activity of the urine. In the presence of thromboembolic complications in myocardial infarction patients a sharp elevation of "residual fibrinogen" and antiplasmins is noted along with a reduction of the urokinase activity of the urine.

Aim: to assess relation ofhigh functional activity ofplatelets to prognosis ofunfavorable cardiovascular events in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)., Materials: The study was based on the data of a single center ACS registry conducted in the Central Clinical Hospital of the Presidential Affairs Department of Russian Federation. Of 529 included patients in 425 without contraindications to double antiplatelet therapy we carried out analysis of dependence of 30 days level of unfavorable events on parameters of functional activity of platelets., Results: High on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) was found to be associated with 3.5 increase of mortality in the group of patients with high cardiovascular risk. Logistic model of prognosis of unfavorable events based on multifactorial analysis of data from patients with measured platelet aggregation included chronic kidney disease, type of myocardial infarction, and degree ofplatelet aggregation >45%. C -statistic was equal to 0.77. We also present in this paper discussion of problems related to studying approaches to individualization of anti-aggregation therapy in real clinical practice and problems of organization ofsimilar studies., Conclusion: The study showed that patients with ACS increased platelet aggregation, as well as chronic kidney disease and type 2 MI are associated with a 30 day prognosis of adverse events.

Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) is a serious socio-economic problem in developed countries because this disease is the most common indication for aortic valve replacement. Currently, there are no methods for non-invasive treatment of CAVS. Nevertheless, it is assumed that effective drug therapy for CAVS can be developed on the basis of modulators of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which is involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. The purpose of this paper is to compile and analyze current information on the role of RAAS in the CAVS pathophysiology. Recent data on the effectiveness of RAAS inhibition are reviewed.

Background: Psychosocial risk factors (RFs) play a major role in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)., Aim: The COMET study aimed to obtain current data on psychosocial RFs in outpatients with arterial hypertension (AH) and/or coronary heart disease (CHD) seen in primary care facilities in 30 cities of Russia., Methods: In 2016-2017, a multicenter cross-sectional study was carried out involving 325 physicians from community primary care facilities who enrolled 2,775 patients with AH and/or CHD ≥ 55 years of age. However, only 73 CHD patients (2.6%) were not hypertensive, therefore, these patients were excluded from the analyses. As a result, current paper is based on the comparison of AH patients (n=1687) vs. participants with both CHD and AH (AH+CHD; n=1015). We collected patients' socio-demographic data, clinical features, traditional and psychosocial RFs, such as anxiety and depression, stress level, type D personality, and treatment adherence., Results: The study population (women, 72%; mean age ± SD, 66.7 ± 7.9 years) had a significant prevalence of psychosocial RF. 43.8% of AH patients and 45.5 % of participants with AH+CHD rated their income as low or very low, a low educational level was reported in 21.6% and 26.0%, respectively (both p=n/s). Social isolation was uncommon, but it occurred more frequently in AH+CHD patients (8.3% vs. 5.2%, p<0.01). Nevertheless, 40.2% of AH patients and 39.4% of AH+CHD were not married, and 26.0% and 24.6% were living alone, respectively. Elevated stress level was prevalent in more than 60% of patients (67.9% in AH patients vs. 67.7% in AH+CHD patents, p=n/s), and 63.3% and 64.8% of patients, respectively, reported stressful life events in the preceding year (p=n/s). Type D personality was more common in AH+CHD patients (41.2% vs. 35.8%; p<0.01). Clinically significant anxiety symptoms were prevalent in 24.7% ofAH patients and in 27.4% ofAH+CHD patients (p=n/s), and clinically significant depressive symptoms were identified in 13.9% and 20.9%, respectively (p<0.001)., Conclusion: We obtained current data on psychosocial RFs prevalence in outpatients with the most common CVDs in primary care setting. At the moment, their prevalence remains significant.

Systematic analysis of 3 728 publications on the relationship between microelement status and chronic heart failure (CHF) was carried out. Three main areas of research have been identified: 1) magnesium, electrolytes and CHF; 2) the transcriptional and antioxidant effects of zinc, selenium, copper; 3) iron-deficiency anemia and CHF. In this paper, we consider a complex of relationships between the magnesium insufficiency and CHF, the effect of magnesium on vascular tone, mitochondria, heart rhythm and the susceptibility of cardiomyocytes to adrenergic stimulation. Using magnesium orotate for the treatment of CHF is a feasible approach to compensate magnesium insufficiency in patients with CHF.

