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1. Global reference mapping of human transcription factor footprints

Author

Vierstra, Jeff, Lazar, John, Sandstrom, Richard, Halow, Jessica, Lee, Kristen, Bates, Daniel, and Diegel, Morgan

Subjects
Binding sites (Biochemistry) -- Identification and classification -- Analysis -- Methods, Human chromosomes -- Identification and classification -- Analysis -- Methods, Transcription factors -- Analysis -- Methods, Chromosome mapping -- Methods -- Analysis, Genome-wide association studies -- Analysis -- Methods, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Combinatorial binding of transcription factors to regulatory DNA underpins gene regulation in all organisms. Genetic variation in regulatory regions has been connected with diseases and diverse phenotypic traits.sup.1, but it remains challenging to distinguish variants that affect regulatory function.sup.2. Genomic DNase I footprinting enables the quantitative, nucleotide-resolution delineation of sites of transcription factor occupancy within native chromatin.sup.3-6. However, only a small fraction of such sites have been precisely resolved on the human genome sequence.sup.6. Here, to enable comprehensive mapping of transcription factor footprints, we produced high-density DNase I cleavage maps from 243 human cell and tissue types and states and integrated these data to delineate about 4.5 million compact genomic elements that encode transcription factor occupancy at nucleotide resolution. We map the fine-scale structure within about 1.6 million DNase I-hypersensitive sites and show that the overwhelming majority are populated by well-spaced sites of single transcription factor-DNA interaction. Cell-context-dependent cis-regulation is chiefly executed by wholesale modulation of accessibility at regulatory DNA rather than by differential transcription factor occupancy within accessible elements. We also show that the enrichment of genetic variants associated with diseases or phenotypic traits in regulatory regions.sup.1,7 is almost entirely attributable to variants within footprints, and that functional variants that affect transcription factor occupancy are nearly evenly partitioned between loss- and gain-of-function alleles. Unexpectedly, we find increased density of human genetic variation within transcription factor footprints, revealing an unappreciated driver of cis-regulatory evolution. Our results provide a framework for both global and nucleotide-precision analyses of gene regulatory mechanisms and functional genetic variation. A high-density DNase I cleavage map from 243 human cell and tissue types provides a genome-wide, nucleotide-resolution map of human transcription factor footprints., Author(s): Jeff Vierstra [sup.1] , John Lazar [sup.1] [sup.2] , Richard Sandstrom [sup.1] , Jessica Halow [sup.1] , Kristen Lee [sup.1] , Daniel Bates [sup.1] , Morgan Diegel [sup.1] , [...]

Published
2020
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2. A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome

Author

Yue, Feng, Cheng, Yong, Breschi, Alessandra, Vierstra, Jeff, Wu, Weisheng, Ryba, Tyrone, Sandstrom, Richard, Ma, Zhihai, Davis, Carrie, Pope, Benjamin D., Shen, Yin, Pervouchine, Dmitri D., Djebali, Sarah, Thurman, Robert E., Kaul, Rajinder, Rynes, Eric, Kirilusha, Anthony, Marinov, Georgi K., Williams, Brian A., Trout, Diane, Amrhein, Henry, Fisher-Aylor, Katherine, Antoshechkin, Igor, DeSalvo, Gilberto, See, Lei-Hoon, Fastuca, Meagan, Drenkow, Jorg, Zaleski, Chris, Dobin, Alex, Prieto, Pablo, Lagarde, Julien, Bussotti, Giovanni, Tanzer, Andrea, Denas, Olgert, Li, Kanwei, Bender, M. A., Zhang, Miaohua, Byron, Rachel, Groudine, Mark T., McCleary, David, Pham, Long, Ye, Zhen, Kuan, Samantha, Edsall, Lee, Wu, Yi-Chieh, Rasmussen, Matthew D., Bansal, Mukul S., Kellis, Manolis, Keller, Cheryl A., Morrissey, Christapher S., Mishra, Tejaswini, Jain, Deepti, Dogan, Nergiz, Harris, Robert S., Cayting, Philip, Kawli, Trupti, Boyle, Alan P., Euskirchen, Ghia, Kundaje, Anshul, Lin, Shin, Lin, Yiing, Jansen, Camden, Malladi, Venkat S., Cline, Melissa S., Erickson, Drew T., Kirkup, Vanessa M., Learned, Katrina, Sloan, Cricket A., Rosenbloom, Kate R., Lacerda de Sousa, Beatriz, Beal, Kathryn, Pignatelli, Miguel, Flicek, Paul, Lian, Jin, Kahveci, Tamer, Lee, Dongwon, James Kent, W., Ramalho Santos, Miguel, Herrero, Javier, Notredame, Cedric, Johnson, Audra, Vong, Shinny, Lee, Kristen, Bates, Daniel, Neri, Fidencio, Diegel, Morgan, Canfield, Theresa, Sabo, Peter J., Wilken, Matthew S., Reh, Thomas A., Giste, Erika, Shafer, Anthony, Kutyavin, Tanya, Haugen, Eric, Dunn, Douglas, Reynolds, Alex P., Neph, Shane, Humbert, Richard, Scott Hansen, R., De Bruijn, Marella, Selleri, Licia, Rudensky, Alexander, Josefowicz, Steven, Samstein, Robert, Eichler, Evan E., Orkin, Stuart H., Levasseur, Dana, Papayannopoulou, Thalia, Chang, Kai-Hsin, Skoultchi, Arthur, Gosh, Srikanta, Disteche, Christine, Treuting, Piper, Wang, Yanli, Weiss, Mitchell J., Blobel, Gerd A., Cao, Xiaoyi, Zhong, Sheng, Wang, Ting, Good, Peter J., Lowdon, Rebecca F., Adams, Leslie B., Zhou, Xiao-Qiao, Pazin, Michael J., Feingold, Elise A., Wold, Barbara, Taylor, James, Mortazavi, Ali, Weissman, Sherman M., Stamatoyannopoulos, John A., Snyder, Michael P., Guigo, Roderic, Gingeras, Thomas R., Gilbert, David M., Hardison, Ross C., Beer, Michael A., and Ren, Bing

