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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revealed systemic weaknesses in health-care systems worldwide. The breadth of challenges left health workers overwhelmed and overstretched, reducing their professional efficacy and causing long-term [...]

The meanings of words change over time. This is the central notion in Raymond Williams' 1976 book Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society and subsequent works (Bennett, Grossberg, & [...]

'I spoke with the residency director of Pathology. We both agree you'll be a great fit there ... Given your difficulties with communication and social cues I think it will [...]

A growing number of schools offer dual-language (DL) programs, where students from two language backgrounds learn together through both languages. Unlike transitional bilingual programs, which use the child's home language [...]

I. INTRODUCTION '[T]he right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.' (2) These words have been debated from the time they were first written. Even [...]

Mixtures of bis(2-ethylhexyl) succinate and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) have been evaluated as bio-based plasticizers for polyvinylchloride). The rate of absorption of the bioplasticizers and their mixtures in the polymer was fast and, unlike that of petroleum-derived plasticizers, did not vary significantly with molecular weight. These bio-derived plasticizers and their mixtures were compatible with the polymer even at high loadings. The succinate was the most volatile and efficient plasticizer, but on heat aging of the polymer compositions, it also had the greatest deleterious effects. Diffusion coefficients and apparent activation energies of formulations containing bioplasticizer mixtures were controlled by the more volatile succinate. Mixtures comprising up to 50 wt% of the succinate yielded acceptably high-tensile properties after thermal aging as well as better plasticization efficiency than the epoxy bioplasticizer. Although the succinate resulted in inferior volume resistivity of the polymer compositions, improvements were obtained with increasing proportions of the epoxidized derivative in plasticizer mixtures. Melt state viscosity-shear rate curves of compositions containing dioctyl succinate (DOS) were similar to those made with two of the petroleum-derived plasticizers, but a DOS/ESO mixture yielded extended non-Newtonian behavior at low-shear rates., INTRODUCTION Poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) is a rigid polymer that is often plasticized for use in flexible applications. The most commonly used plasticizers are phthalates. In recent years, there has been increased [...]

The chemical industry has been based almost exclusively on fossil feedstocks for nearly a century, but biobased feedstocks are becoming economically competitive for certain materials and geographies. Fossil feedstocks are [...]

This article addresses the harmful effects of language discrimination on children, in schools. To talk about these ideas, we use the term 'linguicism, which has been discussed by language planners' [...]

Cellular Fc[gamma] receptors are essential for IgG-dependent effector functions in vivo. There is convincing evidence that selective activating Fc[gamma] receptors are responsible for the activity of individual IgG subclasses. Thus, IgG1 activity is absent in Fc[gamma]RIII-deficient mice, and several studies suggest that the activity of the most potent IgG subclasses, IgG2a and IgG2b, might be dependent on either individual or a combination of activating Fc[gamma]Rs. To study the role of individual activating FC[gamma]RS for IgG subclass activity, we generated an Fc[gamma]RIV-deficient mouse and showed that a variety of IgG2a- and IgG2b-dependent effector functions are impaired in the absence of this activating Fc receptor in models of autoimmunity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. autoimmune disease | immunoglobulin G | inflammation doi/ 10.1073/pnas.1014515107

A prospective longitudinal follow-up study (n = 59) of child and adolescent survivors of physical assaults and motor vehicle accidents assessed whether cognitive processes predicted posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS) at 6 months posttrauma in this age group. In particular, the study assessed whether maladaptive posttraumatic appraisals mediated the relationship between initial and later posttraumatic stress. Self-report measures of PTSS, maladaptive appraisals, and other cognitive processes, as well as structured interviews assessing for acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), were completed at 2-4 weeks and 6 months posttrauma. PTSS and PTSD at 6 months were associated with maladaptive appraisals and other cognitive processes but not demographic or objective trauma severity variables. Only maladaptive appraisals were found to associate with PTSS/PTSD after partialing out initial symptoms/diagnosis and to mediate between initial and later PTSS. It was argued that, on this basis, maladaptive appraisals are involved in the development and maintenance of PTSS over time, whereas other cognitive processes (e.g., subjective threat, memory processes) may have an effect only in the acute phase. The implications of this study for the treatment of PTSS in youths are discussed. Keywords: posttraumatic stress disorder, children, memory, cognitive processes, appraisals Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2009, Vol. No. 4, 778-787 [c] 2009 American Psychological Association 0021-843X/09/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0016945

In her classic text, Subtractive Schooling, Valenzuela (1999) described how secondary school-aged, Mexican-origin students and their teachers frequently misunderstand one another. After observing one particularly heated exchange between an English [...]

