Search

Large bore (Case II) quadrupole focusing magnets for the Advanced Hydrotest Faciliity (AHF) at Los Alamos, NM, are described and discussed.

The Levitated Dipole Experiment approach to magnetic confinement of fusion plasma is examined in terms of design, fabrication and test of react and wind, NB3Sn.

A study was conducted on the prototype joint sample which was designed and fabricated by the US-party for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. Requirements for the full-size joint involve the capacity to operate under alternating current background fields at minimal coupling losses. An overview of the design and fabrication effort, with particular emphasis on procedural steps, is presented.

The magnet system for the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) Gamma, Electrons and Muons (GEM) detector consists of a single layer, superconducting, split solenoid and two iron forward field shapers (FFS). In addition, major structura components, such as the central detector and FFS support structures and the vacuum vessels, are to be built with magnetic steel. This paper presents the nonlinear, two and three-dimensional electromagnetic analyses which are performed in support of the overall design effort. A detailed axisymmetric, finite element ANSYS model is used to determine the magnetic field distribution in the region of the detector, and the electromagnetic forces acting on the coi and various magnetic steel elements. A 3-D model is developed to capture the magnetic field perturbations produced by asymmetric, magnetic structural elements. The model produces 3-D field maps of the detector volume to evaluate the effects of these asymmetries on the detector resolution. Another 3-D model is used to determine the distribution of magnetic steel plates required to shield the nearby Electronic Rack Room from the coil's fringe field.

The GEM Detector magnet at the Superconducting Super Collider is built in two halves each of which is comprised of 12 single layer superconducting coil modules wound on a 19 m mean diameter and joined with a low resistance lap joint employing the superconducting strands and a copper stabilizer. Each joint half is attached to the sheathed, cable-in-conduit conductor end, and assembly of the mating halves is completed in the field. The target resistance per joint is 5 X [10.sup.-10] [Omega] at an operating current of 50 kA. Details of the joint design, its cooling and results of tests on prototypical sub- and full-scale models using superconducting strands are presented.

Ligaments and tendons serve a variety of important functions in maintaining the structure of the human body. Although abundant literature exists describing experimental investigations of these tissues, mathematical modeling of ligaments and tendons also contributes significantly to understanding their behavior. This paper presents a survey of developments in mathematical modeling of ligaments and tendons over the past 20 years. Mathematical descriptions of ligaments and tendons are identified as either elastic or viscoelastic, and are discussed in chronological order. Elastic models assume that ligaments and tendons do not display time dependent behavior and thus, they focus on describing the nonlinear aspects of their mechanical response. On the other hand, viscoelastic models incorporate time dependent effects into their mathematical description. In particular, two viscoelastic models are discussed in detail; quasi-linear viscoelasticity (QLV), which has been widely used in the past 20 years, and the recently proposed single integral finite strain (SIFS) model.

The development of a cable-in-conduit superconductor for the Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory's GEM Detector Magnet is reported. The conductor, which is composed of a 450-strand niobium titanium cable jacketed by an aluminum-sheathed stainless steel conduit. Its design is based on the specifications for the detector magnet which includes two superconducting 19-m by 14-m coils and stable dc operation.

The Gammas, Electrons and Muons detector magnet is a key component of the Superconducting Super Collider accelerator. Its features include a solenoid coil made of aluminum-sheathed cable-in-conduit conductors for an operating current of 50 kA. Designed for on-site winding and assembly, it provides a magnetic field of 0.8 T and stores 2.5 GJ of energy. The magnet also employs a natural thermosiphon loop for cooling by thermal radiation.

Voyager 2 in the Uranian System: Imaging Science Results VOYAGER 2 ACQUIRED APPROXIMATELY 7000 images of Uranus, its rings, and its satellites during the several months surrounding the spacecraft's closest [...]

The settlement of Ban Non Wat charts the transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age in north-eastern Thailand. Examination of grave inclusions and mortuary treatment at this important site allows insights into social change during this key period. Increasing complexity and the inclusion of exotic items in the mortuary treatment of some individuals early in the Bronze Age is suggested to show the rise of a lineage of aggrandisers who controlled access to these symbolic articles. But, the author argues, their elevated status was ephemeral, forfeited as local bronze casting became established. Keywords: Ban Non Wat, Bronze Age, copper, exotic ornaments, aggrandisers, mortuary practices, social change, Introduction This article explores social changes that occurred when copper-base artefacts entered exchange circuits in Southeast Asia. It centres on the prehistoric settlement of Ban Non Wat, located in a [...]

