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A double-stacked nanocrystal (DSNC) flash memory is described for improving both program/erase (P/E) speed and data retention time. The heterometal having a lower workfunction (WF) at the bottom has shown the best charge retention characteristics, indicating that Au/Ni is the optimal combination in terms of both retention and P/E.

The improvement of the interpixel uniformity by individually controlling the luminance of all subpixels in a display panel is discussed. The correction method has ensured the improvement of the interpixel uniformity in large-size carbon nanotube field emission display (CNT-FED).

The synthesis of a novel calix[4]arene-based chemosensor was conducted based on [Hg.sup.2} induced fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to determine its sensing behavior towards metal ions. A significantly enhanced fluorescence emission was observed when [Hg.sup.2} was added to a C[H.sub.3]CN solution of ligand chemosensor.

The surfactant-templated nanoporous Ti[O.sub.2] layer (STN layer) is used as an interlayer between the mesoporous Ti[O.sub.2] layer and the thermal-resistance transparent conducting oxide (TCO) and its cell performance is compared with that of a conventional dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) without the STN interlayer. The DSSC with the thin STN interlayer has resulted in increased overall energy conversion efficiency with an improvement of all parameters, including short-circuit, open circuit voltage and fill factor.

In this paper, the year round thermal performance evaluation of active and passive solar water heating systems for rural/urban area have been studied. Two types experiments are the normalized draw-off temperature profile and the normalized draw-off mixing profile conducted in the months of April 2003-March 2004. Effect of morning, mid-afternoon, evening draw-off and effect of water mixing in the morning and evening are also studied during the experiments. Thermal efficiency for the system and collection efficiency for the collectors were calculated during the experiments. The values of [F.sub.R] * ([tau][alpha]) of the collectors used in active and passive water heating systems were found 0.69 and 0.61 respectively. Ethylene glycol has a 50/50 glycol-to-water ratio used as a heat transfer fluid (HTF) in the systems due to the cold climate in South Korea. Keywords: Active; Passive; Solar water heating systems; Heat transfer fluid (HTF); Collector efficiency

The tuberculin skin test (TST) and the whole-blood interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) assay are compared in the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection according to the intensity of exposure. The results reveal that the IFN-gamma assay is a better indicator of the risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection than TST in a BCG-vaccinated population.

Genes encoding a type I polyketide synthase (PKS) (PKS12) and a putative laccase (Gip1) that are required for aurofusarin biosynthesis by Gibberella zeae are isolated. Targeted gene deletion and complementation analyses confirmed that both Gip1 and PKS12 are required for aurofusarin production in Gibberella zeae.

The experimental demonstrations of frequency-detuned synchronization switching in chaotic laser diodes are reported. Maximum cross-correlation co-efficients for the two forms of synchronization are used to demonstrate such synchronization switching, which is confirmed by measurement of the time lag between the synchronized laser out-puts.

Experimental analysis is conducted to measure the cleaning performance using micron-sized alumina particles attached to a silicon surface. The experimental data showing the particle-removal performance are compared with the results of the dynamics of the laser-induced shock waves, leading to simple model for particle removal by laser shock cleaning (LSC) scheme in the continuum-flow regime.

The mouse p18 loss-of-function phenotype and a role for p18 in the DNA damage response are described. Results show that p18 is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor and a key factor for ATM/ATR-mediated p53 activation.

A method for varying the superannuation in a turbulent mixing condensation nuclei counter is used to examine heterogeneous nucleation of different compounds on various nuclei's compositions. Heterogeneous nucleation was examined at various pressures of dibutylphthalate, octadecane, octadecanol, and octadecanoic acid.

An optoelectronic nonlinear oscillator that produces a chaotically phase-modulated light beam over a 5 GHz bandwidth is reported. A potentially high-dimensional key space of the encryption process is defined in the flexibility of such all-optical nonlinearity.

Research has been conducted on the allenyl-aldehydes and -ketones. The arylative cyclization of these compounds carried out in producing homoallylic cyclopentanols and cyclohexanols via indium-mediated and palladium-catalyzed Babier allylation is described.

Hysteresis behavior between longitudinal magneto-optical Kerr rotation and ellipticity is reported. Contrasting loops are observed in NiFe/FeMn/Co trilayer films.

Research is presented concerning the analysis, in the presence of Gaussian noise, of the tolerable nonuniformity of junction critical current. The uniformity required by programmable Josephson voltage standards is discussed.

An optimal control algorithm using neural networks is proposed. The controller neural network is trained by a training rule developed to minimize cost function. Both the linear structure and the nonlinear structure can be controlled by the proposed neurocontroller. A bilinear hysteretic model is used to simulate nonlinear structural behavior. Three main advantages of the neurocontroller can be summarized as follows. First, it can control a structure with unknown dynamics. Second, it can easily be applied to nonlinear structural control. Third, external disturbances can be considered in the optimal control. Examples show that structural vibration can be controlled successfully.

