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Rhinosinusitis is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases worldwide. It has been associated with many diseases, including allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, asthma, nasal polyps, aspirin sensitivity, cystic fibrosis, immotile cilia syndrome, immunodeficiency, airway infection, otitis media and dental diseases. Due to the complexity in clinical manifestation and classification of rhinosinusitis, and their associated etiology and pathophysiology, evidence based consensus on diagnosis and treatment is important in order to enhance the effectiveness of available treatment and the quality of life of the patients. Since patients with rhinosinusitis may consult a wide range of clinicians, including otolaryngologists, allergists, pulmonologists and paediatricians, clinical guidelines or consensus with the evidence based diagnostic and treatment scheme for rhinosinusitis for different specialists are very important. The first European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps (EP3OS) was published in 2005 by the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology in the Journal of “Rhinology”, and the updated versions were published in 2007 and 2012 in the same journal. EP3OS 2007 had been endorsed by many international medical societies, including WHO (e.g., InterAirway document), and the full document was translated into more than 15 languages, and its contents have been widely endorsed, as some chapters were significantly enriched, as extensive up-to-date information on epidemiology, predisposing factors, pediatric aspects and randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled studies in the treatment of rhinosinusitis were added, and it encourages further clinical and basic research in this field in the future.

Objective To provide data reference for later researchers to visually and conveniently recognize the key research areas of coronavirus, quickly find important literature and influential research partners by analyzing the research literature on coronavirus. Methods Data from the Web of Science Core Collection database were selected to systematically collate the literature on coronavirus research from 1968 to 2019, and the literature type distribution, annual number of papers, countries, institutions, journals, authors, literature co citation, and emerging key words were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2019 and CiteSpace 5.5.R2 software. Results As of December 31, 2019, a total of 13,959 papers on coronavirus have been published. Global coronavirus research is divided into three periods: The initial research period (1968-2003), the first golden development period (2004-2012) and the second golden development period (2013-2019). United States is the country with the largest number of publications; the University of Hong Kong is the institution with the largest number of publications, and the Journal of Virology ranks first in the number and influence of publications. Peiris JSM, Drosten C and Ksiazek TG are good partners in the field of coronavirus research. Conclusions "SARS-CoV", "infectious disease", "coronavirus spike protein" may attract close attention in the field of coronavirus research. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.03.04

Military training-related acute kidney injury (MTRAKI) is a common and frequently occurring disease during training in war and peacetime, and severe MTRAKI may cause death and seriously affect the combat effectiveness of the army. The present paper focuses on the clinical features of MTRAKI, including clinical manifestations, classification and diagnosis, and also summarizes the predisposing factors, including the increase in training intensity, the decline in physical fitness of training personnel, environmental factors, nutritional status, energy intake level and genetic susceptibility. And the pathogenesis of MTRAKI was also discussed. It is believed that the redistribution of blood caused by military training can cause kidney ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, thus to cause or aggravate MTRAKI. For critically ill patients, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) can better stabilize the internal environment, remove toxins and inflammatory mediators, and greatly reduce mortality. The purpose of present paper is to improve the understanding of MTRAKI, reduce the incidence, and achieve early detection and timely treatment. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2019.07.04

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a rapid decline in renal function caused by various etiologies, and is a common critical disease in combat and special working environment. The combat injury and special working environment-related AKI have the characteristics of high incidence and mortality, and the long-term prognosis of survival patients is poor. The present paper introduces the etiology, pathogenesis and main classification of AKI related to combat injury and special working environment, and expounds the present situation of early diagnosis and treatment of AKI and the existing problems. At present, the basic research on AKI is deepening, and the application of new diagnostic markers and renal replacement therapy equipment are becoming more and more active. In order to meet the treatment needs of AKI related to combat injury and special working environment in the future, this paper puts forward the corresponding prevention and treatment strategies, and looks forward to the development trend in this field in the future. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2019.07.02

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of zero profile anterior cervical interbody fixation system (ZPFS) and traditional cervical plate internal fixation for the treatment of cervical spondylosis using a meta-analysis. Methods Related literature was collected by computerized search of online databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang and by manual search of the series of Chinese Medical Journals (2008.2-2018.4). Papers that reported controlled trials of ZPFS and cervical plate internal fixation for the treatment of cervical spondylosis were enrolled in this study. The quality of trials was strictly assessed. RevMan5.3 software provided by the Cochrane Collaboration was used for the analysis of data. The eight indexes included operation time, intraoperative bleeding volume, postoperative JOA score, postoperative VAS score, intervertebral height, dysphagia rate, ossification of anterior longitudinal ligament rate, and neck disability index (NDI). Results Thirty-two papers (12 Chinese and 20 English studies) involving 2154 patients (1044 in ZPFS group and 1110 in cervical plate internal fixation group) were finally enrolled. According to the meta-analysis, compared with cervical plate internal fixation, ZPFS had a significantly lower rate of dysphagia (OR=0.36, 95%CI: 0.28 to 0.47, P0.05). In terms of operation time and intraoperative bleeding volume, the descriptive analysis was adopted in the study due to the heterogeneity among the studies. Further study is needed. Conclusions Compared with the traditional cervical plate internal fixation, ZPFS has the advantages as lower incidence of dysphagia and ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament, while it has the same effect as the traditional cervical plate internal fixation in the aspect of the JOA score, the VAS score, NDI and the intervertebral height. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2018.11.09

