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Background: Since oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) was approved for HIV prevention in 2012, 78 countries have begun offering PrEP in some form. Measuring progress against global targets and sharing strategies across countries are critical to driving impact. Since 2014, AVAC has collected data from PrEP programs to track and generate insights on PrEP implementation. Methods: The Global PrEP Tracker is a comprehensive database of PrEP projects and national programs. Data are collected through a quarterly survey to 253 programs, and include PrEP initiation numbers, geography, and other indicators. This analysis examined data from Quarter 3 (Q3) 2016 to Q2 2020 to highlight global and regional PrEP initiation trends. Results: Global PrEP uptake has increased six-fold in approximately four years, from 102,446 initiations in 2016 to 651,586 in 2020. Annual growth has slowed over time, from 104% from 2017 to 2018, to 55% from 2018 to 2019, to 18% from 2019 to 2020. At the regional level, Oceania has the highest rate of change, with total PrEP initiations increasing from 318 to 29,093, driven largely by Australia. Sub-Saharan Africa has substantially expanded PrEP access, from 4154 initiations in 2016 to 290,981 by mid-2020, comprising 44% of the global total. South Africa and Kenya have led this growth, counting 69,876 and 63,000 cumulative initiations, respectively. Brazil is leading PrEP uptake in Latin America and the Caribbean, accounting for two-thirds of initiations, and Thailand comprises 51% of initiations in Asia. The United States has the most cumulative initiations at 203,837, about one-third of the global total, but has comparatively modest growth rates. Shared traits in many of these settings are early adoption, national commitment to scale-up, and programs tailored to populations at high risk offering rights-based services and linkages to social support. Conclusions: While PrEP initiations have grown exponentially in several countries, global uptake falls far short of UNAIDS' target of 3 million users, indicating a need for sustained demand creation where PrEP programs exist, and scale-up where PrEP is provided via demonstration projects with limited reach. Countries should replicate successful approaches, including service delivery models that meet end users' needs, to achieve notable reductions in new HIV infections., OA11.01 K. Segal (1); L. Fitch (2); F. Riaz (2); J. Rodrigues (2) and M. Warren (2) (1) AVAC, Product Introduction and Access, Washington, DC, United States, (2) AVAC, New [...]

: Introduction: The Dual Prevention Pill (DPP) combines oral pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with oral contraception (OC) to prevent HIV and pregnancy. Noting the significant role played by the private sector in delivering family planning (FP) services in countries with high HIV burden, high level of private sector OC uptake, and the recent growth in self‐care and technology‐based private sector channels, we undertook qualitative research in Kenya, South Africa and Zimbabwe to prioritize private sector service delivery approaches for the introduction of the DPP. Methods: Between March 2022 and February 2023, we conducted a literature review and key informant interviews with 34 donors and implementing partners, 19 government representatives, 17 private sector organizations, 13 pharmacy and drug shop representatives, and 12 telehealth agencies to assess the feasibility of DPP introduction in private sector channels. Channels were analysed thematically based on policies, level of coordination with the public sector, data systems, supply chain, need for subsidy, scalability, sustainability and geographic coverage. Results: Wide geographic reach, ongoing pharmacy‐administered PrEP pilots in Kenya and South Africa, and over‐the‐counter OC availability in Zimbabwe make pharmacies a priority for DPP delivery, in addition to private networked clinics, already trusted for FP and HIV services. In Kenya and South Africa, newer, technology‐based channels such as e‐pharmacies, telehealth and telemedicine are prioritized as they have rapidly grown in popularity due to nationwide accessibility, convenience and privacy. Findings are limited by a lack of standardized data on service uptake in newer channels and gaps in information on commodity pricing and willingness‐to‐pay for all channels. Conclusions: The private sector provides a significant proportion of FP services in countries with high HIV burden yet is an untapped delivery source for PrEP. Offering users a range of access options for the DPP in non‐traditional channels that minimize stigma, enhance discretion and increase convenience could increase uptake and continuation. Preparing these channels for PrEP provision requires engagement with Ministries of Health and providers and further research on pricing and willingness‐to‐pay. Aligning FP and PrEP delivery to meet the needs of those who want both HIV and pregnancy prevention will facilitate integrated service delivery and eventual DPP rollout, creating a platform for the private sector introduction of multipurpose prevention technologies., INTRODUCTION Unmet need for HIV prevention continues to persist worldwide, particularly in Eastern and Southern Africa, where nearly 21 million people, 53% of the global total, are living with HIV, [...]