To the Editor: From the moment that contemporary medicine began to acquire the ability to stave off death almost indefinitely, the question arose as to whether there could be too [...]

This article presents the argument that consideration of non-European and nonalphabetic writing makes possible new understandings of literacy and, in addition, that contemporary literacy forms and practices can be fully understood only by expanding our historical perspective. The field of literacy research remains largely unaware of the multimodal literacies developed and employed by Mesoamerican indigenous peoples. Instead, contemporary understandings of written language are built upon an ideological foundation that privileges writing traditions first developed in Africa and Asia. Responding to theorists' calls for literacy researchers to integrate historical understandings with their research designs, the authors examine the relevant primary and secondary sources on Mesoamerican literacies as represented in indigenous and colonial documents. In this historical inquiry, the authors first present applicable theoretical and methodological considerations for connecting past and contemporary literacies. They then identify the ideological and philosophical bases of the Mesoamerican literacy systems and discuss what is known about how they functioned, before attempting to reconstruct some pre-Columbian literacy practices. Finally, they examine selected contemporary Mexican uses of written language as examples of continuity with past practices. The authors' interpretation of this body of work is grounded in their disciplinary backgrounds, knowledge of the literature, and theoretical orientations, leading to an informed and evidence-based perspective., We are heirs to a body of thinking, a set of legacies about literacy and its imputedly vast import. A source of anxiety and confusion in a changing world, this [...]

To date, no studies have investigated factors associated with acute stress disorder (ASD) in children and adolescents. Relationships between ASD and a number of demographic, trauma, cognitive, and trauma memory variables were therefore investigated in a sample (N = 93) of children and adolescents involved in assaults and motor vehicle accidents. Several cognitive variables and the quality of trauma memories, but not demographic or trauma variables, were correlated with ASD and also mediated the relationship between peritraumatic threat and ASD. Finally, nosological analyses comparing ASD with indexes of posttraumatic stress disorder in the month posttrauma revealed little support for the dissociation mandate that uniquely characterizes ASD. The results are discussed with respect to assessment and treatment for the acute traumatic stress responses of children and young people. Keywords: acute stress disorder, children, memory, cognitive processes

The A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) has been shown to be a critical and nonredundant negative regulator of immune cells in protecting normal tissues from inflammatory damage. We hypothesized that A2AR also protects cancerous tissues by inhibiting incoming antitumor T lymphocytes. Here we confirm this hypothesis by showing that genetic deletion of A2AR in the host resulted in rejection of established immunogenic tumors in [approximately equal to] 60% of A2AR-deficient mice with no rejection observed in control WT mice. The use of antagonists, including caffeine, or targeting the A2 receptors by siRNA pretreatment of T cells improved the inhibition of tumor growth, destruction of metastases, and prevention of neovascularization by antitumor T cells. The data suggest that effects of A2AR are T cell autonomous. The inhibition of antitumor T cells via their A2AR in the adenosine-rich tumor microenvironment may explain the paradoxical coexistence of tumors and antitumor immune cells in some cancer patients (the 'Hellstrom paradox'). We propose to target the hypoxia [right arrow] adenosine [right arrow] A2AR pathway as a cancer immunotherapy strategy to prevent the inhibition of antitumor T cells in the tumor microenvironment. The same strategy may prevent the premature termination of immune response and improve the vaccine-induced development of antitumor and antiviral T cells. The observations of autoimmunity during melanoma rejection in A2AR-deficient mice suggest that A2AR in T cells is also important in preventing autoimmunity. Thus, although using the hypoxia [right arrow] adenosine [right arrow] A2AR pathway inhibitors may improve antitumor immunity, the recruitment of this pathway by selective drugs is expected to attenuate the autoimmune tissue damage. autoimmunity | cancer | therapy | hypoxia | inflammation

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.053 Byline: Thomas J. Payne (a), Patrick O. Smith (b), Serrhel G. Adams (c), Lisa Diefenbach (d) Keywords: Cue reactivity; Tobacco; Smoking reduction Abstract: Although a substantial body of literature has established a relationship between cue reactivity and theoretically relevant addiction variables, the association with treatment process variables remains largely unexplored. In the current investigation, 62 smokers participated in a smoking cue reactivity study, and subsequently enrolled in a smoking cessation program. Hierarchical regressions revealed mean heart rate during the cue presentation phase of the laboratory-based assessment predicted final session smoking rate and expired CO level. Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire score also predicted final session smoking rate. To the extent that rate reduction serves as an index of treatment progress, it may be of value in future cue reactivity research. Author Affiliation: (a) University of Mississippi Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, United States (b) University of Mississippi School of Medicine, United States (c) Tulane University School of Medicine, United States (d) University of Mississippi School of Dentistry, United States