Today, transplantation of stem / progenitor cells is a promising approach for the treatment of heart diseases. The therapeutic potential of transplanted cells directly depends on the method of delivery to the myocardium, which determines their regenerative properties. It is important for the development of effective methods of cell therapy. In this paper, we performed a comparative study of efficacy of cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) transplantation by intramyocardial needle injections and by tissue engineering constructs (TEC) - "cell sheets" consisting of cells and their extracellular matrix. It has been shown, that transplantation of TEC in comparison with the intramyocardial delivery provides more extensive distribution and retains more proliferating cellular elements in the damaged myocardium, attenuates the negative cardiac remodeling of the left ventricle and promotes its vascularization.

Stress echocardiography is an established technique for the assessment of extent and severity of coronary artery disease. The combination of echocardiography with a physical, pharmacological or electrical stress allows detecting myocardial ischemia with an excellent accuracy. A transient worsening of regional function during stress is the hallmark of inducible ischemia. Stress echocardiography provides similar diagnostic and prognostic accuracy as radionuclide stress perfusion imaging or magnetic resonance, but at a substantially lower cost, without environmental impact, and with no biohazards for the patient and the physician. The evidence on its clinical impact has been collected over 35 years, based on solid experimental, pathophysiological, technological and clinical foundations. There is the need to implement the combination of wall motion and coronary flow reserve, assessed in the left anterior descending artery, into a single test. The improvement of technology and in imaging quality will make this approach more and more feasible. The future issues in stress echo will be the possibility of obtaining quantitative information translating the current qualitative assessment of regional wall motion into a number. The next challenge for stress echocardiography is to overcome its main weaknesses: dependence on operator expertise, the lack of outcome data (a widespread problem in clinical imaging) to document the improvement of patient outcomes. This paper summarizes the main indications for the clinical applications of stress echocardiography to ischemic heart disease.

In this paper we have discussed epidemiology, pathogenesis, and approaches to treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). CTEPH is a unique potentially curable form of pulmonary hypertension. The gold standard of CTEPH treatment is pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. However, about 40% of patients with CTEPH are inoperable due to distal surgically inaccessible lesions of the pulmonary vasculature, severe hemodynamic impairments, or other contraindications. In addition, nearly half of patients have persistent or recurrent pulmonary hypertension following surgery. Current guidelines support the use of pharmacotherapy in these patients. In the article we have presented results of main clinical studies of targeted drugs therapy (endothelin receptor antagonists, prostanoids, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators) of patients with CTEPH. The only drug that has demonstrated robust clinical efficacy in terms of improvment hemodynamic parameters, exercise capacity and patients' quality of life is the stimulator of the soluble guanylate cyclase riociguat. The efficacy and safety of riociguat have been investigated in short-term and long-term studies with follow-up up to 6 years. Results of these studies have constituted the basis forits approval by the regulatory authorities of more than 50 countries for the treatment of inoperable CTEPH and persistent or recurrent CTEPH after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. In the European Union, USA and many other countries, riociguat is the only pharmacological agent approved for these indications.

This review includes main positions of the revision of diagnostic criteria of "J-wave syndromes in the J-Wave Syndromes Expert Consensus Conference Report: Emerging Concepts and Gaps in Knowledge" (2016). The article, systematized according to the sections of the above-mentioned document, outlines the questions of terminology, new criteria for diagnosis of the Brugada syndrome (BrS) and early repolarization syndrome (ERS). The section devoted to ERS on the issues of new terminology and standardization of measurements, is supplemented with material from the Consensus Paper - The Early Repolarization Pattern (2015). The article also presents the issues of differential diagnosis in BrS, presents modulating factors, defines acquired Brugada-pattern and Brugada phenocopies. The similarities and differences between BrS and ERS are presented in a comparative aspect.

Is this paper discuss problems of selection of anticoagulant therapy in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation, use of unreasonably low doses of anticoagulants, their risks and adherence to therapy is discussed in the paper.