Subjects
Man -- Genetic aspects, Genetic research, Human beings -- Genetic aspects, Genomes -- Comparative analysis, Mice -- Genetic aspects, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

The laboratory mouse shares the majority of its protein-coding genes with humans, making it the premier model organism in biomedical research, yet the two mammals differ in significant ways. To gain greater insights into both shared and species-specific transcriptional and cellular regulatory programs in the mouse, the Mouse ENCODE Consortium has mapped transcription, DNase I hypersensitivity, transcription factor binding, chromatin modifications and replication domains throughout the mouse genome in diverse cell and tissue types. By comparing with the human genome, we not only confirm substantial conservation in the newly annotated potential functional sequences, but also find a large degree of divergence of sequences involved in transcriptional regulation, chromatin state and higher order chromatin organization. Our results illuminate the wide range of evolutionary forces acting on genes and their regulatory regions, and provide a general resource for research into mammalian biology and mechanisms of human diseases., Author(s): Feng Yue [1, 2]; Yong Cheng [3]; Alessandra Breschi [4]; Jeff Vierstra [5]; Weisheng Wu [6]; Tyrone Ryba [7]; Richard Sandstrom [5]; Zhihai Ma [3]; Carrie Davis [8]; Benjamin [...]

Published
2014
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3. Conservation of trans-acting circuitry during mammalian regulatory evolution

Author

Stergachis, Andrew B., Neph, Shane, Sandstrom, Richard, Haugen, Eric, Reynolds, Alex P., Zhang, Miaohua, Byron, Rachel, Canfield, Theresa, Stelhing-Sun, Sandra, Lee, Kristen, Thurman, Robert E., Vong, Shinny, Bates, Daniel, Neri, Fidencio, Diegel, Morgan, Giste, Erika, Dunn, Douglas, Vierstra, Jeff, Hansen, R. Scott, Johnson, Audra K., Sabo, Peter J., Wilken, Matthew S., Reh, Thomas A., Treuting, Piper M., Kaul, Rajinder, Groudine, Mark, Bender, M. A., Borenstein, Elhanan, and Stamatoyannopoulos, John A.

