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TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 958 II. THE CONCEPT OF OWNERSHIP IN SEPARATED BODY PARTS 962 A. The Recognition of Separated Body Parts as Property as a Necessary Prerequisite for [...], Since the time of Moore v. Regents of the University of California, it has become a well-established and widespread view that a person, when their separated body parts are misappropriated, is forced to limit themselves to fiduciary and other non-proprietary claims against those who violate the bodily inviolability of their separated parts. Now, with the filing of a lawsuit in defense of the rights in body parts of the victim of racial discrimination, Henrietta Lacks, the judicial system has an opportunity to justify itself by adopting a different perception of rights in human body parts. This Article focuses on the fundamental similarity between separated human body parts and other property, which creates a basic possibility for them to be owned. It argues that a person has ownership of their separated body parts and provides a critical analysis of other theories of rights in the human body, which results in establishing that the concepts that do not refer to the right of ownership entail infringement of human rights and the inability to restore their interests to the fullest extent. Only a clear adherence to the idea of ownership in body parts will protect the memory of the deceased Mrs. Lacks and prevent her rights and those of her descendants from being trampled upon, while at the same time opening the way and setting a precedent for the protection of the rights of others in a similar situation.

We identify, quantify, and explain the impact of incentive-induced early retirement (ER) of husbands on their wives' probability to retire within 1 year, using administrative data from the Netherlands. Our identification strategy is based on a policy intervention by which targeted individuals working at the central government level became unexpectedly and temporarily eligible for very generous ER benefits. This retirement window of opportunity implied for interested workers that transitions from the current job into full retirement had to be effected swiftly and irreversibly. We find that induced ER of husbands increased their wives' probability to retire by 10 percentage points. This is a strong and robust local average treatment effect. Partly, the effect runs through wives at ages when they may have been eligible for ER programs themselves. (JEL C26, J26, J120, J140), I. INTRODUCTION Large changes across Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries are being observed in labor force participation and retirement patterns of older workers. In particular, average ages at [...]

Objectives Preterm birth is the leading pregnancy outcome associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality and remains difficult to prevent. There is evidence that some modifiable maternal health characteristics may influence the risk of preterm birth. Our aim was to investigate the relationships of self-reported maternal health behaviour and psychological characteristics in nulliparous women with spontaneous preterm birth in prenatal primary care. Methods The data of our prospective study was obtained from the nationwide DELIVER multicentre cohort study (September 2009-March 2011), which was designed to examine perinatal primary care in the Netherlands. In our study, consisting of 2768 nulliparous women, we estimated the relationships of various self-reported health behaviours (smoking, alcohol consumption, folic acid supplementation, daily fruit, daily fresh vegetables, daily hot meal and daily breakfast consumption) and psychological characteristics (anxious/depressed mood and health control beliefs) with spontaneous preterm birth as a dichotomous outcome. Due to the clustering of clients within midwife practices, Generalized Estimating Equations was used for these analyses. Results Low health control beliefs was the sole characteristic significantly associated with spontaneous preterm birth (odds ratio 2.26; 95 % confidence interval 1.51, 3.39) after being adjusted for socio-demographics, anthropometrics and the remaining health behaviour and psychological characteristics. The other characteristics were not significantly associated with spontaneous preterm birth. Conclusions for Practice Maternal low health control beliefs need to be explored further as a possible marker for women at risk for preterm birth, and as a potentially modifiable characteristic to be used in interventions which are designed to reduce the risk of spontaneous preterm birth., Author(s): Ruth Baron [sup.1] , Saskia J. te Velde [sup.2] , Martijn W. Heymans [sup.2] [sup.3] , Trudy Klomp [sup.1] , Eileen K. Hutton [sup.1] [sup.4] , Johannes Brug [sup.2] [...]

The kidney plays a central role in the clearance of drugs. However, renal drug handling entails more than glomerular filtration and includes tubular excretion and reabsorption, and intracellular metabolization by cellular enzyme systems, such as the Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes. All these processes show maturation from birth onwards, which is one of the reasons why drug dosing in children is not simply similar to dosing in small adults. As kidney development normally finishes around the 36th week of gestation, being born prematurely will result in even more immature renal drug handling. Environmental effects, such as extra-uterine growth restriction, sepsis, asphyxia, or drug treatments like caffeine, aminoglycosides, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, may further hamper drug handling in the kidney. Dosing in preterm neonates is therefore dependent on many factors that need to be taken into account. Drug treatment may significantly hamper postnatal kidney development in preterm neonates, just like renal immaturity has an impact on drug handling. The restricted kidney development results in a lower number of nephrons that may have several long-term sequelae, such as hypertension, albuminuria, and renal failure. This review focuses on the interplay between drugs and the kidney in premature neonates. Keywords Drug clearance * Kidney development * Preterm birth Neonate * Glomerular filtration rate * Proximal tubule, Introduction Dosing of drugs is aimed at achieving a level within a therapeutic window. Such a level is maintained by serial dosing, as the body is capable of lowering the [...]