The main place among cardiovascular diseases takes coronary heart disease. The number of coronary artery bypass surgery increases every year. The large number of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) performed worldwide. The need for assessment of grafts patency is enormous., Objective: We are performed analyze of graft patency results, after CABG surgery in our clinic., Materials and Methods: This paper presents the results of a retrospective analysis of angiographic graft patency data depends of TIMI flow, Syntax score, diameter and degree of vascular lesions, as well as the surgery type., Results: According angiographic data of 142 patients, we found that 74 (52.1 %) had no graft dysfunction. In the 68 (47.9 %) patients had various types graft dysfunction which is 3.0 % of the total number of operated patients in our center for coronary heart disease. 31 (46 %) patients were operated under Off pump, 19 (28 %) - On pump and 18 (26 %) - in a parallel bypass technic. According to our data parameters such as Syntax score, the diameter of the vessel and the percentage of lesion, its did not significantly affect the grafts patency in terms of up to 12,7±6,5 months. Preoperative coronary blood flow (assessed by TIMI scale) the significantly affects the grafts patency., Conclusions: In the graft patency for perioperative period and follow-up, significantly affected preoperative coronary blood flow assessed by TIMI. The results of beating heart (off pump and using a parallel IR) and On pump surgery similar in the immediate postoperative period. But there is tend to increase graft dysfunction in up to 30 months in patients after off pump surgery. We don't found relation between Syntax score, the diameter of the coronary arteries, the percentage of stenosis and graft patency after 12 months follow-up.

In the clinical practice a physician quite often is at a loss due to "freedom of choice" granted by availability of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC). If a patient with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) has indications for therapy with anticoagulants which DOAC should be preferred? What are benefits for a patient with ischemic heart disease and AF when definite NOAC is chosen and what are risks inherent of this choice? Answers to such questions are given in this paper.

We present in this paper modern views on components, physiological and pathophysiological effects of the renin-angiotensin system, pathways of its hyperactivation at various stages of the cardiovascular continuum. Special emphasis is made on angiotensin receptor blockers (sartans). Basing on results of analysis of randomized clinical trials of these agents we have outlined clinical situations in which prescription of one or another drug from this group is preferable. For patients with multiple risk factors of cardiovascular complications preferable agent is telmisartan, for patients with nephropathy - irbesartan, for survivors of acute myocardial infarction - valsartan, while for patients with clinical signs of chronic heart failure with low ejection fraction 3 agents can be designated as preferrable - losartan, valsartan, and candesartan.

Patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and abdominal obesity (AO) are a priority group for the most active implementation of secondary prevention efforts. The paper focuses on most challenging issues of cardiovascular risk factors (RFs) correction via comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs in patients with CHD and AO. Based on large randomized clinical trials results, intensive behavioral interventions in the form of counselling are beneficial for such patients especially during the long-term support stage. They produce small but important changes in health behaviors (which translate into weight reduction, more healthy nutrition and higher physical activity) and improve selected intermediate clinical endpoints.

Aim: of the study was further investigation of diagnostics and management of cardiac complications of essential hypertension (EH)., Methods: Retrospective analysis of annual reports of cardiological departments for 10 year period was carried out. Internists (n=330) from 6 regions of Russia participated in the study. Anonymous questioning was used for the study of physicians views on diagnosis, prognostication of outcomes, and monitoring of hypertensive heart disease (HHD). Responses were compared with information from practical clinical recommendations., Results and Conclusions: Clinicians were poorly informed about nosology, echocardiographic criteria of diagnosis of HHD. They did not use prognostication of development of cardiac arrhythmias caused by hypertension. Large portion of participants (39.09%) was not aware of possibilities of drug therapy of HHD. About 1/3 of physicians could not select appropriate indications for echocardiographic examination of patients with EH. One third of participating physicians did not know EH induced echocardiographic changes. These results stress the importance of creation of a complex method of ambulatory monitoring of EH complications. Such method is suggested in this paper.

Administration of preparations of potassium and magnesium to patients with arterial hypertension is an accepted therapeutic practice. In this paper we examine relationships between the content of potassium and magnesium in the body and levels of arterial pressure. Results of relevant fundamental and clinical studies are also presented. In hypertension and hypotension modulating effects of potassium and magnesium develop with the use of their small doses compensating deficit of these elements.

We have summarized in this paper main conceptions on structure and function of vascular endothelium with special attention to the role of caveolae both in regulation of function of endothelium itself and transvesicular transport of metabolic substrates. We have also described the role of shear stress in activation of vascular endothelium and putative mechanisms of its action.