Subjects
Evolution -- Genetic aspects, Genetic regulation -- Methods, Mammals -- Genetic aspects, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

The basic body plan and major physiological axes have been highly conserved during mammalian evolution, yet only a small fraction of the human genome sequence appears to be subject to evolutionary constraint. To quantify cis- versus trans-acting contributions to mammalian regulatory evolution, we performed genomic DNase I footprinting of the mouse genome across 25 cell and tissue types, collectively defining [similar]8.6 million transcription factor (TF) occupancy sites at nucleotide resolution. Here we show that mouse TF footprints conjointly encode a regulatory lexicon that is [similar]95% similar with that derived from human TF footprints. However, only [similar]20% of mouse TF footprints have human orthologues. Despite substantial turnover of the cis-regulatory landscape, nearly half of all pairwise regulatory interactions connecting mouse TF genes have been maintained in orthologous human cell types through evolutionary innovation of TF recognition sequences. Furthermore, the higher-level organization of mouse TF-to-TF connections into cellular network architectures is nearly identical with human. Our results indicate that evolutionary selection on mammalian gene regulation is targeted chiefly at the level of trans-regulatory circuitry, enabling and potentiating cis-regulatory plasticity., Author(s): Andrew B. Stergachis [1]; Shane Neph [1]; Richard Sandstrom [1]; Eric Haugen [1]; Alex P. Reynolds [1]; Miaohua Zhang [2]; Rachel Byron [2]; Theresa Canfield [1]; Sandra Stelhing-Sun [1]; [...]

Published
2014
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4. An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome

Author

Dunham, Ian, Kundaje, Anshul, Aldred, Shelley F., Collins, Patrick J., Davis, Carrie A., Doyle, Francis, Epstein, Charles B., Frietze, Seth, Harrow, Jennifer, Kaul, Rajinder, Khatun, Jainab, Lajoie, Bryan R., Landt, Stephen G., Lee, Bum-Kyu, Pauli, Florencia, Rosenbloom, Kate R., Sabo, Peter, Safi, Alexias, Sanyal, Amartya, Shoresh, Noam, Simon, Jeremy M., Song, Lingyun, Trinklein, Nathan D., Altshuler, Robert C., Birney, Ewan, Brown, James B., Cheng, Chao, Djebali, Sarah, Dong, Xianjun, Ernst, Jason, Furey, Terrence S., Gerstein, Mark, Giardine, Belinda, Greven, Melissa, Hardison, Ross C., Harris, Robert S., Herrero, Javier, Hoffman, Michael M., Iyer, Sowmya, Kellis, Manolis, Kheradpour, Pouya, Lassmann, Timo, Li, Qunhua, Lin, Xinying, Marinov, Georgi K., Merkel, Angelika, Mortazavi, Ali, Parker, Stephen C. J., Reddy, Timothy E., Rozowsky, Joel, Schlesinger, Felix, Thurman, Robert E., Wang, Jie, Ward, Lucas D., Whitfield, Troy W., Wilder, Steven P., Wu, Weisheng, Xi, Hualin S., Yip, Kevin Y., Zhuang, Jiali, Bernstein, Bradley E., Green, Eric D., Gunter, Chris, Snyder, Michael, Pazin, Michael J., Lowdon, Rebecca F., Dillon, Laura A. L., Adams, Leslie B., Kelly, Caroline J., Zhang, Julia, Wexler, Judith R., Good, Peter J., Feingold, Elise A., Crawford, Gregory E., Dekker, Job, Elnitski, Laura, Farnham, Peggy J., Giddings, Morgan C., Gingeras, Thomas R., Guigo, Roderic, Hubbard, Timothy J., Kent, W. James, Lieb, Jason D., Margulies, Elliott H., Myers, Richard M., Stamatoyannopoulos, John A., Tenenbaum, Scott A., Weng, Zhiping, White, Kevin P., Wold, Barbara, Yu, Yanbao, Wrobel, John, Risk, Brian A., Gunawardena, Harsha P., Kuiper, Heather C., Maier, Christopher W., Xie, Ling, Chen, Xian, Mikkelsen, Tarjei S., Gillespie, Shawn, Goren, Alon, Ram, Oren, Zhang, Xiaolan, Wang, Li, Issner, Robbyn, Coyne, Michael J., Durham, Timothy, Ku, Manching, Truong, Thanh, Eaton, Matthew L., Dobin, Alex, Tanzer, Andrea, Lagarde, Julien, Lin, Wei, Xue, Chenghai, Williams, Brian A., Zaleski, Chris, Roder, Maik, Kokocinski, Felix, Abdelhamid, Rehab F., Alioto, Tyler, Antoshechkin, Igor, Baer, Michael T., Batut, Philippe, Bell, Ian, Bell, Kimberly, Chakrabortty, Sudipto, Chrast, Jacqueline, Curado, Joao, Derrien, Thomas, Drenkow, Jorg, Dumais, Erica, Dumais, Jackie, Duttagupta, Radha, Fastuca, Megan, Fejes-Toth, Kata, Ferreira, Pedro, Foissac, Sylvain, Fullwood, Melissa J., Gao, Hui, Gonzalez, David, Gordon, Assaf, Howald, Cedric, Jha, Sonali, Johnson, Rory, Kapranov, Philipp, King, Brandon, Kingswood, Colin, Li, Guoliang, Luo, Oscar J., Park, Eddie, Preall, Jonathan B., Presaud, Kimberly, Ribeca, Paolo, Robyr, Daniel, Ruan, Xiaoan, Sammeth, Michael, Sandhu, Kuljeet Singh, Schaeffer, Lorain, See, Lei-Hoon, Shahab, Atif, Skancke, Jorgen, Suzuki, Ana Maria, Takahashi, Hazuki, Tilgner, Hagen, Trout, Diane, Walters, Nathalie, Wang, Huaien, Hayashizaki, Yoshihide, Reymond, Alexandre, Antonarakis, Stylianos E., Hannon, Gregory J., Ruan, Yijun, Carninci, Piero, Sloan, Cricket A., Learned, Katrina, Malladi, Venkat S., Wong, Matthew C., Barber, Galt P., Cline, Melissa S., Dreszer, Timothy R., Heitner, Steven G., Karolchik, Donna, Kirkup, Vanessa M., Meyer, Laurence R., Long, Jeffrey C., Maddren, Morgan, Raney, Brian J., Grasfeder, Linda L., Giresi, Paul G., Battenhouse, Anna, Sheffield, Nathan C., Showers, Kimberly A., London, Darin, Bhinge, Akshay A., Shestak, Christopher, Schaner, Matthew R., Ki Kim, Seul, Zhang, Zhuzhu Z., Mieczkowski, Piotr A., Mieczkowska, Joanna O., Liu, Zheng, McDaniell, Ryan M., Ni, Yunyun, Rashid, Naim U., Kim, Min Jae, Adar, Sheera, Zhang, Zhancheng, Wang, Tianyuan, Winter, Deborah, Keefe, Damian, Iyer, Vishwanath R., Zheng, Meizhen, Wang, Ping, Gertz, Jason, Vielmetter, Jost, Partridge, E., Varley, Katherine E., Gasper, Clarke, Bansal, Anita, Pepke, Shirley, Jain, Preti, Amrhein, Henry, Bowling, Kevin