Relatively high perinatal mortality rates in the Netherlands have required a critical assessment of the national obstetric system. Policy evaluations emphasized the need for organizational improvement, in particular closer collaboration between community midwives and obstetric caregivers in hospitals. The leveled care system that is currently in place, in which professionals in midwifery and obstetrics work autonomously, does not fully meet the needs of pregnant women, especially women with an accumulation of non-medical risk factors. This article provides an overview of the advantages of greater interdisciplinary collaboration and the current policy developments in obstetric care in the Netherlands. In line with these developments we present a model for shared care embedded in local 'obstetric collaborations'. These collaborations are formed by obstetric caregivers of a single hospital and all surrounding community midwives. Through a broad literature search, practical elements from shared care approaches in other fields of medicine that would suit the Dutch obstetric system were selected. These elements, focusing on continuity of care, patient centeredness and interprofessional teamwork form a comprehensive model for a shared care approach. By means of this overview paper and the presented model, we add direction to the current policy debate on the development of obstetrics in the Netherlands. This model will be used as a starting point for the pilot-implementation of a shared care approach in the 'obstetric collaborations', using feedback from the field to further improve it. Keywords Shared care * Integrated care * Joint care * Combined care * Collaborative care * Innovation * Pregnancy * Prenatal healthcare * Care pathways * Collaboration, Background The midwife plays a key role as provider of obstetric care in the Netherlands. About 84% of pregnant women start with a first antenatal visit to the community midwife. [...]

I INTRODUCTION Plaintiffs litigate for many reasons. Often they will seek monetary compensation for loss. At other times, their primary objective will be to ensure that harmful behaviour stops, for [...]

Purpose As part of a larger nationwide enquiry into severe maternal morbidity, our aim was to assess the incidence and possible risk factors of obstetric intensive care unit (ICU) admission in the Netherlands. Methods In a 2-year nationwide prospective population-based cohort study, all ICU admissions during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium (up to 42 days postpartum) were prospectively collected. Incidence, case fatality rate and possible risk factors were assessed, with special attention to the ethnic background of women. Results All 98 Dutch maternity units participated in the study. There were 847 obstetric ICU admissions in 358,874 deliveries, the incidence being 2.4 per 1,000 deliveries. Twenty-nine maternal deaths occurred, resulting in a case fatality rate of 1 in 29 (3.5%). Incidence of ICU admission varied largely across the country. Thirty-three percent of all cases of severe maternal morbidity were admitted to an ICU. Most frequent reasons for ICU admission were major obstetric haemorrhage (48.6%), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (29.3%) and sepsis (8.1%). Assisted ventilation was needed in 34.8%, inotropic support in 8.8%. In univariable analysis, non-Western immigrant women had a 1.4-fold (95% CI 1.2-1.7) increased risk of ICU admission as compared to Western women. Initial antenatal care by an obstetrician was associated with a higher risk and home delivery with a lower risk of ICU admission. Conclusions Population-based incidence of obstetric ICU admission in the Netherlands was 2.4 per 1,000 deliveries. Obstetric ICU admission accounts for only one-third of all cases of severe maternal morbidity in the Netherlands., Author(s): Joost J. Zwart [sup.1], Just R. O. Dupuis [sup.1], Annemiek Richters [sup.2], Ferko Öry [sup.3] [sup.4], Jos van Roosmalen [sup.1] [sup.5] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.10419.3d, 0000000089452978, Department of Obstetrics, [...]

I. INTRODUCTION In 1989 a new institution, registered partnership, was born. During its infancy, registered partnership developed slowly, and those in the vicinity nurtured its personality. Even during its early [...]

Abstract The Dutch police system has been under pressure during the last decades. Critical debates focused on police' dealing with the growing (perceived) insecurity, the administrative problems of size and efficiency, the core tasks of the police, the distribution of power over the police and it's accountability. These issues have become even more relevant since integrated local safety policies have been developed to tackle public safety problems by the police together with more and different partners, within government or even outside of it. At the same time the national government wants to direct its local and regional partners more, while holding on to local performance. The aim of this article is to show the developments of the last decades that have influenced the (re)organization of the police and the way they are steered and democratically controlled. Police forces are now closely cooperating with other actors in rather complex safety networks, steered by local government and concentrating on their core tasks, leaving more tasks to other actors than in the past. Finding sensible balances between centrally organized tasks and variants of steering (direction), and more local organization and steering (discretion) will be crucial for the future of the public police., 1 Introduction Since the Second World War the Dutch police system has been the subject of many debates, finally resulting in a new Police Act in 1993. However, the debate [...]

Purpose: To scale language milestones in a group of 527 children to provide an instrument for screening language development. Procedure: The questionnaire regarding these milestones was completed by parental report. It was evaluated whether the scaled milestones satisfied the assumptions of the Mokken item response model. Results: The scalability of the final scale of 14 milestones was strong (H = .95), its reliability was high (p = .96), and it satisfied the assumptions of the Mokken model. Conclusions: A single, unidimensional scale of diverse milestones was developed. It taps lexical, syntactic, and phonological skills, as well as both receptive and expressive language skills, and is well suited for mapping progress in language ability. KEY WORDS: language development, language milestones, ordering, screening, Mokken model, Primary health care providers are often called on to screen young children for possible language problems. Early detection of language problems is important, as they influence the overall development of [...]

Divers may run a higher risk of infection with waterborne pathogens than bathers because of more frequent and intense contact with water that may not comply with microbiologic water quality [...]

Background and aims: The majority of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a normal life expectancy and therefore should not be weighted when applying for life assurance. There is [...]

Aims: To determine cognitive and educational attainment in adults with end stage renal disease (ESRD) since childhood. Methods: All Dutch patients with onset of ESRD at age 0-14 years between [...]

The electrocardiogram continues to be the gold standard for the diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias and acute myocardial ischemia. The treatment of arrhythmias in critical care units has become less aggressive [...]