1. Spatial and environmental connectivity analysis in a cholera vaccine trial
- Author
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Emch, Michael, Ali, Mohammad, Root, Elisabeth D., and Yunus, Mohammad
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Clinical trials ,Vaccines ,Geography ,Remote sensing ,Geospatial imaging ,Cholera toxin ,Universities and colleges ,Vaccination ,Health ,Social sciences - Abstract
To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.11.025 Byline: Michael Emch (a)(c), Mohammad Ali (b), Elisabeth D. Root (a)(c), Mohammad Yunus (d) Abstract: This paper develops theory and methods for vaccine trials that utilize spatial and environmental information. Satellite imagery is used to identify whether households are connected to one another via water bodies in a study area in rural Bangladesh. Then relationships between neighborhood-level cholera vaccine coverage and placebo incidence and neighborhood-level spatial variables are measured. The study hypothesis is that unvaccinated people who are environmentally connected to people who have been vaccinated will be at lower risk compared to unvaccinated people who are environmentally connected to people who have not been vaccinated. We use four datasets including: a cholera vaccine trial database, a longitudinal demographic database of the rural population from which the vaccine trial participants were selected, a household-level geographic information system (GIS) database of the same study area, and high resolution Quickbird satellite imagery. An environmental connectivity metric was constructed by integrating the satellite imagery with the vaccine and demographic databases linked with GIS. The results show that there is a relationship between neighborhood rates of cholera vaccination and placebo incidence. Thus, people are indirectly protected when more people in their environmentally connected neighborhood are vaccinated. This result is similar to our previous work that used a simpler Euclidean distance neighborhood to measure neighborhood vaccine coverage [Ali, M., Emch, M., von Seidlein, L., Yunus, M., Sack, D. A., Holmgren, J., et al. (2005). Herd immunity conferred by killed oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh. Lancet, 366(9479), 44-49]. Our new method of measuring environmental connectivity is more precise since it takes into account the transmission mode of cholera and therefore this study validates our assertion that the oral cholera vaccine provides indirect protection in addition to direct protection. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Saunders Hall, Campus Box 3220, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3220, United States (b) International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea (c) Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States (d) International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh Article Note: (footnote) [star] Funded by National Institutes of Health, Grant # 1R03AI53214-01 and National Science Foundation, Grant # BCS 0323131.
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- 2009