Although anecdotal evidence suggests that control-threatening situations are associated with an increase in conspiracy beliefs, existing research does not support this 'compensatory control' hypothesis. In the current study, we test a more refined hypothesis: that the link between control threat and conspiracy beliefs is domain specific, such that perceived control in a particular domain should lead to conspiracy beliefs pertaining to that domain only. Moreover, given that conspiracy beliefs are stigmatized (i.e., not socially acceptable), we propose that they should be endorsed only when other compensatory systems are frustrated. We test these ideas in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants from North Macedonia and New Zealand, who differed in perceived government effectiveness, filled in a questionnaire measuring domain-specific and domain-general perceived control, as well as domain-specific and domain-general conspiracy beliefs. As expected, domain specificity of the control threat predicted domain-specific conspiracy beliefs in the Macedonian group only. The results have implication for compensatory control theory, suggesting that the compensatory process may not always be as fluid as believed., Author(s): Ana Stojanov [sup.1] , Jamin Halberstadt [sup.1] , Jesse M. Bering [sup.2] , Nikolina Kenig [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.29980.3a, 0000 0004 1936 7830, Department of Psychology, University of [...]

Exposure to violence in childhood and adolescence may lead to negative self-identity construction in young women. These phenomena are exacerbated in the context of Arab young women, who belong to both a national minority in Israel and to a gender subject to exclusion, oppression, and discrimination in society in general and in Arab society in particular. The aim of this qualitative study was to examine how Arab young women abused in childhood construct their self-identity within their gender, cultural, class, and national context. The study was based on 20 semi-structured interviews with Arab young women in Israel, who were victims of violence in childhood (aged 18-26). Construction of self-identity, as described by participants, included: harmed self (self under guilt; lack of confidence in one's abilities and giving up; insecure self; belittling of self); self divided between loyalty to the family and society and a desire for self-realization; the self versus the other. In addition, some participants, later in young adulthood, were able to change their perception of self and see themselves as capable, strong, and not guilty of the violence directed against them. These women transitioned from absent to present femininity. The study provides a broader definition of self-identity construction among young women abused in childhood, including Arab young women in Israel in their intersecting contexts and the limitations imposed by multiple marginality. This broader understanding enables the design of context-informed therapeutic intervention practices., Author(s): Raghda Alnabilsy [sup.1] , Shira Pagorek-Eshel [sup.1] , Haneen Elias [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.443022.3, 0000 0004 0636 0840, Department of Social Work, Ruppin Academic Center, , 40250, Emeq [...]

Introduction: HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective in preventing HIV transmission. United States Public Health Service (USPHS) clinical practice guidelines define biobehavioral indications for initiation. To assess guideline implementation, it is critical to quantify PrEP nonusers who are indicated and PrEP users who are not indicated. We sought to estimate current PrEP use among US men who have sex with men (MSM), characterize whether their PrEP use aligned with their current indications for PrEP, and assess whether the association between PrEP indications and PrEP use differed by demography or geography. Methods: Using data from a US web-based sexual network study of MSM between 2017 and 2019, we measured PrEP usage and assessed whether respondents met indications for PrEP. Log-binomial regression was used to estimate the relationship between PrEP indications and PrEP use, with adjustment for geography, age and race/ethnicity. Results: Of 3508 sexually active, HIV-negative MSM, 34% met indications for PrEP. The proportion with current PrEP use was 32% among MSM meeting indications and 11% among those without indications. Nearly 40% of those currently using PrEP did not meet indications for PrEP, and 68% of MSM with indications for PrEP were not currently using PrEP. After adjusting for geography and demographics, MSM with PrEP indications were about three times as likely to be currently using PrEP. This association varied slightly, but not significantly, by geographic region, age and race/ethnicity. Conclusions: Indications for PrEP strongly predicted current PrEP use among US MSM. However, we identified substantial misalignment between indications and use in both directions (indicated MSM who were not benefitting from PrEP, and MSM taking PrEP while not presently being indicated). PrEP underuse by those at greatest risk for HIV acquisition may limit the projected impact of PrEP implementation, despite reported increases in PrEP provision. This calls for further implementation efforts to improve PrEP delivery to those most in need during periods of elevated sexual risk and to close the gap between indications and uptake. Keywords: HIV; pre-exposure prophylaxis; prevention; men who have sex with men, 1 | INTRODUCTION Despite biomedical advances in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention with antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), the burden of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) remains [...]