Building a powerful navy is the key to safeguarding China's maritime rights and interests and developing maritime strategy. Improving the level and capability of trauma care for naval battle is one of the important tasks for safeguarding naval combat capability and keeping up morale. This paper analyzes the characteristics of naval battle and both the key points and difficulties of medical support under the conditions of modern war, and draws lessons from the experiences of United States navy in the construction of medical support mode, force allocation and maritime health platform, and refers to its training mode and evaluation methods by relying on advanced medical equipment to carry out simulated trauma care efficiently. This paper considers and analyzes the mode of maritime health support, the allocation and utilization of mobile medical service force, the research work related to trauma for naval battle and the training of health professionals. The aim of this study was to provide some effective suggestions for improving capacity and efficiency of trauma care for naval battle. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2016.12.01

Objective To observe the characteristics of rat brain injury induced by shock wave propagation in solids resulting from underwater explosion and explore the related mechanism. Methods Explosion source outside the simulated ship cabin underwater was detonated for establishing a model of brain injury in rats by shock wave propagation in solid; 72 male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group (n=8), injury group 1 (600mg RDX paper particle explosion source, n=32), injury group 2 (800mg RDX paper particle explosion source, n=32). The each injury group was randomly divided into 4 subgroups (n=8), 3, 6, 24 and 72h groups. The division plate as a whole and the head of 8 rats in each injury group were measured for the peak value of the solid shock wave, its rising time and the duration time of shock wave propagation in solid. To observe the physiological changes of animals after injury, plasma samples were collected for determination of brain damage markers, NSE and S-100β. All the animals were sacrificed, the right hemisphere of the brain was taken in each group of animals, weighting after baking, and the brain water content was calculated. Pathological examination was performed for left cerebral hemisphere in 24-h group. The normal pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region were counted. Results The peak value, rising time and duration time of shock wave propagation on the division plate and head were 1369.74±91.70g, 0.317±0.037ms and 24.85±2.53ms, 26.83±3.09g, 0.901±0.077ms and 104.21±6.26ms respectively in injury group 1, 1850.11±83.86g, 0.184±0.031ms and 35.61±2.66ms, 39.75±3.14g, 0.607±0.069ms and 132.44±7.17ms in injury group 2 (P

This paper ventures to suggest different cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) technique for cardiopulmonary arrest due to different was injuries. The present paper ventures to present precise cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedure specific to was injuries of different sites and its termination time based on the principle of "individualize treatments according to the injured person and specific situations" in order to reduce the mortality of cardiopulmonary arrest for combat victims. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2016.04.01

Objective To systematic review the prognosis of radiotherapy combined with surgery for the treatment of retroperitoneal neoplasms. Methods Articles concerning randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in which radiotherapy (pre-, intraand post-operation) in combination with surgery was compared with surgery alone were retrieved by searching Cochrane Library ( Jun 2014), Medline ( Jan 1950–June 2014), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database ( Jan 1994–Jun 2014), Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals Database ( Jan 1994–Jun 2014), China National Knowledge Infrastructure ( Jan 1994–Jun 2014) and Wanfang Database ( Jan 1997–Jun 2014) in English and Chinese languages. The selection/inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria were ascertained by reviewing the relevant literature. The quality of data of RCTs were assessed by two researchers independently. The Stata 12.0 was used to analyze the data to calculate or extract the hazard ratio (HR) and 95%CI. Descriptive analysis was used for the articles which are not suitable for meta-analysis. Results The appropriate articles were selected. A analysis of nine articles (including 1 Chinese paper and 8 English papers) suggests that the combination of radiotherapy and surgery for RCTs is more effective than surgery alone (Merge HR=0.57, 95%CI: 0.40-0.74, P=0.000), and there was a statistically significant difference between two groups. Conclusion Retroperitoneal neoplasm patients should receive appropriate radiotherapy at the same time of surgery to improve the prognosis and elevate the survival rate. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2015.05.10

Ten years of anti-terror struggle since the 9/11 event has indicated adequately that terrorism is a global problem and international danger. Likewise, anti-terror emergency rescue is also an important task which will influence the safety and benefit of every country all over the world. This paper reviews the main progress and result of international anti-terror struggle in the last ten years, and also introduces the new characteristic of the international anti-terror activity. Besides that, this paper also brings forward the further consideration about the anti-terror emergency medical rescue and the researches remaining to be carried out. The latter includes: (1) to further perfect the high-efficient medical rescue command organization; (2) to further perfect the emergency medical rescue prearranged scheme; (3) to further perfect the construction of rescue system and rescue base after various types of terror attack; (4) to further promote the anti-terror consciousness in the public, and pay more attention to the prevention and investigation of the psychological disaster; (5) to further carry out the basic investigation on emergency medical rescue after various terror attack injuries (for example the types and characteristics of new injuries, pathophysiology and prevention and treatment of stress-psychological effect induced by terror attack, new high-efficient medical rescue measure and equipments, and so on).