The joint European Registry of patients with cardiovascular diseases participating in cardiac rehabilitation programs (European Cardiac Rehabilitation Database, EuroCaReD) is conducted in collaboration between the ESC and EACPR). Its main goals were to improve the routine use of cardiac rehabilitation, to develop joint standards for cardiac rehabilitation in all European countries and evidence based rehabilitation programs and to monitor any changes. In the EuroCaReD registry participated a total of 44 centers from 13 countries, including 3 centers from Russia, which enrolled 151 patients during 2010-2012. This paper is comparing the baseline demographics, clinical data and risk factors in Russian patients versus the rest of Europe. It was shown that cardiac rehabilitation patients in Russia, as in the whole cohort, are predominantly male. Elderly patients from Russia were 3 times less likely to be referred for rehabilitation than in Europe. Unlike the whole cohort Russian patients were almost never sent to rehabilitation because of heart failure or stable angina. Likewise the whole Europe Russian patients had an average of 3 cardiovascular risk factors before rehabilitation, but with some national differences in their prevalence and severity.

Cardiac resynchronizing therapy (CRT) is currently a leading approach to the treatment of heart failure in adults. However, data regarding application of CRT in children remain limited and indications for CRT are unclear. There is evidence that the best treatment outcomes result from the administration of CRT to the group of children whose heart failure is caused by dyssynchrony mediated by traditional stimulation of the right ventricle in patient with complete atrioventricular block. On the contrary, the presence of dilated cardiomyopathy and functional class III-IV heart failure are the predictors of ineffective CRT. Implantation of CRT devices in children has many peculiarities and challenges associated with anatomic and physiological characteristics of childhood age. Taking into consideration the expected length of treatment, one should admit that epicardial biventricular stimulation should be preferred. In the present paper the authors discuss pathophysiology of the electromechanical dyssynchrony, analyze their own experience with CRT, and suggest indications for this kind of treatment.

We present in this paper first results of the Russian registry of chronic heart failure (CHF) as well as comparative analysis of available registries and a number of randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses on CHF.

We have summarized in this paper main conceptions on structure and function of vascular endothelium with special attention to the role of caveolae both in regulation of function of endothelium itself and transvesicular transport of metabolic substrates. We have also described the role of shear stress in activation of vascular endothelium and putative mechanisms of its action.

Cardiac resynchronizing therapy (CRT) is currently a leading approach to the treatment of heart failure in adults. However, data regarding application of CRT in children remain limited and indications for CRT are unclear. There is evidence that the best treatment outcomes result from the administration of CRT to the group of children whose heart failure is caused by dyssynchrony mediated by traditional stimulation of the right ventricle in patient with complete atrioventricular block. On the contrary, the presence of dilated cardiomyopathy and functional class III-IV heart failure are the predictors of ineffective CRT. Implantation of CRT devices in children has many peculiarities and challenges associated with anatomic and physiological characteristics of childhood age. Taking into consideration the expected length of treatment, one should admit that epicardial biventricular stimulation should be preferred. In the present paper the authors discuss pathophysiology of the electromechanical dyssynchrony, analyze their own experience with CRT, and suggest indications for this kind of treatment.

This paper contains discussion of application of methods of assessment of vascular stiffness in clinical practice, comparison of such parameters as pulse wave velocity, ankle-brachial and cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), as well as analysis of advantages of cardio-ankle CAVI for diagnosis, evaluation of effectiveness of treatment, and prognosis in various cardiovascular diseases.

Giant ascending aortic aneurysm is one of the worst lesions of the cardiovascular system. Timely surgical treatment provides the only chance to prolong the lives of such patients. Life expectancy without surgery in these patients is minimal; they die from a ruptured aneurysm or decompensation of organs and systems. In this paper, based on two decades' experience of treating patients with giant aneurysms of ascending aorta and aortic arch in B.V. Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery we have assessed evaluated immediate results of surgery and proposed measures for prevention of possible complications. Out of 53 patients with giant. ascending aortic aneurysms spontaneous rupture after sternotomy or opening of the pericardium occurred in 5 cases. Overall hospital mortality was 1.9%. Our results indicate that with the right tactics surgical repair of giant ascending aortic aneurysms can be performed with a low mortality. Preliminary cardiopulmonary bypass with peripheral cannulation and cooling prior to sternotomy for the possibility of circulatory arrest is a prerequisite of the prevention of fatal massive hemorrhage.

