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The in situ X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy technique is employed to explain the initial kinetic nucleation mechanism of the various gold nanocrystals. A new approach for the synthesis of various metallic nanomaterials is also proposed.

X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and first-principles calculations are used for determining the Co spin state in the Co-doped Ti[O.sub.2] thin films. The studies have shown the ability of Co k-edge XANES to provide information on spin state of Co ions in the Co-doped Ti[O.sub.2].

X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques are used to characterize the structures of the [Si.sub.1-x][Mn.sub.x] thin films fabricated by a magnetron cosputtering method at a low growth temperature. The results indicated that the Mn occupations in silicon thin films are quite sensitive to the growth conditions and the postannealing treatment.

The magnetic nature of [Zn.sub.1-x][Co.sub.x]O dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS) thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition is examined by using x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. The local structural distortion around the substitutional Co atoms is interpreted as the origin of intrinsic weak room-temperature ferromagnetism for the [Zn.sub.0.98][Co.sub.0.02]O DMS thin film.