Objective The present paper aims to summarize the surgical and perioperative management techniques for simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation(SPKT) with insulin systemic circulation reflux and enteric drainage to reduce surgical risks and complications and improve the long-term survival of transplanted organs.Methods The present paper retrospectively analyzes the clinical data,surgical techniques,and prevention of surgery-related complications from five cases that received SPKT with insulin systemic circulation reflux and enteric drainage.These five patients suffered from Type 1 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy resulting in uremia.They were admitted to the Organ Transplant Center of the 309th Hospital of PLA from 2003 to 2010.Results Of the five successful SPKT cases,three patients had normally functioning graft pancreas and kidneys and were able to stop their insulin and hypoglycemic drug medications and dialysis.Two cases had delayed kidney graft functions.One suffered perioperative death due to infection and multiple organ failure,and the other received graft pancreas resection due to a leaky gut caused by donor duodenal segment necrosis.The graft kidney,however,retained normal function.The insulin medication was stopped after an average time of 15 days,and blood creatinine returned to its normal level after 10 days.The graft survival was checked after 12 months to 96 months(by July of 2011),and the graft procedure was found to be successful.Conclusions SPKT with insulin systemic circulation reflux and enteric drainage is the preferred surgical technique for pancreas transplantation.Enhanced surgical skills and effective perioperative management can help reduce,and even eliminate,postoperative complications and improve graft survival.

Bone injury is the most common type of war wound, and different from ordinary open bone injury. The war wound bone injury caused by high-energy weapons has the characteristics of deep bleeding site, coagulation dysfunction, multi bacteria infection and large bone defect area, so it is difficult to be treated in battlefield. Mesoporous silica is a new type of inorganic nano biomaterial, which is widely used in bleeding treatment and bone tissue engineering due to its high specific surface area, large porosity and easy modification. Compared with the traditional materials for the treatment of traumatic bone injury, mesoporous silica has the advantages of local sustained hemostasis, broad-spectrum, sustained-release and strong mechanical support. Its main research direction is the composite and multifunctional materials. The surface functionalized mesoporous silica has the functions of hemostasis and infectious bone defect repair. However, there are still some problems such as unclear biological distribution in vivo and hepatorenal toxicity in large doses of mesoporous silica materials; in terms of preparation technology, there are still some problems such as unclear selection of pore size and shape of materials for promoting bone formation. Based on the actual needs of the treatment of war-induced bone injuries, the multifunctional, easy-to-use and portable properties of new mesoporous silica materials are reviewed in this paper. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.11

As a crucial microelement of human body, iron is involved in many important physiological processes. Serum ferritin (SF) is the main form of protein for iron storage, and regulates the storage and metabolism of iron. Although detection of ferritin has been applied for clinical use for a long time, some biological properties of ferritin still remain controversial, including its tissue origin, secretory pathway, interactions with receptors and cellular effects. Although many researches paid attention to the relationship between the changes of ferritin and liver diseases, the cut-off points of ferritin used varies in different studies, which hinders the consistency analysis of the results of different studies. It is urgent to explore and establish uniform standard for the parameter of ferritin, so as to better elucidate the iron status in the body reflected by changes in ferritin. This paper reviews the in vivo metabolic process of iron, the structural composition and pathophysiological function of ferritin, and the relationship between SF and liver diseases for providing guidance for future research. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.02.12

Traumatic arthritis (TA) is a kind of osteoarthritis secondary to joint trauma, and its pathogenesis is not clear at present. It is mainly related to the apoptosis of chondrocytes involved in a variety of cytokines and related signal pathways. Curcumin has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Curcumin is used to treat TA mainly by inhibiting oxidase, scavenging free radicals' antioxidant effects, inhibiting the anti-inflammatory effects of cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and various inflammatory mediators, and acting on various signal transduction pathways to inhibit apoptosis of chondrocytes. This paper describes some of the biological functions of curcumin, and introduces its related mechanism of action in the treatment of TA. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.13

Type Ⅱ innate lymphoid cell (ILC2), a newly discovered important type of inherent immune cells closely related to T lymphocytes, has a significant regulatory impact on T lymphocytes. Many studies have demonstrated that ILC2 can effectively induce the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to helper T cell (Th)2, thereby contributing to the modulation of host immune homeostasis. In the present paper, we would like to review the update of possible effects of ILC2 on Th2 differentiation and its role in immunity diseases. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.12

Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary malignant tumors in children and adolescents, and its development mechanism in human body has not been clearly explained by scholars. With the in-depth study of immunology, tumor immunity has gradually become a hot spot in the field of tumor research. A large number of studies have shown that programmed death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand 1 (PD-L1) can mediate immunosuppression, weaken the killing effect of immune cells on tumor cells, and lead to immune escape of tumor cells, thus promoting the development of tumor. This paper reviews the immune escape mechanism of PD-1/PD-L1 in osteosarcoma and the latest progress of PD-1/PD-L1 axis in the treatment of osteosarcoma, aiming to provide theoretical reference for understanding the role of PD-1/PD-L1 in osteosarcoma and developing new drugs for the treatment of osteosarcoma. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.15