In this research, the authors propose to re-explore the relationship between team identification and supporters' post-game identity management strategies using the two self-conscious emotions of pride and shame as mediating variables. The moderated mediated results indicated that pride mediated the links between team identification and the strategy of status display (i.e., boosting) following victories, and to a lesser extent, following defeats and draws. By contrast, it was shown that shame mediated the relationship between team identification and social creativity strategy (i.e., NCDing) exclusively following defeats. In closing, we discuss the theoretical implications of those findings before proposing a number of avenues for future research., Author(s): Iouri Bernache-Assollant [sup.1] , Yves Chantal [sup.2] , Patrick Bouchet [sup.3] , Faycel Kada [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.493090.7, 0000 0004 4910 6615, Laboratoire Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), Département TCO, [...]

ORAL ABSTRACTS OA01.01 Evaluation of the kinetics of systemic distribution of IV injected monoclonal antibodies modified to alter host mediated Fc interaction in the rhesus macaque model A.M. Carias[sup.1], J. [...]

Tumors depend on a blood supply to deliver oxygen and nutrients, making tumor vasculature an attractive anticancer target. However, only a fraction of patients with cancer benefit from angiogenesis inhibitors. Whether antiangiogenic therapy would be more effective if targeted to individuals with specific tumor characteristics is unknown. To better characterize the tumor vascular environment both within and between cancer types, we developed a standardized metric--the endothelial index (EI)--to estimate vascular density in over 10,000 human tumors, corresponding to 31 solid tumor types, from transcriptome data. We then used this index to compare hyper- and hypovascular tumors, enabling the classification of human tumors into 6 vascular microenvironment signatures (VMSs) based on the expression of a panel of 24 vascular 'hub' genes. The EI and VMS correlated with known tumor vascular features and were independently associated with prognosis in certain cancer types. Retrospective testing of clinical trial data identified VMS2 classification as a powerful biomarker for response to bevacizumab. Thus, we believe our studies provide an unbiased picture of human tumor vasculature that may enable more precise deployment of antiangiogenesis therapy., Introduction The pathways by which tumors derive a blood supply are attractive anticancer targets (1-3). However, only a fraction of patients derive benefit from antiangiogenesis therapies, and drugs that inhibit [...]

Byline: Yogesh. Tiwari, Arvind. Krishnamurthy Background: Tracheal invasion is reported to occur in approximately one-third of the patients of locally advanced thyroid cancers. There is a paucity of data in [...]

Purpose: To better define the clinical characteristics of idiopathic oromandibular dystonia, we studied voice, speech, and swallowing disorders and their impact on activities of daily living. Method: Fourteen consecutive patients with idiopathic oromandibular dystonia and 14 matched, healthy control subjects were included in the study. Results: Dysarthria was the most common disorder and its characteristics varied from one patient to another. However, we frequently observed a hyperkinetic, dysarthric profile characterized by imprecise consonants, a rough voice, changes in intensity, and hypernasality. Dysphagia appeared to be slightly less frequent and less disabling than dysarthria. Most patients had difficulty swallowing solids, and the oral phase was particularly problematic. Dysarthria and dysphagia affected activities of daily living in general and the psychological/emotional domain in particular. Conclusions: The characteristics of dysarthria in oromandibular dystonia vary significantly from one patient to another due to differences in the set of affected muscles, so each patient should receive a personalized rehabilitation program. Dysarthria was the most prominent symptom, although spasmodic dysphonia was more frequent than expected. Further laboratory-based studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms and consequences of dysphagia in oromandibular dystonia., Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal (and often repetitive) movements, postures, or both. Dystonic movements are typically patterned, twisting, and may be [...]