The joint European Registry of patients with cardiovascular diseases participating in cardiac rehabilitation programs (European Cardiac Rehabilitation Database, EuroCaReD) is conducted in collaboration between the ESC and EACPR). It's main goals were to improve the routine use of cardiac rehabilitation, to develop joint standards for cardiac rehabilitation in all European countries and evidence based rehabilitation programs and to monitor any changes. In the EuroCaReD registry participated a total of 44 centers from 13 countries, including 3 centers from Russia, which enrolled 151 patients during 2010-2012. This paper is comparing the baseline demographics, clinical data and risk factors in Russian patients versus the rest of Europe. It was shown that cardiac rehabilitation patients in Russia, as in the whole cohort, are predominantly male. Elderly patients from Russia were 3 times less likely to be referred for rehabilitation than in Europe. Unlike the whole cohort Russian patients were almost never sent to rehabilitation because of heart failure or stable angina. Likewise the whole Europe Russian patients had an average of 3 cardiovascular risk factors before rehabilitation, but with some national differences in their prevalence and severity.

Arterial remodeling is the process of adaptation of the vessel comprising multiple structural and functional alterations of the vascular wall that occur in disease, trauma or aging. Arterial remodeling is accelerated in conditions that adversely affect the structural and functional balance of the vascular system, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, kidney disease, inflammatory diseases, genetic abnormalities, and mechanical damage. Pathological changes in the vascular wall lead to organ damage and, ultimately, death. The aim of this paper is to review the various factors and complex mechanisms, which underlie negative arterial remodeling after mechanical injury and data indicating on the key role of the urokinase plasminogen activator in this process.

In this paper we discuss pathogenetic mechanisms of cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. Results of experimental studies and randomized clinical studies are presented, and perspectives for using GLP-1 agonists in patients with diabetic cardiovascular complications are described.

Microvascular angina is a rather widely spread disease which is associated with high rate of unfavorable outcomes and substantial economical cost of examination and treatment. However problems of noninvasive diagnostics of the disease have not been entirely solved as well as clear-cut algorithm of management has not been elaborated. We present in this paper consideration of contemporary aspects of etiology, pathogenesis, clinical course, diagnosis, and treatment of microvascular angina in accordance with European recommendations on management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease.

The paper is devoted to characteristics of vascular and cardiac remodeling in patients with primary and recurrent myocardial infarction (MI). Data on multifocal atheroslerotic involvement of vessels in these patients associated with development of multivascular involvement of coronary arteries are presented. Emphasis is made on remodeling of vessels and the heart, parameters of vasodilation. We have elucidated frequency of vascular vasoconstrictory reactions in acute stage of MI and relationship between vascular and myocardial remodeling. Special consideration is given to possibility of correction of vascular vasoconstrictory reaction with indapamide. We have corroborated its administration starting from first days of treatment and demonstrated its effect during use for 3 months. We have established possibility of normalization of endothelium dependent vasodilation in most patients with primary MI. Expedience of the use of indapamide for prevention of development of chronic heart failure is stressed.

We present in this paper results of assessment of functional state of right ventricular (RV) myocardium in 38 patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) before and after endovascular recanalization of pulmonary arteries supplemented with thrombolytic therapy. According to echocardiography data RV dysfunction was detected in 60.5% of cases, while an elevated concentration of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in blood plasma was observed in all patients. None of the patients had elevated level of troponin I. An increased concentration of BNP in blood plasma with normal troponin level in patients with acute PE was indicative of a hidden RV dysfunction due to its dilatation, acute volume or pressure overload without evidence of myocardial damage. Implications. All patients with acute pulmonary embolism who are hemodynamically stable, but have elevated levels of plasma BNP should undergo thrombolytic therapy (TLT) with the aim of early recanalization of pulmonary arteries and elimination of RV dysfunction. Early thrombolytic recanalization of the pulmonary arteries not only provides restoration of impaired RV function, but also prevents formation of post embolic chronic pulmonary hypertension and improves clinical prognosis.

Magnesium is principally important for maintenance of function of cardiomyocytes. Magnesium deficit provokes asthenia of cardiomyocytes accompanying cardiovascularpathology. In this paper we present results of conducted for the first time bioinformatic analysis of magnesium dependent mitochondrial proteins. The results have principal significance for understanding pharmacodynamics effects of action of magnesium on function of mitochondria.

This paper describes the clinical case - anterior myocardial infarction after blunt chest trauma in a 25-year-old man.