Haptoglobin (HP) is a kind of plasma glycoprotein with genetic polymorphism, secreted mainly in liver and has two alleles of HP1 and HP2, can form three potential genotypes: HP1-1, HP2-1 and HP2-2, which has the function of binding to free hemoglobin and antioxidation. At present, many studies have shown that HP may be a potential biomarker of diabetic kidney disease. Because of the special structure and function of HP, it has certain advantages in early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of diabetic nephropathy. The relationship has been mainly reviewed in present paper between the expression level of HP and its genotypes in the occurrence, development, diagnosis and prognosis prediction of diabetic nephropathy. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.01.14

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an metabolic disorder of glucose and lipids caused by diabetes, which may strengthen oxidative stress, activate various inflammatory pathways, mediate cellular and extracellular damage, so as to induce pathological myocardial remodeling and lead to systolic and diastolic dysfunction. The exact pathogenesis of DCM remains unclear in spite of several pathophysiological mechanism of DCM have been put forward. Oxidative stress is one of the main causes of DCM, in which the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the main mechanism causing adverse myocardial remodeling. So, the main source of ROS in DCM [Nadph oxidase, mitochondria, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), xanthine oxidase, (XO)] and the ROS-mediated myocardial damage (lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA damage) are summarized in present paper. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.12.14

There is a huge amount of microbial community in the human intestinal tract, among which the gut microbiota accounts for the largest proportion, which is crucial for maintaining the normal physiological function of human body. Gut microbiota imbalance not only affects gastrointestinal function, but also damages organ functions outside the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, scholars have put forward the doctrines of the "gut-liver" axis and the "gut-brain" axis based on the interrelation and influence between the intestine and other organs. With the deepening of research, the role of gut microbiota in the development and progression of lung diseases has been increasingly concerned, and the theory of "gut-lung" axis has been gradually formed, which is also consistent with the theory described in traditional medicine as "The lung stands in interior-exterior relationship with the large intestine". This paper mainly introduces the research progress of the "gut-lung" axis and lung-related diseases for providing a reference for the treatment of clinical lung diseases. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.11.12

Fibrotic disease is a type of disease in which the body is affected by various stimulating factors, which causes the activation or phenotypic transformation of myofibroblasts, increases the expression of collagen and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in damage to the structure and function of organs. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is currently recognized as a signal transduction pathway involved in the occurrence of fibrotic diseases, and plays an important role in regulating the occurrence and development of fibrotic diseases such as lung, liver, myocardium, kidney and pancreas. In recent years, many studies have explored the role of TGF-β signaling pathway in the occurrence and development of fibrotic diseases, while to inhibit the activation of TGF-β signaling pathway might have anti-fibrosis effects, but the mechanism has not been fully understood. Therefore, the research progress of the role of TGF-β signaling pathway in such fibrotic diseases as lung, liver, myocardium, kidney and pancreas, and so on, has mainly been reviewed in present paper, so as to provide new strategies for the selection of therapeutic targets for fibrotic diseases. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.11.11

Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH) is a kind of disease caused by hip joint dysfunction. Long-term or high-dose application of hormone drugs leads to impaired blood supply to the femoral head and the death of a variety of bone stromal cells, resulting in the structural change of trabecular bone in the load-bearing area of the femoral head and irreversible collapse of the femoral head. Early manifestations were hip pain and discomfort, and tenderness in the inguinal region, in the middle stage, pain affects activity; in the later stage, the hip joint space become narrowed, the motion of the hip joint is reduced, and the motion is limited. SONFH has greatly affected the quality of life of patients, so modern medicine is dedicated to improve the symptoms of patients through early intervention, enabling SONFH to get effective treatment and reducing the pressure of life and economic burden of patients. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have become a focus in the early treatment of SONFH due to its osteogenic differentiation. BMSCs are stem cells with multi-directional differentiation potential, with self-proliferation and differentiation characteristics, which can differentiate into bone, provide mechanical support for the necrotic area and secrete a variety of growth factors to support hematopoiesis, slow down the progress of disease, and extend the service life of their own joints. The unreasonable use of hormones mainly inhibits the osteogenic activity of BMSCs, resulting in the occurrence of SONFH. This paper reviews the research on BMSC osteogenic differentiation in recent years, hoping to improve the therapeutic effect of SONFH. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.11.16

Proto-oncogene c-Maf is a homologene of viral oncogene v-Maf (musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma) with a conserved alkaline domain and a basic leucine zipper (b-Zip) in cells, and binds DNA in the form of homologous or heterodimer to activate transcription. Moderate activation of c-Maf can regulate the embryonic development, renal tubular cells differentiation, antioxidant process and the podocyte function, which is closely related to the pathophysiological process of kidney diseases, such as gout and nephrotic syndrome. Elucidating the changes in c-Maf gene regulatory network is of great significance in the early clinical diagnosis, prognosis, targeting treatment of renal diseases. The research progress of transcription factor c-Maf in renal diseases was summarized in present paper. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.11.10

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is an important disease affecting female reproductive health, with an incidence of 1%-5%. The causes of RSA are complex, among which genetic factor is one of the common causes. A large number of studies in recent years have shown that RSA is closely related to the polymorphism of related genes. Normal fetal development requires the successful implantation of embryos and the maintenance of pregnancy, in which the maternal immune system and blood system play an important regulatory role. Therefore, the present paper summarized the relationship of the genetic polymorphism of maternal immune system and blood system to RSA, aiming to elucidate the pathogenesis of RSA at the gene level and provide accurate and feasible guidance for clinical prevention and treatment of RSA. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.11.14