Background/Objectives Reduced appetite is a recognised physiological symptom in survivors of critical illness. While reduced appetite has been reported by patients after intensive care unit (ICU) discharge, quantification using visual analogue scales (VAS) has not been previously performed, and follow-up duration has been limited. We aimed to describe appetite scores in ICU survivors during the first 3 months after ICU discharge and explore association with systemic inflammation. Subjects/Methods Secondary analysis of data collected in a complex rehabilitation intervention trial (RECOVER). A subgroup of 193 patients provided specific consent for inclusion in the blood sampling sub-study during consent for the main study. We studied appetite using a VAS; serum C-reactive protein (CRP); interleukin-1[beta] and interleukin-6 (IL-1[beta] and IL-6); and hand-grip strength. Results Median (interquartile range) score on 0-10 appetite VAS was 4.3 (2.0-6.5) 1 week after ICU discharge, improving to 7.1 (4.6-8.9) by 3 months (mean difference 1.7 (0.9-2.4), p < 0.01). Number of days spent in an acute hospital following an intensive care stay was associated with poorer appetite scores (p = 0.03). CRP concentration and appetite were significantly associated at 1 week after ICU discharge (p = 0.01), but not at 3 months after ICU discharge (p = 0.67). Conclusions ICU survivors experience reduced appetite during the acute recovery phase of critical illness that could impact on nutritional recovery and this was associated with CRP concentration 1 week after ICU discharge., Author(s): Judith L Merriweather [sup.1] , David M Griffith [sup.1] [sup.2] , Timothy S Walsh [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of Critical Care, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK [...]

ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Kudzu Pueraria lobara Puerarin Glucose metabolism Lipicls ABSTRACT The incidence of type 2 diabetes and metabolic disease is rapidly increasing, but effective therapies for their prevention and [...]

This article explores the nature and extent of Primary Learning Skill (PLS) that the Hispanic young children acquire who do not attend any early educational institutions. Literature reviewed for this paper indicated that Hispanic children were the poorest and the fastest growing group who often did not receive formal educational exposure due to varied socio-economic and ethno-contextual factors. Using Primary Level Assessment Systems (we-reading, pre-writing, pre-mathematical, and socio-emotional domains) administered among 48 parents with 3-to 4-year-old children, this work provides a glimpse on aspects of pre-academic socialization. While most parents indicated their goals for their children are to instill love for learning, an overall picture emerged pertaining to academic socialization suggest that parents themselves needed to reorient their behavior that would help their children acquiring primary level skills. It also appears that some form of educational as well as enrichment programs for the children at home would help in altering the perception of educacion., Introduction There is evidence in extant literature that many Hispanic parents express reluctance in sending their children to preschools or other formal childcare centers due to a number of cultural [...]

Abstract Objective: To determine the acute and chronic effects of low doses of long chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on plasma LC n-3 PUFA levels. Design: In the [...]

The purposes of the present study were to compare selected psycho-behavioral characteristics between Australian adolescent-aged ballet dancers and non-dancers linked to disordered eating patterns, and to determine selected psychological characteristics that most likely predisposed ballet dancers at risk for developing these patterns. Three predisposing characteristics were identified, the type and frequency of weight control behaviors used by dancers, the association between the dancers&apos; concerns about their diet and weight, and evidence of psychological disturbance among the dancers commonly found among eating disordered patients. A significant MANOVA and subsequent univariate analyses" indicated that ballet dancers" were more at risk for developing eating disorders than non-dancers, and that dancers demonstrated greater weight preoccupation, body dissatisfaction, and perfectionism than non-dancers. As opposed to non-dancers, dancers scored markedly higher for perfectionism, less body satisfaction, and a desire for thinness. Dancers" showed psychopathology common among women with disordered eating patterns. Additional research is needed examining the antecedents of these characteristics among dancers and the effectiveness of interventions that help prevent disordered eating patterns., Disordered eating may be defined on a continuum from eating disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa) to preoccupations with weight and restrictive eating (Wein & Micheli, 2002). However, there are [...]

The traditional approach to oncocytic thyroid lesions classified these as a separate entity, and applied criteria that are somewhat similar to those used for follicular lesions of the thyroid. In [...]

Stem cell self-renewal can be specified by local signals from the surrounding microenvironment, or niche. However, the relation between the niche and the mechanisms that ensure the correct balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation is poorly understood. Here, we show that dividing Drosophila male germline stem cells use intracellular mechanisms involving centrosome function and cortically localized Adenomatous Polyposis Coli tumor suppressor protein to orient mitotic spindles perpendicular to the niche, ensuring a reliably asymmetric outcome in which one daughter cell remains in the niche and self-renews stem cell identity, whereas the other, displaced away, initiates differentiation., Adult stem cells maintain populations of highly differentiated but short-lived cells such as skin, intestinal epithelium, or sperm through a critical balance between alternate fates: Daughter cells either maintain stem [...]