Author(s): V. E. Ognev [sup.1] , A. O. Khludneva [sup.1] , E. A. Zakharchenko [sup.1] , A. V. Zhilkina [sup.1] , D. N. Dogadkin [sup.1] , V. I. Kazin [sup.1] [...], Various methods for the oxidation of different types of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in nitric acid and a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids at various temperatures and durations of exposure are studied. Oxidation conditions that provide the high sorption activity of sorbents with respect to REE are found. Oxidized CNTs are characterized by acid-base titration and scanning electron microscopy, and the electrokinetic (ζ) potential of nanotube suspensions is determined as a function of pH. The elemental composition of CNTs is determined by ICP MS/AES methods. The sorption capacity of the oxidized CNTs with respect to a wide range of elements is determined. Their unique selectivity with respect to REE is revealed. A possibility of using oxidized CNTs for the efficient sorption preconcentration of REE with the aim to determine their ultralow concentrations in rocks is proved.

Author(s): Azam Hosseini Fakhrabad [sup.1], Razieh Sanavi Khoshnood [sup.1], Mahmoud Ebrahimi [sup.1], Mohammad Reza Abedi [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411768.d, 0000 0004 1756 1744, Department of Chemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic [...], In this research, different electrodes were made by combining certain percentages of carbon paste for a range of cations. Then, ligand selectivity was calculated for each cation using a potentiometric method to identify the most sensitive cation. A modified carbon paste electrode was applied to the quantification of chromium cation based on carbon nanotubes. In addition, paraffin, graphite, and 1,13-bis(8-quinolyl)-l,4,7,10,13-pentaoxatridecane were utilized in the manufacture of the electrodes. To get an optimum composition, D-optimal test design method was employed to increase electrode sensitivity and placement accuracy. Upon combining optimal percentages, this electrode showed the Nernstian response within the concentration range of 1.0 x 10.sup.-10-1.0 x 10.sup.-2 M, slope of 19.63 mV/decade with a detection limit of 3 x 10.sup.-11 M. The potential was found to remain constant within the pH range of 5.0-9.0, while a gradual deviation was observed outside this range.

We present a probabilistic Las Vegas algorithm for computing the local zeta function of a hyperelliptic curve of genus g defined over [Formula omitted]. It is based on the approaches by Schoof and Pila combined with a modelling of the [Formula omitted]-torsion by structured polynomial systems. Our main result improves on previously known complexity bounds by showing that there exists a constant [Formula omitted] such that, for any fixed g, this algorithm has expected time and space complexity [Formula omitted] as q grows and the characteristic is large enough., Author(s): Simon Abelard [sup.1] [sup.2] , Pierrick Gaudry [sup.1] [sup.2] , Pierre-Jean Spaenlehauer [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 0001 2179 5429, grid.462764.5, LORIA, , Campus Scientifique, 54500, Vandoeuvre Les [...]

