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A study was conducted to characterize a framework for the unidirectional integration of lactose transport protein (LacS) of Streptococcus thermophilus into liposomes influenced by Triton X-100 using cryotransmission electron microscopy. Results showed the existence of an equilibrium between Triton-X-100-saturated liposomes and mixed micelles. Findings also indicated that the orientation of LacS in proteoliposomes correlated with transport activity in the counterflow assay.

Research suggests that the nematode-infecting fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora has a saline-soluble lectin protein (AOL) which is used for storage in saprophytes and parasites. Electron microscopic evidence identifies AOL in vegetative mycelium and trap cell cytoplasm and nucleus. It is also found in the trophic hyphae of infected nematodes. AOL protein and AOL messenger ribonucleic acid levels increase after nematode digestion.

The chitin synthase of Neurospora (N) crassa is present in chitosomes which are abundant near the hyphal tip. The localization of chitin synthase, identified through polyclonal anti-chitin synthase antibodies, shows a band of approximately 110 kDa. Several bands that represent less abundant chitin synthase are seen in cell-free extracts of N. crassa. No chitin synthase is observed in the plasma membrane. However, young hyphal tips and protoplasts of N. crassa contain membrane-associated chitin synthase.