1. Fate of five bisphenol derivatives in Chlamydomonas mexicana: Toxicity, removal, biotransformation and microalgal metabolism.
- Author
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Yadav N, Ahn HJ, Kurade MB, Ahn Y, Park YK, Khan MA, Salama ES, Li X, and Jeon BH
- Subjects
- Biotransformation, Microalgae, Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity, Benzhydryl Compounds toxicity, Phenols toxicity, Chlamydomonas metabolism
- Abstract
Bisphenols (BPs) are recognized as emerging contaminants because of their estrogenic properties and frequent occurrence in environmental matrices. Here, we evaluated the toxic effects of five common BPs on freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas mexicana and removal of the BPs by the alga. Bisphenols -AF (BPAF), -B (BPB), and -Z (BPZ) (96 h, EC
50 1.78-12.09 mg·L-1 ) exhibited higher toxicity to C. mexicana compared to bisphenol -S (BPS) and -F (BPF) (96 h, EC50 30.53-85.48 mg·L-1 ). In contrast, the mixture of BPs exhibited acute toxicity (96 h, EC50 8.07 mg·L-1 ). After 14 days, C. mexicana had effectively removed 61%, 99%, 55%, 87%, and 89% of BPS, BPF, BPAF, BPB, and BPZ, respectively, at 1 mg L-1 . The biotransformed products of all five BPs were analyzed using UHPLC QTOF, and their toxicity was predicted. All biotransformed products were observed to be less toxic than the parent compounds. The fatty acid composition of C. mexicana after exposure to the BP mixture was predominantly palmitic acid (34.14%), followed by oleic acid (18.9%), and γ-linolenic acid (10.79%). The results provide crucial information on the ecotoxicity of these five BPs and their removal by C. mexicana; the resulting biomass is a potential feedstock for producing biodiesel., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2023
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