Kidney, as an important metabolic organ of humans, has many functions such as excreting metabolic waste, maintaining electrolyte and acid-base balance, controlling blood pressure and secreting hormones. Kidney disease is a common disease which endangers human health and has become a global public health problem. The rapid increase in the number of patients with kidney disease and the continuously increased treatment costs have brought a heavy burden to society and families. Western medicine is developing rapidly in the treatment of kidney diseases and has a definite effect, but improper using of Western medicine may easily aggravate kidney damage. In recent years, Chinese medicine and monomers have been widely recognized and applied in the treatment of kidney disease due to the advantages of multiple targets and pathways. Berberine (BBR) is a quinoline alkaloid extracted mainly from the Chinese medicine Coptis Chinesis Franch, and has a variety of pharmacological effects and excellent renal protection. BBR has the therapeutic characteristics of multi-target and multi-channel, which make it have great potential in the treatment of renal diseases. The pharmacological mechanism of BBR, including anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, lowering blood sugar, blood pressure and blood lipid, anti-tumor, etc. and combined with the clinical application of BBR in diabetic nephropathy, acute kidney injury and renal cancer, etc. has been summarized in present paper, so as to provide new ideas for the treatment of kidney disease and lay the foundation for the integration of Chinese and Western medicine. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.10.13

Nonobese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a special clinical phenotype of NAFLD. The patients do not have the characteristics of obesity, so they are often overlooked by people. The reports of these patients in domestic and foreign literature are not completely consistent. This paper mainly discusses its etiology, risk factors, pathological characteristics, diagnosis and lifestyle intervention, so as to provide some help for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of adult patients with nonobese NAFLD. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.10.12

The extrarenal effects of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation are closely related to the regulation of blood pressure. The activation ability of MR varied with age and gender in blood pressure regulation. MR of different types of cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension by increasing the expressions of osteogenic transcription factors, epithelial sodium channels, fibrotic substances and fibrogenic factors, change of vascular L-type calcium channels, aggravation of inflammation and oxidative stress, etc., leading to arterial elasticity weakened, myocardial fibrosis, and water sodium retention. Cell-specific MR block provides a theoretical basis for the development of targeted drugs for treatment of hypertension in the future. The effect of cell-specific MR on the regulation of blood pressure has been reviewed in present paper. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.10.15

With the continuously increasing of the elderly population, cardiovascular diseases have gradually become the main cause of death of the elderly. Traditional treatments can only temporarily relieve the clinical symptoms of patients, but can't solve the problem fundamentally. The emergence of tissue engineering technology provides a new approach for treating cardiovascular diseases, which is to plant the cells on biodegradable scaffold materials and, in turn, play a role of extracellular matrix. The present paper will describe the application of tissue engineering technology in myocardium, heart valve and blood vessels to understand the role of tissue engineering technology in cardiovascular diseases, and provide new ideas and treatments for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.09.16

As a disease with high morbidity and mortality, cardiovascular disease always threatens human health at all times. Exploring the risk factors has always been the research direction of physicians. In recent years, it has been found that breast artery calcification is closely related to the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease, which is one of the potential risk factors. The present paper reviews the overview, grading methods, incidence and related studies of breast artery calcification and cardiovascular disease, and explores in-depth the correlation between breast artery calcification and cardiovascular disease in order to provide a basis for improving the assessment of cardiovascular disease risk. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.08.16

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are multi-directional cells with self-renewal and differentiation into multiple types of cells, which play an important role in tissue healing and regenerative medicine. BMSCs can repair intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) by promoting cell proliferation and expressing extracellular matrix components similar to intervertebral disc type Ⅱ collagen, proteoglycan, etc., and be expected to delay or even reverse the IDD from etiological level, but certain limitations existed. Recent studies have found that exosomes secreted by BMSCs can inhibit the apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells through intercellular communication and slow down the occurrence of IDD. It possesses greater therapeutic advantage and is a new breakthrough in the treatment of IDD. In present paper, the latest research results have been elaborated of BMSCs and their secreted exosomes in IDD, in order to be better applied to clinical treatment. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.08.13

Adolescent depression is a common psychological problem and also a high-risk factor for suicide and self-injury. Its symptoms are atypical, hidden, easy to relapse, and with high-incidence in females, so caused the close attention of society. Frequency of dysmenorrhea and menstrual disorders would cause serious negative effects on adolescent women, which can induce a series of mood disorders and behavioural problems such as depression and even suicide. The present paper reviews the correlation between adolescent woman's depression and menstrual disorder, explores its occurrence and potential factors, and gives targeted preventive measures for reducing the occurrence of emotional disorders among adolescent women and promoting their mental and physical healthy growth. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.08.14