M., Anaya, Michael, Cross, Marie K., Muratet, Michael A., Newberry, Kimberly M., McCue, Kenneth, Nesmith, Amy S., Fisher-Aylor, Katherine I., Pusey, Barbara, DeSalvo, Gilberto, Parker, Stephanie L., Balasubramanian, Sreeram, Davis, Nicholas S., Meadows, Sarah K., Eggleston, Tracy, Newberry, J. Scott, Levy, Shawn E., Absher, Devin M., Wong, Wing H., Blow, Matthew J., Visel, Axel, Pennachio, Len A., Petrykowska, Hanna M., Abyzov, Alexej, Aken, Bronwen, Barrell, Daniel, Barson, Gemma, Berry, Andrew, Bignell, Alexandra, Boychenko, Veronika, Bussotti, Giovanni, Davidson, Claire, Despacio-Reyes, Gloria, Diekhans, Mark, Ezkurdia, Iakes, Frankish, Adam, Gilbert, James, Gonzalez, Jose Manuel, Griffiths, Ed, Harte, Rachel, Hendrix, David A., Hunt, Toby, Jungreis, Irwin, Kay, Mike, Khurana, Ekta, Leng, Jing, Lin, Michael F., Loveland, Jane, Lu, Zhi, Manthravadi, Deepa, Mariotti, Marco, Mudge, Jonathan, Mukherjee, Gaurab, Notredame, Cedric, Pei, Baikang, Rodriguez, Jose Manuel, Saunders, Gary, Sboner, Andrea, Searle, Stephen, Sisu, Cristina, Snow, Catherine, Steward, Charlie, Tapanari, Electra, Tress, Michael L., van Baren, Marijke J., Washietl, Stefan, Wilming, Laurens, Zadissa, Amonida, Zhang, Zhengdong, Brent, Michael, Haussler, David, Valencia, Alfonso, Addleman, Nick, Alexander, Roger P., Auerbach, Raymond K., Balasubramanian, Suganthi, Bettinger, Keith, Bhardwaj, Nitin, Boyle, Alan P., Cao, Alina R., Cayting, Philip, Charos, Alexandra, Cheng, Yong, Eastman, Catharine, Euskirchen, Ghia, Fleming, Joseph D., Grubert, Fabian, Habegger, Lukas, Hariharan, Manoj, Harmanci, Arif, Iyengar, Sushma, Jin, Victor X., Karczewski, Konrad J., Kasowski, Maya, Lacroute, Phil, Lam, Hugo, Lamarre-Vincent, Nathan, Lian, Jin, Lindahl-Allen, Marianne, Min, Renqiang, Miotto, Benoit, Monahan, Hannah, Moqtaderi, Zarmik, Mu, Xinmeng J., Ouyang, Zhengqing, Patacsil, Dorrelyn, Raha, Debasish, Ramirez, Lucia, Reed, Brian, Shi, Minyi, Slifer, Teri, Witt, Heather, Wu, Linfeng, Xu, Xiaoqin, Yan, Koon-Kiu, Yang, Xinqiong, Struhl, Kevin, Weissman, Sherman M., Penalva, Luiz O., Karmakar, Subhradip, Bhanvadia, Raj R., Choudhury, Alina, Domanus, Marc, Ma, Lijia, Moran, Jennifer, Victorsen, Alec, Auer, Thomas, Centanin, Lazaro, Eichenlaub, Michael, Gruhl, Franziska, Heermann, Stephan, Hoeckendorf, Burkhard, Inoue, Daigo, Kellner, Tanja, Kirchmaier, Stephan, Mueller, Claudia, Reinhardt, Robert, Schertel, Lea, Schneider, Stephanie, Sinn, Rebecca, Wittbrodt, Beate, Wittbrodt, Jochen, Partridge, E. Christopher, Jain, Gaurav, Balasundaram, Gayathri, Bates, Daniel L., Byron, Rachel, Canfield, Theresa K., Diegel, Morgan J., Dunn, Douglas, Ebersol, Abigail K., Frum, Tristan, Garg, Kavita, Gist, Erica, Hansen, R. Scott, Boatman, Lisa, Haugen, Eric, Humbert, Richard, Johnson, Audra K., Johnson, Ericka M., Kutyavin, Tattyana V., Lee, Kristen, Lotakis, Dimitra, Maurano, Matthew T., Neph, Shane J., Neri, Fiedencio V., Nguyen, Eric D., Qu, Hongzhu, Reynolds, Alex P., Roach, Vaughn, Rynes, Eric, Sanchez, Minerva E., Sandstrom, Richard S., Shafer, Anthony O., Stergachis, Andrew B., Thomas, Sean, Vernot, Benjamin, Vierstra, Jeff, Vong, Shinny, Weaver, Molly A., Yan, Yongqi, Zhang, Miaohua, Akey, Joshua M., Bender, Michael, Dorschner, Michael O., Groudine, Mark, MacCoss, Michael J., Navas, Patrick, Stamatoyannopoulos, George, Beal, Kathryn, Brazma, Alvis, Flicek, Paul, Johnson, Nathan, Lukk, Margus, Luscombe, Nicholas M., Sobral, Daniel, Vaquerizas, Juan M., Batzoglou, Serafim, Sidow, Arend, Hussami, Nadine, Kyriazopoulou-Panagiotopoulou, Sofia, Libbrecht, Max W., Schaub, Marc A., Miller, Webb, Bickel, Peter J., Banfai, Balazs, Boley, Nathan P., Huang, Haiyan, Li, Jingyi Jessica, Noble, William Stafford, Bilmes, Jeffrey A., Buske, Orion J., Sahu, Avinash D., Kharchenko, Peter V., Park, Peter J., Baker, Dannon, Taylor, James, and Lochovsky, Lucas