The paper contains results of assessment of clinical efficacy and safety of coenzyme Q10 in patients with ischemic heart disease. Coenzyme Q10 (60 mg/day for 8 weeks) added to basic treatment of patients with stable class II-III angina significantly improved clinical status of these patients without clinically significant side effects.

This paper presents the specific features of clinical manifestation and treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) in the Russian Federation and compares them to the data from other countries participating in the international CLARIFY (ProspeCtive observational LongitudinAl RegIstry oF patients with stable coronary arterY disease) Registry. In accordance with the exclusion and inclusion criteria, 2249 patients from 43 Russian regions were included in the Registry. Russian patients were younger and had a higher prevalence of risk factors and comorbidities, compared to patients from other countries. In particular, the former more often had cardiovascular disease in family history, smoked (20.9% vs 11.8%; p<0.0001), and had dyslipidemia (77.8% vs 74.6%; p<0.0001) or hypertension (79.6% vs 70.3%; p<0.0001).They also had a higher heart rate (p<0.0001). ). While the incidence of myocardial infarction, based on medical history, was significantly higher than in patients from other countries (78.3% vs 58.4%; p<0.0001), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed 2.5 times less often. Particularly striking differences were observed for the prevalence of stable angina and heart failure, which was, respectively, 4.0 and 7.8 times higher in Russian patients, despite the fact that the prescription frequency was similar in the Russian Federation and other countries. These findings should focus Russian doctors attention on the potential ways to solve the problem of "national features" in the treatment of stable CHD.

The diagnostic efficiency of the methods of separate and combined registration of oronasal airflow and pulse oximetry in order to identify the obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is studied in this work. Patients with cardiovascular diseases with complaints on sleep disorders were included in the study. Combined registration of oronasal airflow and pulse oximetry during sleep were performed for all examined patients (diagnostic system ApneaLink with pulse oximetry, ResMed). Registration results of oronasal airflow and pulse oximetry were analyzed separately and together. Apnea/hypopnea index (classic, recommended), desaturation index with a threshold of desaturation of 4% and 3% were evaluated as the diagnostic criteria for the identification of OSAHS. Also, in this paper the "apnea/hypopnea combined index" summarizing hypopnea episodes, which are associated with significant desaturation and without desaturation, was tested. As a method of comparison, polysomnography (Embla N7000, MedCare Flaga), which was carried out simultaneously with the main study, was used. The diagnostic efficiency of test methods and their criteria assessed by ROC-analysis (receiver operator characteristic, the characteristic curve analysis). The results of the study showed that combined registration of respiratory oronasal airflow and pulse oximetry during sleep was most effectively identified OSAHS and can be used as a screening method. The most accurate diagnostic criterion for identification of OSAHS is an "apnea/hypopnea combined index".

The paper contains review of published data on various methods of quantitative assessment of myocardial infarction (MI) with demonstration of their advantages and drawbacks. Comparative analysis of applicability of existing biochemical markers of necrosis for measurement of the volume of myocardial damage is also presented. Troponin I level measured in 72 hours after onset of chest pain appears to be the most reliable predictor of MI size but its use is justified only in patients with restored perfusion. Troponin T level measured in 72 hours after onset of acute coronary syndrome also correlates closely with MI size but does not depend on the character of reperfusion. Estimation of MI size based on blood concentration of troponins is more precise than methods based on levels of creatine phosphokinase and its MB fraction.

Study aim - to elucidate possibilities of the use of precision administration of mononuclear bone marrow cells (MBMC) for the treatment of myocardial ischemia and heart failure. "Intramyocardial Multiple Precision Administration of Mononuclear Bone Marrow Cells in the Treatment of Myocardial Ischemia" was a double blind randomized placebo controlled study in which we included patients more or equal 6 months after Q-wave myocardial infarction with systolic myocardial dysfunction (ejection fraction <35%), not requiring myocardial revascularization, receiving stable optimal medical therapy for more or equal 8 weeks, and with implanted cardioverter-defibrillator. Transplantation of MBMC was guided by fluoroscopy and tridimensional NOGA XP Cardiac Navigation System. For assessment of efficacy of the method we used surrogate end points: decrease of number of fixed perfusion defects according to SPECT data and improvement of regional myocardial contractility according to data of echocardiography. Results of dynamic observation of the first experience of MBMC administration are presented in this paper.