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Sickle cell disease (SCD) affects developmental maturation causing a delay in secondary sex characteristics associated with puberty. There is little data on the impact of SCD on body image, a well-established risk factor for eating disorders among young women. Body dissatisfaction combined with environmental stressors and negative affect may place some men and women with SCD at a higher risk problematic eating behaviors or body change strategies in an attempt to achieve a more idealized body type. The present exploratory study examined the potential associations between SCD, body image, and eating disorders, and provided preliminary data to guide the directions of future investigations. Keywords Sickle cell disease * Body image * Pain * Gender * Body dissatisfaction, Introduction Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are unique in that they are a chronically ill population with a history of growth and sexual maturation delays that are a natural [...]

Objectives. We present a social marketing conceptual framework for Experience Corps Baltimore City (EC) in which the desired health outcome is not the promoted product or behavior. We also demonstrate the feasibility of a social marketing-based recruitment campaign for the first year of the Baltimore Experience Corps Trial (BECT), a randomized, controlled trial of the health benefits of EC participation for older adults. Methods. We recruited older adults from the Baltimore, MD, area. Participants randomized to the intervention were placed in public schools in volunteer roles designed to increase healthy behaviors. We examined the effectiveness of a recruitment message that appealed to generativity (i.e., to make a difference for the next generation), rather than potential health benefits. Results. Among the 155 participants recruited in the first year of the BECT, the average age was 69 years; 87% were women and 85% were African American. Participants reported primarily generative motives as their reason for interest in the BECT. Conclusions. Public health interventions embedded in civic engagement have the potential to engage older adults who might not respond to a direct appeal to improve their health. (Am J Public Health. 2010;100:727-734. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.169151)

Coping is recognized as an increasingly important consideration in the management of chronic disease. Prayer, hostility and John Henryism appeared to be the most frequently discussed but least understood coping strategies associated with health outcomes in African Americans. The current study evaluated if prayer, hostility and John Henryism (JH) predicted psychiatric morbidity and pain in 67 adult African American patients with Sickle Cell Disease. We used a set of simple regressions to analyze continuous predictors (hostility and JH) and Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) to analyze the categorical predictor (prayer). Each of the coping variables was a statistically significant predictor of psychiatric morbidities. However, coping did not exert effects on the absolute value of pain. In summary, coping influenced reactions to pain but not reports of pain itself. Keywords Coping * African Americans * Pain * Prayer * Hostility

The current study tested a non-linear model of religious coping among Black patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). We predicted that moderate prayer and church attendance would be associated with less severe affective and sensory ratings of pain, lower levels of psychopathology, and less frequent care utilization. The participants were 67 SCD patients, mean age 36.82 [+ or -] 11.47 (range 18-70) of which 45% were men. Using ANOVA procedures, our results indicated a main effect for the frequency of prayer which showed significant differences for anxiety and hostility. Post-hoc t tests revealed that participants who endorsed moderate frequency of prayer reported significantly less anxiety and hostility, relative to participants who reported high or low frequency of prayer. However, participants who endorsed moderate levels of prayer also reported a significantly higher frequency of visits to the emergency department, relative to participants who reported high or low frequency of prayer. However, reports of pain and psychopathology were more linear with participants who reported the highest frequency of church attendance having the highest reports, moderate among those with moderate frequency of church attendance, and lowest among those with infrequent church attendance. These findings challenge and extend the traditional linear conceptualization of religious coping on clinical outcomes among patients with SCD. Directions for future research are discussed. Keywords Sickle cell disease * Religious coping * Prayer * Church attendance * Chronic illness

This study examined the relationship between elders' cognitive performance and self-reported trouble falling asleep. Analyses were conducted on 174 older independently living, community dwelling African Americans (M age = 72.74; range = 65 to 90). Cognitive performance was measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination, Forward Digit Span task, Backward Digit Span task, Alpha Span task, and California Verbal Learning Test. Results suggested that individuals who reported trouble falling asleep tended to perform significantly worse than individuals who did not report trouble falling asleep on measures tapping short-term memory and working memory after controlling for age, education, gender, depression, and current health. These results demonstrate that a self-report of sleep difficulty may be a unique predictor of cognitive performance. Keywords: African Americans; cognition; falling asleep; sleep

The knowledge gained from studying diverse populations should help to address inequities and prepare us to deal with the needs of the increasing number of older minorities in this country. At the same time, research that is not properly conducted threatens to lead us astray and misconstrue relationships and outcomes related to behavioral aspects of aging. In this article, we propose that simple comparisons between groups are neither necessary nor sufficient to advance our understanding of ethnic minorities. We discuss common pitfalls conducted in group-differences research, including a specific treatment on the issue of statistical power issues. Our goal is to encourage the use of multiple methodological designs in the study of issues related to racial and ethnic minorities by demonstrating some of the advantages of lesser employed approaches. Key Words: Ethnicity--Minorities--Racial comparisons--Models of group differences--Statistical power.