Subjects
Genetic research, Human genome -- Research, Genetic transcription -- Research, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

The human genome encodes the blueprint of life, but the function of the vast majority of its nearly three billion bases is unknown. The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project has systematically mapped regions of transcription, transcription factor association, chromatin structure and histone modification. These data enabled us to assign biochemical functions for 80% of the genome, in particular outside of the well-studied protein-coding regions. Many discovered candidate regulatory elements are physically associated with one another and with expressed genes, providing new insights into the mechanisms of gene regulation. The newly identified elements also show a statistical correspondence to sequence variants linked to human disease, and can thereby guide interpretation of this variation. Overall, the project provides new insights into the organization and regulation of our genes and genome, and is an expansive resource of functional annotations for biomedical research., Author(s): The ENCODE Project Consortium; Overall coordination (data analysis coordination); Ian Dunham [2]; Anshul Kundaje [3, 82]; Data production leads (data production); Shelley F. Aldred [4]; Patrick J. Collins [4]; [...]

Published
2012
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5. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome

Author

Thurman, Robert E., Rynes, Eric, Humbert, Richard, Vierstra, Jeff, Maurano, Matthew T., Haugen, Eric, Sheffield, Nathan C., Stergachis, Andrew B., Vernot, Benjamin, Garg, Kavita, John, Sam, Sandstrom, Richard, Bates, Daniel, Boatman, Lisa, Canfield, Theresa K., Diegel, Morgan, Dunn, Douglas, Ebersol, Abigail K., Frum, Tristan, Giste, Erika, Johnson, Audra K., Johnson, Ericka M., Kutyavin, Tanya, Lajoie, Bryan, Lee, Bum-Kyu, Lee, Kristen, London, Darin, Lotakis, Dimitra, Neph, Shane, Neri, Fidencio, Nguyen, Eric D., Qu, Hongzhu, Reynolds, Alex P., Roach, Vaughn, Safi, Alexias, Sanchez, Minerva E., Sanyal, Amartya, Shafer, Anthony, Simon, Jeremy M., Song, Lingyun, Vong, Shinny, Weaver, Molly, Yan, Yongqi, Zhang, Zhancheng, Zhang, Zhuzhu, Lenhard, Boris, Tewari, Muneesh, Dorschner, Michael O., Hansen, R. Scott, Navas, Patrick A., Stamatoyannopoulos, George, Iyer, Vishwanath R., Lieb, Jason D., Sunyaev, Shamil R., Akey, Joshua M., Sabo, Peter J., Kaul, Rajinder, Furey, Terrence S., Dekker, Job, Crawford, Gregory E., and Stamatoyannopoulos, John A.

Subjects
Chromatin -- Physiological aspects, DNA -- Physiological aspects, Genetic research, Human genome -- Research, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) are markers of regulatory DNA and have underpinned the discovery of all classes of cis-regulatory elements including enhancers, promoters, insulators, silencers and locus control regions. Here we present the first extensive map of human DHSs identified through genome-wide profiling in 125 diverse cell and tissue types. We identify [similar]2.9 million DHSs that encompass virtually all known experimentally validated cis-regulatory sequences and expose a vast trove of novel elements, most with highly cell-selective regulation. Annotating these elements using ENCODE data reveals novel relationships between chromatin accessibility, transcription, DNA methylation and regulatory factor occupancy patterns. We connect [similar]580,000 distal DHSs with their target promoters, revealing systematic pairing of different classes of distal DHSs and specific promoter types. Patterning of chromatin accessibility at many regulatory regions is organized with dozens to hundreds of co-activated elements, and the transcellular DNase I sensitivity pattern at a given region can predict cell-type-specific functional behaviours. The DHS landscape shows signatures of recent functional evolutionary constraint. However, the DHS compartment in pluripotent and immortalized cells exhibits higher mutation rates than that in highly differentiated cells, exposing an unexpected link between chromatin accessibility, proliferative potential and patterns of human variation., Author(s): Robert E. Thurman [1, 13]; Eric Rynes [1, 13]; Richard Humbert [1, 13]; Jeff Vierstra [1]; Matthew T. Maurano [1]; Eric Haugen [1]; Nathan C. Sheffield [2]; Andrew B. [...]

Published
2012
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6. An expansive human regulatory lexicon encoded in transcription factor footprints

Author

Neph, Shane, Vierstra, Jeff, Stergachis, Andrew B., Reynolds, Alex P., Haugen, Eric, Vernot, Benjamin, Thurman, Robert E., John, Sam, Sandstrom, Richard, Johnson, Audra K., Maurano, Matthew T., Humbert, Richard, Rynes, Eric, Vong, Shinny, Lee, Kristen, Bates, Daniel, Diegel, Morgan, Roach, Vaughn, Dunn, Douglas, Neri, Jun, Schafer, Anthony, Hansen, R. Scott, Kutyavin, Tanya, Giste, Erika, Weaver, Molly, Canfield, Theresa, Sabo, Peter, Zhang, Miaohua, Balasundaram, Gayathri, Byron, Rachel, MacCoss, Michael J., Akey, Joshua M., Bender, M. A., Groudine, Mark, Kaul, Rajinder, and Stamatoyannopoulos, John A.