Introduction DNA barcodingisa method for identifying biological samples to species using the sequence of a standardized gene fragment (Hebert et al. 2003a; Hebert and Gregory 2005). DNA barcoding standards for [...], There is an ongoing campaign to DNA barcode the world&apos;s >20 000 bee species. Recent revisions of Lasioglossum (Dialictus) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) for Canada and the eastern United States were completed using integrative taxonomy. DNA barcode data from 110 species of L. (Dialictus) are examined for their value in identification and discovering additional taxonomic diversity. Specimen identification success was estimated using the best close match method. Error rates were 20% relative to current taxonomic understanding. Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) assigned using Refined Single Linkage Analysis (RESL) and barcode gaps using the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) method were also assessed. RESL was incongruent for 44.5% of species, although some cryptic diversity may exist. Forty-three of 110 species were part of merged BINs with multiple species. The barcode gap is non-existent for the data set as a whole and ABGD showed levels of discordance similar to the RESL. The viridatum species-group is particularly problematic, so that DNA barcodes alone would be misleading for species delimitation and specimen identification. Character-based methods using fixed nucleotide substitutions could improve specimen identification success in some cases. The use of DNA barcoding for species discovery for standard taxonomic practice in the absence of a well-defined barcode gap is discussed. Key words: Apoidea, Hymenoptera, identification, species delimitation, taxonomy. Un effort est en cours pour realiser le codage a barres de l&apos;ADN pour les >20 000 especes d&apos;abeilles. De recentes revisions au sein du genre Lasioglossum (Dialectus) (Hymenoptera : Halictidae) au Canada et dans le nord-est des Etats-Unis ont ete menees par une approche de taxonomie integrative. Les donnees de codes a barres de l&apos;ADN pour 110 especes du genre L. (Dialectus) ont ete examinees pour leur utilite en matiere d&apos;identification et de decouverte d&apos;une diversite taxonomique additionnelle. Le succes en matiere d&apos;identification des specimens a ete estimee a l&apos;aide de la methode de la plus grande correspondance (<< best close match >>). Le taux d&apos;erreurs avoisinait les 20 % par rapport aux connaissances taxonomiques actuelles. La justesse de l&apos;assignation des numeros d&apos;index (BIN; << Barcode Index Numbers >>) assignes en utilisant l&apos;approche RESL (<< Refined Single Linkage Analysis >>) et de la separation des codes a barres a l&apos;aide de la methode ABGD (<< Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery >>) a egalement ete evaluee. Le RESL etait congruent pour 44,5 % des especes, bien qu&apos;une certaine diversite cryptique pourrait exister. Quarante-trois des 110 especes ont ete assignees a des BIN composes de plusieurs especes. Il n&apos;y avait pas de separation entre les codes a barres au sein des donnees dans leur ensemble et la methode ABGD a montre des niveaux de discordance semblables a la methode RESL. Le << groupe d&apos;especes viridatum >> etait particulierement problematique, de telle maniere que les codes a barres seuls seraient sujets a erreur pour la delimitation des especes et l&apos;identification des specimens. Les methodes basees sur les caracteres utilisant des substitutions nucleotidiques fixees pourraient ameliorer l&apos;identification des specimens dans certains cas. Les auteurs discutent de l&apos;emploi du codage a barres de l&apos;ADN comme methode taxonomique standard pour la decouverte d&apos;especes en l&apos;absence d&apos;une separation bien definie des codes a barres. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : Apoidea, Hymenoptera, identification, delimitation des especes, taxonomie.

Author(s): Anna L. Christensen[sup.1] , Dana M. Petersen[sup.2] , Rachel A. Burton[sup.3] , Vanessa C. Forsberg[sup.3] , Kelly J. Devers[sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) Mathematica Policy Research, 1100 1st Street NE, [...], Objectives The objective of this study was to describe factors that influence the ability of state Medicaid agencies to report the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services&apos; (CMS) core set of children&apos;s health care quality measures (Child Core Set). Methods We conducted a multiple-case study of four high-performing states participating in the Children&apos;s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (CHIPRA) Quality Demonstration Grant Program: Illinois, Maine, Pennsylvania, and Oregon. Cases were purposively selected for their diverse measurement approaches and used data from 2010 to 2015, including 154 interviews, semiannual grant progress reports, and annual public reports on Child Core Set measures. We followed Yin&apos;s multiple-case study methodology to describe how and why each state increased the number of measures reported to CMS. Results All four states increased the number of Child Core Set measures reported to CMS during the grant period. Each took a different approach to reporting, depending on the available technical, organizational, and behavioral inputs in the state. Reporting capacity was influenced by a state&apos;s Medicaid data availability, ability to link to other state data systems, past experience with quality measurement, staff time and technical expertise, and demand for the measures. These factors were enhanced by CHIPRA Quality Demonstration grant funding and other federal capacity building activities, as hypothesized in our conceptual framework. These and other states have made progress reporting the Child Core Set since 2010. Conclusion With financial support and investment in state data systems and organizational factors, states can overcome challenges to reporting most of the Child Core Set measures.

Background: Cordyceps has long been used to treat cancer. However, its pharmacologically active components as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects are still unclear. Purpose: To investigate the [...]

Abstract East African pastoralism faces complex challenges. Responses include diversification and intensification strategies. Herd size as a measure of pastoral 'wealth' is hypothesised as insufficient to reflect emergent patterns of [...]