Objective To investigate the function of artesunate on the growth of breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and its potential mechanism. Methods CCK-8 assays were used to measure growth inhibition in breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) in the presence of artesunate, the IC50 was calculated. Based on the IC50 values, various artesunate concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100 μg/ml) were used to experiments in this paper. 0 μg/ml artesunate group served as the control group, using normal saline instead of the artesunate. Apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential were analyzed by flow cytometry, after the treatment of various artesunate concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100 μg/ml) for 24 hours. Migration and invasion of the MDA-MB-231 cells were evaluated using wound healing and Transwell assays, respectively, after the treatment of various artesunate concentrations (0, 25 μg/ml) for 24 hours. Results Artesunate inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values for MDA-MB-231 of 54.24 μg/ml. Compared to mock-treated cells, artesunate significantly increased apoptosis, while the mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly decreased after 24 h of exposure to different concentrations of artesunate (P

Laparotomy should be routinely performed in the cases of abdominal gunshot wounds. However, recent studies found that 20%-30% abdominal gunshot wounds were non therapeutic or negective, and some complications secondary to laparotomy, such as local infection, often developed. Selective non-operative management (SNOM) can reduce the incidence of operative complications, length of hospitalization, and medical cost, thus has been recommended for the patients with abdominal blunt and stabbing wounds. However, it remains obscure whether SNOM is suitable for patients with abdominal gunshot wounds and which patients should be suitable for SNOM. This paper aims to review the important findings from questionnaire survey, clinical practice studies, and large-scale systematic reviews, and then propose how to identify the candidates for SNOM, hoping to be helpful for improving our management strategy of abdominal gunshot wounds. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.08.18

Tolerance is a state in which the human body is less responsive to changes in internal environmental status caused by drugs or other factors. Tolerance is a biological phenomenon, a natural consequence of the action of drugs or chemical factors. Altered organismal tolerance status often leads to the development of multiple autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is a particular type of autoimmune disease, and is exactly the result of an altered immune tolerance of the thyroid gland to a series of "redundant" antigen-antibody binding reactions that produce specific or non-specific inflammation leading to tissue destruction of the thyroid gland. In recent years, a variety of somatic cell therapies have been developed for the purpose of improving the body's tolerance, partially used in the clinical treatment of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease, etc. Such somatic cells that can regulate tolerance are called tolerogenic cells. The present paper will focus mainly on the specific autoimmune diseases such as AIT, discuss the promising therapeutic implications of tolerogenic cells for this group of diseases, and provide a summary of relevant studies. Hopefully, it will provide new research directions for the treatment of the disease. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.07.18

Lipodermatosclerosis (LDS) is a serious skin change associated with the progression of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) of the lower extremities, and can be clinically divided into acute phase, subacute phase and chronic phase. The disease is common in middle-aged women, prone to occur in the lower leg 1/3, clinical manifestations of the skin flake erythema, induration, pigmentation, skin rough and thickening. The patients often suffer from secondary infection after scratching due to pruritus. The severe ones can form refractory ulcer or even cause skin necrosis, and may be canceration. At present, domestic reports on LDS are less, the clinical manifestations, etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of the LDS are reviewed in present paper, in order to strengthen the understanding of LDS and provide the evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment of LDS. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.07.16

The immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a newly recognized systemic autoimmune disease characterized by diffuse inflammatory cell infiltration and/or organ enlargement in one or more organ foci and elevated serum IgG4 levels. Typical histopathological changes include lymphocytic cell infiltration, schlieren interstitial fibrosis, and/or occlusive phlebitis. The incidence of IgG4-RD is low, very heterogeneous, and similar to many other diseases in clinical, pathological and laboratory examination, so delayed diagnosis and misdiagnosis are very common. The early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of IgG4-RD have been reviewed in present paper, especially IgG4-related hepatobiliary diseases, IgG4-related skin lesions, Mikulic disease and autoimmune pancreatitis, in order to reduce misdiagnosis. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.07.17

With the remarkable achievements made in the treatment targeted at tumor immune checkpoints, more and more new immunotherapy drugs have been applied to the malignancies treatment. Camrelizumab (AiRuiKa) is a novel human immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibody (mAb), which can target the programmed death 1 (PD-1) and block its binding to the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), so as to restore the body's immune function and achieve anti-tumor effect. The drug was officially approved by National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) on May 29, 2019 for use in patients with recurrent or refractory classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL) who are treated with at least second-line systemic therapy. In addition, the drug showed good anti-tumor activity in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and gastric cancer (GC) and gastroesophageal junction cancer (EGJC). The research progress of camrelizumab on mechanism of action, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, clinical studies, adverse reactions etc. were reviewed in present paper. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.06.16

The basic features of chronic kidney disease are persistent decline in renal function, accumulation of extracellular matrix, and progressive tissue fibrosis. Renal interstitial fibrosis and renal anemia are common complications of chronic kidney disease. Renal interstitial fibrosis is a chronic and progressive process. Its severity is closely related to renal dysfunction. Renal anemia may increase the incidence of cardiovascular complications and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Therefore, it will be important to note the diagnosis and treatment of these two complications in the early stage of chronic kidney disease. The key cells mediating renal interstitial fibrosis are activated myofibroblasts, which are a major matrix-secreting cell type, and reactive cells mostly present under injury or pathological conditions; while the important factor mediating renal anemia is the reduction of erythropoietin-producing cells, which resulting in decreased secretion of erythropoietin (which is a glycoprotein hormone that promotes erythropoiesis). In addition, the transformation of erythropoietin-producing cells into myofibroblasts underlies the link between anemia and fibrosis in chronic kidney disease, and the transformation is reversible. Targeting this may open a new way for the treatment of renal anemia and renal interstitial fibrosis. In recent years, researchers have tried to find alternative therapies for the treatment of anemia and fibrosis in chronic kidney disease, and traditional Chinese medicine has been increasingly used to treat chronic kidney disease because of its unique advantages. The relationship has been mainly discussed in present paper between erythropoietin-producing cells and anemia and fibrosis in chronic kidney disease, and the current research status of traditional Chinese medicine is then analyzed and summarized. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.06.17