Subjects
Genetic research, Genetic regulation -- Research, Transcription factors -- Physiological aspects, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Regulatory factor binding to genomic DNA protects the underlying sequence from cleavage by DNase I, leaving nucleotide-resolution footprints. Using genomic DNase I footprinting across 41 diverse cell and tissue types, we detected 45 million transcription factor occupancy events within regulatory regions, representing differential binding to 8.4 million distinct short sequence elements. Here we show that this small genomic sequence compartment, roughly twice the size of the exome, encodes an expansive repertoire of conserved recognition sequences for DNA-binding proteins that nearly doubles the size of the human cis-regulatory lexicon. We find that genetic variants affecting allelic chromatin states are concentrated in footprints, and that these elements are preferentially sheltered from DNA methylation. High-resolution DNase I cleavage patterns mirror nucleotide-level evolutionary conservation and track the crystallographic topography of protein-DNA interfaces, indicating that transcription factor structure has been evolutionarily imprinted on the human genome sequence. We identify a stereotyped 50-base-pair footprint that precisely defines the site of transcript origination within thousands of human promoters. Finally, we describe a large collection of novel regulatory factor recognition motifs that are highly conserved in both sequence and function, and exhibit cell-selective occupancy patterns that closely parallel major regulators of development, differentiation and pluripotency., Author(s): Shane Neph [1, 7]; Jeff Vierstra [1, 7]; Andrew B. Stergachis [1, 7]; Alex P. Reynolds [1, 7]; Eric Haugen [1]; Benjamin Vernot [1]; Robert E. Thurman [1]; Sam [...]

Published
2012
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7. An expansive human regulatory lexicon encoded in transcription factor footprints

Author

Neph, Shane, Vierstra, Jeff, Stergachis, Andrew B., Reynolds, Alex P., Haugen, Eric, Vernot, Benjamin, Thurman, Robert E., John, Sam, Sandstrom, Richard, Johnson, Audra K., Maurano, Matthew T., Humbert, Richard, Rynes, Eric, Vong, Shinny, Lee, Kristen, Bates, Daniel, Diegel, Morgan, Roach, Vaughn, Dunn, Douglas, Neri, Jun, Schafer, Anthony, Scott Hansen, R., Kutyavin, Tanya, Giste, Erika, Weaver, Molly, Canfield, Theresa, Sabo, Peter, Zhang, Miaohua, Balasundaram, Gayathri, Byron, Rachel, MacCoss, Michael J., Akey, Joshua M., Bender, M.A., Groudine, Mark, Kaul, Rajinder, and Stamatoyannopoulos, John A.

Subjects
Nucleotide sequencing -- Research, DNA sequencing -- Research, Genetic regulation -- Research, Transcription factors -- Physiological aspects, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Regulatory factor binding to genomic DNA protects the underlying sequence from cleavage by DNase I, leaving nucleotide-resolution 'footprints'. Using genomic DNaseI footprinting across 41 diverse cell and tissue types, we detected 45 million transcription factor occupancy events within regulatory regions, representing differential binding to 8.4 million distinct short sequence elements. Here we show that this small genomic sequence compartment, roughly twice the size of the exome, encodes an expansive repertoire of conserved recognition sequences for DNA-binding proteins that nearly doubles the size of the human cis-regulatory lexicon. We find that genetic variants affecting allelic chromatin states are concentrated in footprints, and that these elements are preferentially sheltered from DNA methylation. High-resolution DNase I cleavage patterns mirror nucleotide-level evolutionary conservation and track the crystallographic topography of protein-DNA interfaces, indicating that transcription factor structure has been evolutionarily imprinted on the human genome sequence. We identify a stereotyped 50-base-pair footprint that precisely defines the site of transcript origination within thousands of human promoters. Finally, we describe a large collection of novel regulatory factor recognition motifs that are highly conserved in both sequence and function, and exhibit cell- selective occupancy patterns that closely parallel major regulators of development, differentiation and pluripotency., Sequence-specific transcription factors interpret the signals encoded within regulatory DNA. The discovery of DNase I footprinting over 30 years ago (1) revolutionized the analysis of cis-regulatory sequences in diverse organisms, [...]

Published
2012
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