Prostate cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death in males worldwide (1). The mainstay of therapy for patients with metastatic spread, including castration-resistant disease, is hormonal therapy that targets [...], An increasingly recognized resistance mechanism to androgen receptor (AR)-directed therapy in prostate cancer involves epithelial plasticity, in which tumor cells demonstrate low to absent AR expression and often have neuroendocrine features. The etiology and molecular basis for this 'alternative' treatment-resistant cell state remain incompletely understood. Here, by analyzing whole-exome sequencing data of metastatic biopsies from patients, we observed substantial genomic overlap between castration-resistant tumors that were histologically characterized as prostate adenocarcinomas (CRPC-Adeno) and neuroendocrine prostate cancer (CRPC-NE); analysis of biopsy samples from the same individuals over time points to a model most consistent with divergent clonal evolution. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis revealed marked epigenetic differences between CRPC-NE tumors and CRPC-Adeno, and also designated samples of CRPC-Adeno with clinical features of AR independence as CRPC-NE, suggesting that epigenetic modifiers may play a role in the induction and/or maintenance of this treatment-resistant state. This study supports the emergence of an alternative, 'AR-indifferent' cell state through divergent clonal evolution as a mechanism of treatment resistance in advanced prostate cancer.

Abstract Drought resource areas (DRAs) maintain natural-resource availability during periods of low rainfall, and are critical for sustaining wildlife, livestock and human communities. This study analysed remote sensing data at [...]

Abstract Livestock management in the Borana pastoral production system is performed by all family members and the functioning of the system depends on their capability to conduct these activities. However, [...]

The development of male Ceratopteris richardii Brongn. gametophytes (induction) is well studied. Males develop in response to hermaphrodite-produced antheridiogen, which coincides with induced expression of ANI1 (antheridiogen- induced 1). Induction is blocked by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Conversion of male gametophytes to hermaphrodites occurs when males are removed from antheridiogen and is a less understood process. In this study, males were exposed to ABA at 0 µmol x [L.sup.-1], 1 µmol x [L.sup.-1], 10 µmol x [L.sup.-1], 100 µmol x [L.sup.-1], and 300 µmol x [L.sup.-1] and monitored for conversion. RT-qPCR methodology was developed to examine ANI1 expression levels in gametophytes outside of induction. Conversion of male gametophytes occurred more often and more quickly in media lacking ABA, and at lower ABA concentrations than at higher concentrations. ANI1 expression dropped significantly in males transferred to media lacking antheridiogen, but remained high in males remaining in the presence of antheridiogen and in those transferred to ABA. ANI1 expression was higher in 24 day old hermaphrodites relative to 24 day old males and at comparable expression levels to 6 day old gametophytes. These results suggest ABA serves a distinct role in conversion compared with induction, and ANI1 is expressed throughout the male's lifespan and in older hermaphrodites. Key words: abscisic acid, ANI1, antheridiogen, Ceratopteris richardii, gametophyte. Le developpement des gametophytes males de Ceratopteris richardii Brongn. (induction) est bien etudie. Les males se developpent en reponse a l'antheridiogene produite par les hermaphrodites, ce qui coincide avec l'expression induite de ANI1 (<< antheridiogen-induced 1 >>). L'induction est bloquee par l'acide abscicique (ABA) exogene. La conversion des gametophytes males en hermaphrodites survient lorsque les males ne sont plus en contact avec l'antherodiogene, et ce processus est moins bien compris. Dans cette etude, des males ont ete exposes a l'ABA 0 µmol x [L.sup.-1], 1 µmol x [L.sup.- 1], 10 µmol x [L.sup.-1], 100 µmol x [L.sup.-1] et 300 µmol x [L.sup.-1], et la conversion a ete suivie. Une methode de RT-qPCR a ete developpee afin d'examiner les niveaux d'expression d'ANI1 chez les gametophytes, hors induction. La conversion des gametophytes males survenait plus souvent et plus rapidement dans le milieu depourvu d'ABA et a des concentrations plus faibles d'ABA comparativement aux concentrations plus elevees. L'expression d'ANI1 chutait significativement chez les males transferes dans du milieu sans antheriodiogene, mais elle demeurait elevee chez les males restant en presence d'antheridiogene et chez ceux transferes dans du milieu contenant de l'ABA. L'expression d'ANI1 etait plus elevee chez les hermaphrodites de 24 jours relativement aux males de 24 jours, et a des niveaux comparables a ceux des gametophytes ages de 6 jours. Ces resultats suggerent que l'ABA joue un role distinct dans la conversion comparativement a l'induction, et que l'ANI1 est exprimee a travers toute la duree de vie des males et chez les hermaphrodites plus ages. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : acide abscicique, ANI1, antherodiogene, Ceratopteris richardii, gametophyte., Introduction The gametophytes of plants represent the multicellular haploid stage responsible for the production of gametes via mitosis. In the well-studied homosporous fern, Ceratopteris richardii Brongn. (Hickok et al. 1987, [...]