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common microangiopathies of diabetes mellitus (DM). It is due to abnormal blood glucose metabolism caused by insufficient insulin secretion or decreased activity. Its pathogenesis is complex, related to multi-gene inheritance and environmental factors. At present, the etiologic study of DR has been gradually deepened at home and abroad, but the epidemiological study of minority DR is lacking. This paper reviews DR's characteristics, ethnic differences and its characteristics in ethnic minority. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.06.15

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as a global malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality, has seriously endangered human health. In the treatment of HCC, chemotherapy resistance is the knotty problem. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), as a new multifunctional molecule with complex mechanisms, plays a role in the biological processes of HCC, such as development, progression, invasion and migration, and participates in the complex mechanism of drug resistance through abnormal regulation of gene expression. In this paper, to seek for the new method for solving the chemotherapeutic resistance of HCC based on the research of lncRNA, the effect and mechanism of lncRNA on chemotherapeutic resistance of HCC were summarized. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.05.15

Ion channel genes have been a hot topic in research of genetic pathogenesis of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs development. With the rapid development of epilepsy genetics, many non-ion channel genes have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy recent years, providing new targets for the development of anti-epileptic drugs beyond ion channels. The present paper aims to summarize the current ionic and non-ion channel genes that can be used to guide the precise treatment of epilepsy and their application in the precise treatment of epilepsy in children, so to provide reference for identifying the epilepsyassociated gene phenotype and formulating a precise treatment plan. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.05.18

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is a group of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system characterized by recurrent optic neuritis or long-segmental myelitis, with high recurrence and disability. The discovery of aquaporin 4-immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG) distinguished the disease from multiple sclerosis (MS) and became an independent disease. T cells, B cells and complement system were involved in NMOSD pathogenesis. The levels changed of many cytokines and complements components in NMOSD patients' serum and cerebrospinal fluid, and the levels of other related laboratory indexes such as serum uric acid (UA) and thyroid hormone has also changed dynamically. The research status and progress of some laboratory-related indexes other than AQP4-IgG for NMOSD patients were reviewed in present paper, in order to provide new ideas for clinical diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of NMOSD, and reduce the rates of missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.05.19

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, can bind to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, damage multiple organs and is more contagious. Clinical studies have found that patients with cardiovascular disease are more susceptible to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and are more prone to develop severe disease after infection and have a poor prognosis. Since patients with cardiovascular disease have more ACE2 receptors, are more prone to vascular endothelial damage, while patients with COVID often have increased plasma angiotensin Ⅱ and inflammatory factors, hypoxia in body and myocardium, and blood coagulation dysfunction, so that the overall disease aggravated. At present, there is insufficient research on the specific mechanism of the interaction between COVID and cardiovascular disease (especially the mechanism of increased susceptibility to COVID in patients with cardiovascular disease). In present paper, the characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2, the susceptibility, and the concurrent characteristics of the underlying diseases are discussed, which provides reference suggestions for the next clinical and experimental steps. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.05.05

Diabetes is an endocrine disease characterized by long-term hyperglycemia with or without progressive vascular disease, involving systemic complications, mainly reflected in macroangiopathy and microangiopathy, which are the leading cause of death and disability of diabetes. However, its pathogenesis has not yet been fully clarified. Endothelial cells are an important part of maintaining vascular homeostasis, and endothelial dysfunction is the initiator or promoter of diabetic vascular complications. Mitochondrial dysfunction also plays an important role in the pathological process of vascular endothelial cell dysfunction. In recent years, researches of the mechanism of mitochondria-vascular endothelial function and the drug development have become a hot topic in prevention and treatment of diabetes. The present paper mainly expounds the relationship of mitochondrial dysfunction to vascular complications of diabetes, aiming to provide the basis for drug development and clinical diagnosis and treatment. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.03.17

Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) is a pathological change of liver steatosis caused by long-term heavy alcohol consumption. The mechanism of AFLD formation mainly includes abnormal lipid metabolism, immune-inflammatory reaction, intestinal flora imbalance, alcohol metabolism enzyme disorder and so on. In recent years, numerous studies have confirmed that microRNA (miRNA) plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, the molecular regulatory mechanism of miRNAs involved in AFLD formation has also become a research focus. The majority of studies have explored the role of miRNAs in AFLD formation by exploring the targeting role of miRNAs of key genes in the formation pathway of AFLD, and establishing an expression network with genes that promote or inhibit the expression of downstream genes of this signaling pathway. In present paper, the important miRNAs in the formation pathway of AFLD and their regulatory mechanisms in AFLD are reviewed, so as to provide theoretical basis for further understanding the function of miRNAs and its relevant mechanisms in AFLD. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.03.18

A coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has occurred in Wuhan, Hubei province since Dec. 2019. As of Feb. 10, 2020, more than 40,000 cases had been confirmed, nearly 30,000 cases in Hubei alone, and no inflection point in epidemiology appeared. Severe trauma may still occur during the outbreak of the COVID-19. In order to protect the medical personnel involved in emergency treatment and ensuring the timeliness of treatment for trauma patients, The Trauma Surgery Branch of Chinese Medical Doctors' Association (CMDA) organized the drafting of the present expert consensus. This paper interprets the main views of the expert consensus, emphasizes that the safety of health care staff and patients are equally important, and that the treatment strategies and procedures for severe trauma need to be adjusted during the COVID-19 outbreak. The consensus also recommends the use of CT scan, which plays both the role of screening COVID-19 and accurate assessment of trauma, and strengthening the protection of medical staff. The consensus states that medical personnel can be exempted from isolation if they wear standard three-level protective equipment and are not accidentally exposed during the operation. This expert consensus is the first one to systematically review, summarize and analyze the progress of COVID-19 from a surgeon's perspective. It may be used as a reference for medical institutions at all levels to treat patients with severe trauma and perform other kinds of operations during the COVID-19 outbreak. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.02.02

Objective To establish the genetic algorithm optimizing back-propagation (GA-BP) neural network model based on the clinical examination index for diagnosing type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), and evaluate its diagnostic performance. Methods A total of 2240 DPN patients and 2632 non-DPN patients were collected from the Hospital affiliated to Chongqing Medical University from January to December 2016, and univariate analysis was performed for 41 clinical test indicators of the two groups of patients with SPSS 21.0. Thirty-seven items of statistically significant variables were selected to establish thedecision tree and Bayesian model with R software, MATLAB 2014a software was employed to establish the BP neural network and GA-BP neural network model, the advantages and disadvantages of these four models were compared with various evaluation parameters. Results Using decision tree, the bayesian, BP neural network and GA-BP neural network for 4872 cases of observation object model, the decision tree of The test sample accuracy with decision tree model was 93.4%, with Bayesian model was 70.0%, with BP neural network model was 98.9%, and with GA-BP neural network model was 99.5%. The areas under the ROC curve were 0.93, 0.72, 0.99 and 0.99, respectively. The Youden Indexes were 0.87, 0.59, 0.98 and 0.98, respectively. Conclusion The GA-BP neural network established in present paper has a good computer-aided diagnosis function for type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy, but further clinical trials are still needed. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.01.08

14-3-3 proteins are a highly conserved family of cellular proteins, and widely expressed in all eukaryotes. Because they can bind to a variety of functional signal proteins, so be regarded as "bridge proteins" in protein interaction. Studies have shown that the expression level of 14-3-3 protein family in malignant tumors is closely related to tumor size, depth of invasion and metastasis. Some other studies have shown that 14-3-3 protein plays a pivotal role in cell signal transduction, control of cell cycle process and regulation of apoptosis, and plays an important role in the development of gastric cancer, proliferation, invasion, prognosis and drug resistance, so is expected to become a novel therapeutic target for gastric cancer. The present paper aims to expound the role and relevant mechanisms of 14-3-3 protein in gastric cancer. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.01.12

Gut microbiota takes aim at regulating intestinal barrier and balancing various of metabolic activities in the body. Studies in recent years have found that the disorder of gut microbiota is involved with many diseases, which can destroy the mechanical barrier, microbial barrier and immunologic barrier of the gut and disturb the normal metabolism of the body at the same time. In the result, the bacteria and endotoxin translocation aggravate the systemic damage in the body which is one of the important factors of the mechanisms of heat stroke. This paper reviews that gut microbiota plays the role in the development of severe heat stroke and related treatment methods to provide a theoretical reference for use of gut microbiota in the treatment of severe heat stroke. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2019.12.11

Membranous nephropathy (MN) is one of the most common causes of adult nephrotic syndrome, and characterized by the deposition of immune complexes along the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). About 80% of cases are primary MN (PMN), and 20% are secondary MN (SMN) caused by autoimmune diseases, alloimmunity disease, infections, tumors, and contact with drugs and poisons. About one-third of patients developed spontaneous remission without treatment, one-third of patients progressed to end stage renal disease (ESRD) within 10 years, and the remaining patients showed persistent proteinuria. The traditional diagnostic method is not enough to detect and treat MN early. In order to improve the management level and clinical efficacy of MN patients, the emergence of new diagnostic tools is particularly important. The present paper summarizes the recent advances in the diagnostic approach to MN in recent years to provide a clinical reference. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2019.12.14

Oxidative stress and cytokines have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Glycemic variability in patients with type 2 diabetes is clearly associated with oxidative stress, which can be partially explained by epigenetics. The level of oxidative stress in patients with type 1 diabetes is increased, but the relationship between glycemic variability and oxidative stress is not clear, and there may be an autoimmune response involved. Glycemic variability is associated with a variety of cytokines, which play a role in inflammatory response, metabolic disorders, and apoptosis. The effects of glycemic variability on oxidative stress and cytokine and its related mechanisms are reviewed in present paper. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2019.12.12