We document a case history of Northridge earthquake induced movement of a coherent landslide mass comprised principally of weathered, previously sheared siltstone. Information on the residual shear strength of the material through which the sliding occurred is available both from backanalysis of a static (rainfall-induced) failure on the same slope and laboratory test data. Postearthquake field reconnaissance data establishes the seismic slope displacements near the slope crest. A yield coefficient is estimated for the slope based on residual shear strengths and measured groundwater levels at the time of the Northridge earthquake. This yield coefficient is used with four horizontal equivalent acceleration time histories (that approximate the seismic demand within the slide mass) in Newmark sliding block displacement analyses. The calculated displacements range from approximately 20 to 90 mm, which compares well with observed displacements at the slide scarp of approximately 50 mm. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:11(1360) CE Database subject headings: Seismic effects: Slope stability; Residual strength; Shear strength; Earthquakes; Case reports; Landslides; California.

Psychiatric diagnoses based on the International Classification of Diseases--Ninth Revision were examined in the medical discharge records of 33,000 emergency department (ED) patients to determine if (a) psychiatric disorders were underdiagnosed, (b) there were race and gender disparities in psychiatric rates, and (c) psychiatric rates varied as a function of type of injury (e.g., self vs. other-inflicted injuries) and medical diagnosis. The observed psychiatric rate of 5.27% was far below the national prevalence rate of 20%-28%. Both race groups were underdiagnosed, but the underdiagnosis was larger for African Americans. Younger patients had fewer psychiatric diagnoses than older patients. Men had more psychiatric diagnoses overall, whereas women had more mood and anxiety diagnoses. Self-injury patients had much higher psychiatric rates than the other injury groups. This psychiatric underdiagnosis contributes to needless emotional suffering, especially for minorities and the poor who rely on EDs for most of their health care.

Seismic compression is defined as the accrual of contractive volumetric strain in unsaturated soil during strong shaking by earthquakes. We document and analyze two case histories (denoted school site and site A) of ground deformation from seismic compression in canyon fills strongly shaken by the Northridge earthquake. Site A had ground settlements up to about 18 cm, which damaged a structure, while the school site had settlements up to about 6 cm. For each site, we perform decoupled analyses of shear and volumetric strain. Shear strain is calculated using one-dimensional and two-dimensional ground response analyses, while volumetric strain is evaluated from shear strain using material-specific models derived from simple shear laboratory testing that incorporates important effects of fines content and as-compacted density and saturation. Analyses are repeated using a logic tree approach in which weights are assigned to multiple possible realizations of uncertain model parameters. At the school site, predicted settlements appear to be unbiased. At site A, the analyses successfully predict the shape of the settlement profile along a section, but the weighted average predictions are biased slightly too low. We speculate that the apparent site A bias can be explained by limited resolution of the site stratigraphy, bias in laboratory-derived volumetric strain models, and/or uncertainty in the estimated earthquake-induced settlements. CE Database subject headings: Compression; Seismic effects; Earthquakes; Shear strain; California.

A DELICATE BALANCE was the title of the November 1983 Special Senate Committee (Pitfield) Report on Security Intelligence in Canada. According to committee chair, Michael Pitfield and colleagues: the need [...]

A study was conducted to examine the language and literacy practices in two Mexican schools, which reflect societal influences, and ways that a given society is shaped. The findings show that students are provided with more freedom in spoken language, which is in contrast to the emphasis on form in production of written language.

Until fairly recently, instruction and research on literacy development in U.S. schools paid little attention to the language and literacy practices ethnic- and linguistic-minority students bring to the classroom. Where [...]

East Asia, so recently plunged into its post--Cold War economic and political crisis, is emerging from its lost years, as some of us think of the late 1990s, more swiftly [...]

ABSTRACT. This article considers effects of dual language schooling on the vitality of Spanish in a Mexican-American barrio in Tucson, Arizona, where diminishing Spanish language resources are concentrated in bilingual [...]

Minority-language resources most readily available to dual language students are less likely to be incorporated into planned curriculum than the experiences and knowledge of elite bilinguals and majority-language parents. This is due to social differences between teachers and students' families, and the need for greater understanding about language loss and shift.