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In this paper we return to an issue often discussed in the literature regarding the relationship between highway expansion and population change. Typically it simply is assumed that this relationship is well established and understood. We argue, following a thorough review of the relevant literature, that the notion that highway expansion leads to increased population growth in the vicinity of the improved infrastructure finds only weak and often conflicting support. Using data on all major highway expansions in Wisconsin covering the period from the late-1960s through the 1990s from the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT), and census data at the minor civil division (MCD) level covering the period 1970 to 2000, we deploy the analytical tools of geographic information system (GIS) software, and theory from the expanding literature in spatial analysis and modeling, to take a fresh look at this relationship. Our analysis reveals that there is a modest relationship between highway expansion and population growth among MCDs within 10-20 miles of the expanded major highway. The causal structure, however, is complex. Our starting hypothesis argues that population growth precedes highway expansion as frequently as population growth results from highway expansion, but the data show otherwise. The dominant causal influence appears to flow from highway expansion to population growth.

As fertility differences in the United States diminish, population redistribution trends are increasingly dependent on migration. This research used newly developed county-level age-specific net migration estimates for the 1990s, supplemented with longitudinal age-specific migration data spanning the prior 40 years, to ascertain whether there are clear longitudinal trends in age-specific net migration and to determine if there is spatial clustering in the migration patterns. The analysis confirmed the continuation into the 1990s of distinct net migration 'signature patterns 'for most types of counties, although there was temporal variation in the overall volume of migration across the five decades. A spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed large, geographically contiguous regions of net in-migration (in particular, Florida and the Southwest) and geographically contiguous regions of net out-migration (the Great Plains, in particular) that persisted over time. Yet the patterns of spatial concentration and fragmentation over time in these migration data demonstrate the relevance of this 'neighborhood' approach to understanding spatiotemporal change in migration.

Altitude control enables balloons to perform atmospheric soundings, avoid restricted airspace, and exercise rudimentary navigational control. Reversible altitude control, which does not expend lift gas or ballast, is particularly attractive because long-duration flights can be achieved. Methods of reversible altitude control, including air ballast and mechanical compression, are compared. A new system, described here as differential expansion, is ideally suited to near-neutral density operation and has many advantages over existing altitude control systems including cost, ease of construction, and altitude range.

The Idolatrous Eye: Iconoclasm & Theater in Early Modern England. By MICHAEL O'CONNELL. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000. ix+198 pp. 45 £. ISBN 0-19-513205-X. In this learned [...]

I In 1553, during the reign of Mary I, Richard Tottel first published Thomas More's tower-work A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation (STC 18082). William Rastell, also in the reign [...]

John Fowler published an edition of Thomas More's 1553 'A Dialogue of Comfort' in 1573. This tribute was treasonous at the time but it offered comfort to the secret Roman Catholics in England and contributed to the case for More's sainthood in the early 20th century.

The final decade of Elizabeth I's reign witnessed a sharp decrease in the number and generosity of literary patrons. This decline, however, did not cripple the rapidly growing book market. To offset the loss of potential income from wealthy benefactors, printers, publishers, and authors courted a new group of patrons - the growing number of individual readers in and around London. The printing press allowed advertisements, usually found on the title page or placed in the preliminary matter, direct access to potential customers, altering the increasingly archaic system of patronage. Printers and publishers employed many sophisticated forms of advertising, attempting to compensate for the decline in revenue while creating a new patronage system, a system where courting a large number of consumers became more important than pleasing an individual aristocrat.

The incongruency of diurnally varying resources essential to plants may detrimentally affect plants early in their development as indicated by reduced water use efficiency and carbon gain. Typical diurnal patterns of light and C[O.sub.2] availability in a midsized temperate herbaceous or forest gap were simulated in specially designed growth chambers. A sinusoidally varying C[O.sub.2] treatment (400 ppm minimum, 800 ppm maximum) approximated the diurnal cycle of C[O.sub.2] at the soil surface, while a steady-state C[O.sub.2] treatment (600 ppm) with the same average C[O.sub.2] concentration provided a control. Crossed with these two C[O.sub.2] treatments were two light regimes, one with 3 h of high light (850 [[micro]mol] [multiplied by] [m.sup.-2] [multiplied by] [s.sup.-1]) in the morning (west side of a gap), and the other with 3 h of high light in the afternoon (east side). All treatments received baseline low light (55 [[micro]mol] [multiplied by] [m.sup.-2] [multiplied by] [s.sup.-1]) for 14 h during the day. Rumex crispus was selected as a model species because of its rosette leaves, which grow close to the ground where diurnal C[O.sub.2] variation is greatest. The relative timing of diurnal variations in light and C[O.sub.2] significantly affected seedling water use efficiency, carbon gain, and morphology. Total biomass, photosynthetic rates, daily integrated carbon, water use efficiency, and leaf area were enhanced by morning exposure to high light. Seedlings that were exposed to peak values of light and C[O.sub.2] incongruently, i.e., those plants receiving intense afternoon light with diurnally varying C[O.sub.2], were detrimentally affected relative to control plants receiving intense afternoon light with steady-state C[O.sub.2]. The results of this experiment indicate that the incongruent availability of required resources - such as light and C[O.sub.2] - can detrimentally affect performance relative to when resources are congruent. These contrasting resource regimes can occur on the east and west side of gaps. Key words: incongruency of resources; diurnal cycles; gaps; Polygonaceae; Rumex crispus; photosynthesis; water use efficiency.

The first epic simile in John Milton's 'Paradise Lost' compares the size of Satan, who is floating on a burning lake, to assorted large creatures of classical mythology. General words are used, but so is 'rood.' This key word in the passage is not seen elsewhere in Milton's poetry. 'The Oxford English Dictionary' defines it as a measurement unit for land meaning a quarter-acre. Another meaning for the word, one more used in the 16th and 17th centuries, is 'cross.' Given the war in heaven, crosses floating around Satan become symbols of Christ executing victory. Satan is then a parody of Christ. Milton may also have thought of trappings of high church ceremony ending up in hell.

By examining the 1979 income status of 1975-1980 immigrants, outmigrants, and nonmigrants, we gauged the income effects of migration for a group of chronic low-income counties in the nonmetropolitan South. The effects are demonstrated to be positive for the migrants themselves and negative for the low-income counties. In both instances, however, the effects are unexpectedly small. By considering both in- and outmigrants, we show that these counties experienced a remarkable degree of income replacement and also present evidence that the results are not primarily due to the particular migration period under study. The findings give additional evidence of the substantial inefficiency at work in American migration patterns.

The potential effects of incorporating the U.S. Census Bureau Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) into the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC), distressed county designation are evaluated. The distressed status accuracy results from the end of the year 1990, indicates that using the SAIPE would alter the distressed designation to a certain extent, but not radically.

All Herbert scholars will welcome Mario Di Cesare's stunning diplomatic edition of the Bodleian Manuscript (Tanner 307). The beautifully printed edition departs from and complements The Bodleian Manuscript of George [...]

SIR PHILIP SIDNEY AND THE CIRCULATION OF MANUSCRIPTS, 1558--1640. By H. R. Woudhuysen. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. Pp. xv + 515; 8 illustrations. $95. In this comprehensive study, H. R. [...]