A solution method that can calculate the eigenproblem for large structures with multiple or close natural frequencies is presented. The method is formulated by the accelerated Newton-Raphson method for the transformed problem. The method can calculate the natural frequencies and mode shapes without any of the numerical instability that may be encountered in the inverse iteration process with a shift of the well-known methods, such as the subspace iteration method or the determinant search method, which have been widely used for solving an eigenproblem. The efficiency of the method is verified by comparing convergence and solution times for numerical examples with those of the subspace iteration method and the determinant search method.

An efficient solution method is presented to solve the eigenvalue problem arising in the dynamic analysis of nonproportionally damped structural systems. The proposed method is obtained by applying the modified Newton-Raphson technique and the orthonormal condition of the eigenvectors to the linear eigenproblem through matrix augmentation of the quadratic eigenvalue problem. In the iteration methods, such as the vector inverse iteration and subspace iteration methods, singularity may occur during the factorizing process when the shift value is close to an eigenvalue of the system. However, even though the shift value is an eigenvalue of the system, the proposed method provides nonsingularity, if the desired eigenvalue is not multiple, and this is analytically proved. Because the modified Newton-Raphson technique is adapted to the proposed method, initial values are needed. The initial values of the proposed method can be obtained by the intermediate results of iteration methods or results of approximate methods. Because the Lanczos method effectively produces better initial values than other methods the results of the Lanczos method are taken as the initial values of the proposed method. Two numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

When obtained from a usual diet, a food component that sustains or enhances physiological functions and/or prevents diseases is a nutrient. lsoflavones, tocotrienols, and carotenoids are candidate nutrients which may be of health benefit to humans by inhibiting cancer development and reducing risk of atherosclerosis. The amounts of some of these candidate nutrients in foods are known. A carotenoid data base has been developed. Isoflavone content of soy foods ranges from 0.1 mg/g (soymilk) to 2.5 mg/g (soy protein isolate). Human bioavailability studies have also been performed with these candidate nutrients. For example, in young adult females fed a single meal containing soy milk, isoflavones were cleared from urine within 24 h after feeding, with about 15-20% of the total dose accounted for in urine and feces. The two major soy isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, differ in bioavailability, with daidzein being more readily excreted in urine. Isoflavones, tocotrienols, and carotenoids meet several criteria for classification as nutrients. But after appropriate animal testing, food analyses, and availability studies have been performed, human health-protective efficacy must be proven in long-term feeding trials, in order for potential health-enhancing food components to be classified as nutrients. J. Nutr. 124: 1789S-1792S, 1994. INDEXING KEY WORDS: * isoflavones * soybeans * carotenoids * tocotrienols * bioavailability * carcinogenesis * atherosclerosis * food analysis

Natural occurrence of trichothecene and Zearalenone (ZEA) in barley and corn specimens from different parts of Korea, were studied. Five 8-ketotrichothecenes were found in barely. Deoxynivalenol (DON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol and ZEA were found in corn samples. The ratios of nivalenol to DON in the two cereals was different.

A study was conducted to examine US newspaper editors' reaction to the New World Information Order debate held at UNESCO on the free exchange of news at the international level. US newspaper editors failed to accept any changes in the free flow of news at the international level, and do not tolerate interference from external agencies in the autonomy of American press. They responded positively to the criticism on the American press' technical efficiency in covering foreign affairs.

A suboptimal output feedback controller is designed based on a reduced order model and applied to a flexible rotor bearing system in order to control the unstable or lightly damped vibrations occurring during operation. The reduced order model is a truncated modal equation of the distributed parameter system obtained through the singular perturbation. The instability problem arising from the spillover effects caused by the uncontrolled high frequency modes is prevented through the constrained optimization by incorporating the spillover term into the performance index. The application of the matrix minimum principle yields a set of matrix equation similar to the unconstrained output feedback controller. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated experimentally with a flexible rotor by using a magnetic bearing.

Two substitution mutants of Gln63(Q63E, Q63L) are characterized in the context of two constructs of the BLUF domain that have differing lengths, AppA1-126 and AppA17-133. Q63L mutations in both constructs have displayed a blue-shifted flavin absorption spectrum as well as a loss of the photocycle.

The NMR structure of the full-length tumor suppressor p53 transactivation domain (TAD) in complex with the nuclear coactivator binding domain (NCBD) of key cellular proteins CBP is reported. The results suggested that a salt bridge between D49 of p53 and R2105 of NCBD might contribute to the binding specificity of the two subdomain AD1 and AD2 motifs of p53 to a target protein.

Lactococcus lactis IL1403 holds a putative sortase A (SrtA) and putative sortase substrates that carry the canonical LPXTG signature of such substrates. The functionality of SrtA to anchor five LPXTG substrates to the cell wall is described, which has shown that SrtA is the housekeeping sortase in Lactococcus lactis IL1403.