Summary: Laryngeal electromyography was used to study the pattern of neurological injury in three patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis following radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid muscles [...]

Obesity is a chronic condition characterised by an excess of body fat. It is a complex disorder of appetite regulation and energy metabolism controlled by specific biological factors. In the [...]

Background Little is known about how adverse events are summarised and reported in trials, as detailed information is usually considered confidential. We have acquired clinical study reports (CSRs) from the European Medicines Agency through the Freedom of Information Act. The CSRs describe the results of studies conducted as part of the application for marketing authorisation for the slimming pill orlistat. The purpose of this study was to study how adverse events were summarised and reported in study protocols, CSRs, and published papers of orlistat trials. Methods and Findings We received the CSRs from seven randomised placebo controlled orlistat trials (4,225 participants) submitted by Roche. The CSRs consisted of 8,716 pages and included protocols. Two researchers independently extracted data on adverse events from protocols and CSRs. Corresponding published papers were identified on PubMed and adverse event data were extracted from this source as well. All three sources were compared. Individual adverse events from one trial were summed and compared to the totals in the summary report. None of the protocols or CSRs contained instructions for investigators on how to question participants about adverse events. In CSRs, gastrointestinal adverse events were only coded if the participant reported that they were 'bothersome,' a condition that was not specified in the protocol for two of the trials. Serious adverse events were assessed for relationship to the drug by the sponsor, and all adverse events were coded by the sponsor using a glossary that could be updated by the sponsor. The criteria for withdrawal due to adverse events were in one case related to efficacy (high fasting glucose led to withdrawal), which meant that one trial had more withdrawals due to adverse events in the placebo group. Finally, only between 3% and 33% of the total number of investigator-reported adverse events from the trials were reported in the publications because of post hoc filters, though six of seven papers stated that 'all adverse events were recorded.' For one trial, we identified an additional 1,318 adverse events that were not listed or mentioned in the CSR itself but could be identified through manually counting individual adverse events reported in an appendix. We discovered that the majority of patients had multiple episodes of the same adverse event that were only counted once, though this was not described in the CSRs. We also discovered that participants treated with orlistat experienced twice as many days with adverse events as participants treated with placebo (22.7 d versus 14.9 d, p-value < 0.0001, Student's t test). Furthermore, compared with the placebo group, adverse events in the orlistat group were more severe. None of this was stated in the CSR or in the published paper. Our analysis was restricted to one drug tested in the mid-1990s; our results might therefore not be applicable for newer drugs. Conclusions In the orlistat trials, we identified important disparities in the reporting of adverse events between protocols, clinical study reports, and published papers. Reports of these trials seemed to have systematically understated adverse events. Based on these findings, systematic reviews of drugs might be improved by including protocols and CSRs in addition to published articles., Author(s): Jeppe Bennekou Schroll *, Elisabeth I. Penninga, Peter C. Gøtzsche Introduction Randomised trials generally underreport harms, which according to Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) is the totality of [...]

The body composition of elderly people living in Spain was evaluated to help determine various aspects of their nutritional well-being. Bioelectrical impedance was used to assess body composition in people approximately 73-87 years old. The technique can also be applied to subjects who are bedridden., Anthropometric characteristics and body composition were assessed in a group of 93 institutionalized elderly people, mean age 80.9 [+ or -] 7.6 years, in Granada (Spain). The body composition was [...]

Body weight and body fat may be regulated by complex processes involving genetics, physiology, psychology, and environmental factors. The percentage of people who are overweight increased 40% from the late 1970's to the late 1980's, which suggests that non-genetic factors critically influence body composition. Attempts to decrease body weight induce a physiologic reduction in energy expenditure, opposing weight-loss efforts. Hormones which influence storage of calories as fat also affect appetite, thereby influencing calorie consumption. Eating and exercise patterns in youth may have long-term effects on body weight., The prevalence of obesity in children and adults in the United States has increased by more than 30% over the past decade. Recent studies of the physiology and molecular genetics of obesity in humans have provided evidence that body weight (fat) is regulated. Some of the genes encoding the molecular components of this regulatory system have been isolated from rodents. The increasing prevalence of obesity in the United States apparently represents the interaction of these genes with an environment that encourages a sedentary lifestyle and consumption of calories. The rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity emphasizes the role of environmental factors, because genetic changes could not occur at this rate. Thus, understanding of the relevant genes and how their effects are mediated by environment and development should lead to more effective prophylaxis and therapy of obesity. Although no clear environmental factors have been identified as causative of obesity, the rapid increases in the prevalence of obesity and the seeming voluntary immutability of adult body fatness can be taken as tacit evidence that the pediatric environment can be altered in a way that affects adult body weight. Pediatrics 1998;101:525-539; obesity, genetics, energy metabolism, body weight regulation., Storage of excess calories as fat must ultimately result from a net positive energy balance (energy intake greater than energy expenditure) over time. Thus, the physiologic determinants of body composition [...]