While the life-threatening nature of severe chemical burns requires an immediate focus on the physical status, long-term psychological functioning in these patients with now concurrent pathology often receives much less attention. A variety of reactions and adjustment issues may present following a bum injury. Treating the psychological aspects is often complicated and difficult, but even more so when the patient has pre-existing psychiatric illness. The current article describes the psychological treatment of an African American patient with chemical bum and significant pre-existing psychopathology in a community mental health setting. The authors purport that a comprehensive treatment approach to burn related injury should include significant attention to cognitive, behavioral, affective, and medical symptoms often in the context of pre-existing symptoms. Secondly, psychological interventions administered by trained mental health professionals are essential therapies to address long-term psychological functioning. Finally, mental health professionals should be considered a functional part of the treatment team in all stages of the bum injury management program particularly with patients who may have pre-existing psychiatric illnesses. Keywords Chemical burn * Histrionic personality disorder * Cognitive behavioral therapy * Pain

Understanding the origins of racial health disparities is currently a central focus of health-oriented funding agencies and the health policy community. In particular, the role of genetics in the origin of racial health disparities is receiving growing attention and has been susceptible to considerable misinterpretation. In this article, the authors provide a basic discussion about the concept of genes and race, an introduction to quantitative genetics, and some examples of quantitative genetic analyses of health conditions in an underserved population. The intent is to outline the conceptual limitations of exclusivist views of either environmental or genetic determination and to emphasize the coaction and interaction of genes and environments in health.

A study that will examine whether measures of health status enhance the prediction performance on everyday problem solving in adult African Americans is presented. The results show that health indices contribute to the variability in everyday cognition in this understudied population.

The broad array of economic and cultural diversity in the U.S. population correlates with and impacts on the study of behavioral aspects of health. The purpose of this article was to provide a selective overview of behavioral medicine research on sociodemographically diverse populations, with a focus on ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status. Suggestions are provided with regard to methodological refinement of research and insights into possible future directions in behavioral medicine research on ethnically and economically diverse populations.

To fully understand the differences present between various ethnic and racial groups, there must be an understanding of the heterogeneity that is represented within a given ethnic/racial group. The purpose of this article is to discuss the importance of an individual differences approach in studying the ethnic diversity of an aging population. Conceptual, methodological, and design issues are discussed with the goal of better understanding the developmental processes of aging minority elderly populations.

The free-throw practice technique of shooting free-throws in groupings of at least five shots may not be an effective way of improving free-throw performance in game situations. Results of a study comparing the free-throw performance of a college basketball team in practice and in actual games reveal that practice free-throw percentage is much better than game free-throw percentage. However, free-throw performance for the first two shots during practice and game performance did not vary significantly., According to many coaches, free-throw success is often the deciding factor in winning or losing a game (Palladino, 1980; Pim, 1986; Schuetzle, 1988; Schulze, 1981). Jenkins (1977) reported that in [...]

The present study of gender differences in hemispheric processing involved identification of tachistoscopically presented images of varying complexity. A computerized tachistoscopic program was administered to 24 men and 34 women. Time to identify contour and detailed pictures presented to the left or right cerebral hemisphere was recorded. Mean reaction time for contour pictures was significantly faster than for detailed pictures, and mean reaction time to the right hemisphere was significantly faster than that to the left hemisphere. The mean reaction time for men to identify pictures exposed to the left hemisphere was significantly slower than that for exposure to the right hemisphere for women. The mean reaction time for both men and women to identify contour pictures exposed to the right hemisphere was significantly faster than the mean time to identify detailed pictures presented to the left hemisphere. The interaction of gender, hemisphere, and complexity was also significant in that mean reaction times for men to identify detailed pictures presented to the left hemisphere were slower than the times for women to identify contour pictures presented to the right hemisphere. The results are discussed in relation to theories about hemispheres, gender, and differences in picture features.

Basketball coaches often refer to their teams' success or failure as a product of their players' performances at the free-throw line. In the present study, play-by-play records of 490 NCAA Division I men's basketball games were analyzed to assess the percentage of points scored from free-throws at various stages of the games. About 20% of all points were scored from free-throws. Free-throws comprised a significantly higher percentage of total points scored during the last 5 minutes than the first 35 minutes of the game for both winning and losing teams. Also, in the last 5 minutes of 246 games decided by 9 points or less and 244 decided by 10 points or more, winners scored a significantly higher percentage of points from free-throws than did losers. Suggestions for structuring practice conditions are discussed.

Basketball coaches often call a timeout just before the opposing player shoots a free-throw during the last five minutes of a close game. Their intent is to lower the opposing player's free-throw percentage. This study examined the effectiveness of this strategy in critical game situations. Play-by-play records of 1237 men's NCAA Division I games played between 1977 and 1989 were reviewed. We identified 350 verifiable timeout situations. Opposing coaches called 250 timeouts before an opponent shot a free-throw. As the score differential and time remaining in the game decreased, coaches relied on this strategy more frequently to try to control the outcome of the game. This strategy was not effective in reducing free-throw percentage, suggesting that coaches need to reconsider the strategy.

Explanation regarding participation in genetic studies that is limited by a volunteer's reluctance to donate blood samples is presented. In order to maximize the recovery of DNA from buccal swabs a protocol was generated where it was found that buccal swabs work well for the collection of DNA, especially nonclinic-based volunteers.

A study examining the impact of school integration on the cognitive ability of older African Americans is presented. The study showed that African Americans who attended desegregated schools did better on vocabulary and spacial ability.