Abstract Recurring droughts have induced many pastoralist groups in Africa to raise more drought-tolerant livestock as a coping strategy. Borana, traditional cattle pastoralists in southern Ethiopia, are one of these [...]

Abstract Ethiopia's current economic plans call for extensive development along its riverine resources in lowland regions, areas typically occupied by pastoral and agro-pastoral peoples. These plans include the development of [...]

Alcohol use is common among people at risk for, and aging with, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and plays a central modifiable role in their health outcomes (Braithwaite et al. [...]

Conventional gas chromatography (GC) analysis of hydrocarbons displaying one broad peak provides limited information. Two GC analytical protocols using two-peak and three-peak approaches were developed to investigate transformer oil components and their degradation in soil by hydrogen peroxide. The two-peak method revealed transformer oil to be composed of 27 wt.% F2 fraction and 73 wt.% F3 fraction hydrocarbons. The three-peak method segregated the transformer oil into 40 wt.% light, 40 wt.% medium, and 20 wt.% heavy hydrocarbon fractions. In contrast to reports of success with several classes of lighter hydrocarbons, only limited degradations of transformer oil in soils by 15% and 30% hydrogen peroxide treatment was indicated by conventional one-peak analysis; two-peak analysis showed varying F2 and F3 fraction degradations with F2 fraction degradation being higher; three-peak analysis offered a richer understanding of the relative degradations of light, medium, and heavy fractions. The effect of a low pH environment on the degradation of transformer oil by hydrogen peroxide was evaluated using the three-peak method. It emerged that the degradation of the medium and heavier fractions of transformer oil was higher at pH 2.0. Key words: transformer oil, soil remediation, hydrogen peroxide, gas chromatography. L'analyse conventionnelle par chromatographie gazeuse (CG) des hydrocarbures montrant un large pic chromatographique ne donne que de l'information limitee. Deux protocoles d'analyse par CG utilisant des methodes a deux et a trois pics chromatographiques ont ete mis sur pied afin d'examiner les composantes de l'huile des transformateurs et leur degradation dans le sol en utilisant le peroxyde d'hydrogene. La methode a deux pics chromatographiques a indique que l'huile de transformateur etait composee de 27 % en poids de fraction d'hydrocarbures F2 et de 73 % en poids de fraction F3. La methode a trois pics chromatographiques a divise l'huile de transformateur en 40 % en poids de fraction legere d'hydrocarbures, 40 % en poids de fraction moyenne et 20 % de fraction lourde. Par rapport aux rapports relatant la reussite de l'utilisation de plusieurs classes d'hydrocarbures plus legers, des degradations limitees de l'huile des transformateurs dans les sols par traitement avec 15 et 30 % d'hydroxyde d'hydrogene ont ete determinees par l'analyse a un pic chromatographique. L'analyse a deux pics chromatographiques montrait des degradations variables des fractions F2 et F3, la fraction F2 se degradant mieux. L'analyse a trois pics chromatographiques permettait de mieux comprendre les degradations relatives des fractions legeres, moyennes et lourdes. L'effet d'un environnement a faible pH sur la degradation de l'huile de transformateur par le peroxyde d'hydrogene a ete evalue en utilisant la methode a trois pics chromatographiques. Il a ete decouvert que la degradation des fractions moyennes et lourdes de l'huile de transformateur etait meilleure a un pH de 2.0. Mots-cles : huile de transformateur, restauration des sols, peroxyde d'hydrogene, chromatographie gazeuse. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The effectiveness of a particular remediation technology can be evaluated by the extent of mineralization and the compositional changes that occur during the treatment. With increasing popularity of chemical [...]

While it is widely recognized that sleep patterns in early infancy can affect the quality of family life, studies have focused primarily on sleep problems that emerge in later infancy. [...]

Abstract This paper reviews the literature on the economic contribution of pastoralism to the national economies of seven countries, two in the Horn of Africa and five in southern Africa. [...]

Abstract Once the epitome of a perceived 'resistance to change' among East African pastoralists, Pokot pastoralism has changed rapidly and profoundly in recent years. In less than two decades, the [...]