Indirect calorimetry measures oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production to calculate resting energy expenditure and respiratory quotient. The respiratory quotient, can be determined from indirect calorimetry to determine substrate utilization and used to alter the patient's nutrition support regimen. All but one indirect calorimeter manufactured in the United States are open-circuit rather than closed-circuit systems., Energy expenditure (EE) is defined as the ability of a person to do internal and external work. Energy exists in many forms that are interchangeable and related. Thus, the chemical [...]

I. INTRODUCTION Maintaining energy balance and generation of heat have been central interests of physiologists since the time of Lavoisier. In spite of that, the physiological mechanisms by which various [...]

Measures typically used to assess short-term intake are 24-hour recalls or records of food intake. However, these methods require a large time commitment from both researchers and subjects. Our study sought to develop a more time-efficient method of assessing short-term intake by developing a 7-day food frequency questionnaire (7DFFQ). We modified Willet's 1-year food frequency questionnaire to assess intake for a 7-day period. Content validity has previously been exhibited in Willett's work. We assessed criterion validity by comparing the 7DFFQ with 24-hour recalls. Twenty-one female and 20 male college students were asked to recall their previous day's intake three times during a 1-week period. After the last recall, subjects completed a 7DFFQ covering the same week. Data were analyzed by comparing each recall and the mean of the three recalls with values obtained on the 7DFFQ. Analyses revealed high correlations between the mean of the three recalls and the 7DFFQ. Further analysis ranked subjects into quartiles for each nutrient on both measures. Most subjects changed either no quartiles or only one quartile for total energy and each nutrient. Test/retest reliability was assessed by administering the 7DFFQ to a group of women for two consecutive weeks and by administering the 7DFFQ to a group twice 3 hours apart. Person's r and intraclass correlations for the two administrations show moderately high reliability over the 1-week period and considerable improvement with the 3-hour administration. The 7DFFQ appears to meet several of the criteria for a measure of dietary intake., Quantifying dietary intake has been recognized as a problem by researchers and clinicians for many years. Researchers have sought to validate a variety of intake methods (1). One of the [...]

Interaction of Hsp 70 with Newly Synthesized Proteins: Implications for Protein Folding and Assembly IN MOST ORGANISMS ADVERSE changes in the local environment result in increased expression of heat shock [...]

KEY POINTS * Acne prevalence varies substantially between populations and is low in non-Westernised societies consuming traditional diets. * A unifying feature of traditional diets is low glycaemic load. * [...]

* Context.--Hurthle cells are eosinophilic, follicular-derived cells that are associated with a variety of nonneoplastic and neoplastic thyroid lesions. The differential diagnosis of Hurthle cell lesions is quite broad. Objective.--To review the pathologic conditions associated with Hurthle cells in the thyroid and to discuss pathology of thyroid lesions associated with oncocytic cytology. Data Sources.--A variety of thyroid nonneoplastic (autoimmune thyroiditis, multinodular goiter) and neoplastic conditions (Hurthle cell adenoma, Hurthle cell carcinoma) are associated with Hurthle cell cytology. In addition, there are several thyroid neoplasms that should be considered when one observes a Hurthle cell neoplasm in the thyroid (oncocytic variant of medullary carcinoma, several variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma). Conclusions.--Oncocytic cytology is seen in a variety of thyroid conditions that are associated with a broad differential diagnosis and care must be used for accurate diagnosis. Newer molecular-based techniques may be useful for further classification of thyroid neoplasms with oncocytic pathology. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008;132:1241-1250), THE HURTHLE CELL: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES The Hurthle cell has consistently been the center of debate in the discussion of nonneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the thyroid ever since it was [...]