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* Context.--In 2014, the College of American Pathologists developed an evidence-based guideline to address analytic validation of immunohistochemical assays. Fourteen recommendations were offered. Per the National Academy of Medicine standards for developing trustworthy guidelines, guidelines should be updated when new evidence suggests modifications. Objective.--To assess evidence published since the release of the original guideline and develop updated evidence-based recommendations. Design.--The College of American Pathologists convened an expert panel to perform a systematic review of the literature and update the original guideline recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Results.--Two strong recommendations, 1 conditional recommendation, and 12 good practice statements are offered in this updated guideline. They address analytic validation or verification of predictive and nonpredictive assays, and recommended revalidation procedures following changes in assay conditions. Conclusions.--While many of the original guideline statements remain similar, new recommendations address analytic validation of assays with distinct scoring systems, such as programmed death receptor-1 and analytic verification of US Food and Drug Administration approved/ cleared assays; more specific guidance is offered for validating immunohistochemistry performed on cytology specimens. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2024;148:e111-e153; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2023-0483-CP, In 2014, the Pathology and Laboratory Quality Center for Evidence-Based Guidelines ('The Center') of the College of American Pathologists (CAP) published a clinical practice guideline that created recommendations for analytic [...]

Dysfunctional adipose tissue is believed to promote the development of hepatic steatosis and systemic insulin resistance, but many of the mechanisms involved are still unclear. Lipin 1 catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol, the penultimate step of triglyceride synthesis, which is essential for lipid storage. Herein we found that adipose tissue LPIN1 expression is decreased in people with obesity compared with lean subjects, and low LPIN1 expression correlated with multi-tissue insulin resistance and increased rates of hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Comprehensive metabolic and multiomic phenotyping demonstrated that adipocyte-specific [Lpin1.sup.-/-] mice had a metabolically unhealthy phenotype, including liver and skeletal muscle insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis, and transcriptomic signatures of metabolically associated steatohepatitis that was exacerbated by high-fat diets. We conclude that adipocyte lipin 1-mediated lipid storage is vital for preserving adipose tissue and systemic metabolic health, and its loss predisposes mice to metabolically associated steatohepatitis., Introduction Adipose tissue plays essential roles in maintaining metabolic homeostasis by serving as a fat reservoir (lipogenesis) and a secretory organ that releases hormones and other biological factors that signal [...]

BACKGROUND. Bariatric surgery is a potent therapeutic approach for obesity and type 2 diabetes but can be complicated by post-bariatric hypoglycemia (PBH). PBH typically occurs 1-3 hours after meals, in association with exaggerated postprandial levels of incretins and insulin. METHODS. To identify mediators of disordered metabolism in PBH, we analyzed the plasma metabolome in the fasting state and 30 and 120 minutes after mixed meal in 3 groups: PBH (n = 13), asymptomatic post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (post- RYGB) (n = 10), and nonsurgical controls (n = 8). RESULTS. In the fasting state, multiple tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and the ketone [beta]-hydroxybutyrate were increased by 30%-80% in PBH versus asymptomatic. Conversely, multiple amino acids (branched-chain amino acids, tryptophan) and polyunsaturated lipids were reduced by 20%-50% in PBH versus asymptomatic. Tryptophan-related metabolites, including kynurenate, xanthurenate, and serotonin, were reduced 2- to 10-fold in PBH in the fasting state. Postprandially, plasma serotonin was uniquely increased 1.9-fold in PBH versus asymptomatic post-RYGB. In mice, serotonin administration lowered glucose and increased plasma insulin and GLP-1. Moreover, serotonin-induced hypoglycemia in mice was blocked by the nonspecific serotonin receptor antagonist cyproheptadine and the specific serotonin receptor 2 antagonist ketanserin. CONCLUSION. Together these data suggest that increased postprandial serotonin may contribute to the pathophysiology of PBH and provide a potential therapeutic target. FUNDING. National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant R01-DK121995, NIH grant P30-DK036836 (Diabetes Research Center grant, Joslin Diabetes Center), and Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo grant 2018/22111-2., Introduction Bariatric and upper gastrointestinal surgery exerts profound improvements in glucose metabolism and can even induce remission of type 2 diabetes (T2D) (1, 2), thus demonstrating the importance of the [...]

Perceived control is a psychological construct related to motivation, performance, and wellbeing. Perceived control has been studied in sport settings; however, this study considers a domain-specific perceived control measure related to athletes' sport performance. In two studies, we tested a novel domain-specific measure of perceived control over sport performance (Perceived Sport Control) adapted from Perry et al.'s (2001) perceived academic control scale. In Study 1, we employed an exploratory factor analysis to test the structure of the perceived sport control measure given its novelty in the sport domain, examined the internal reliability of the measure and how athletes' perceived sport control and academic control related to each other and demographic variables including age, year of sport eligibility, year of academic program, and hours per week training in their sport. In Study 2, we employed a confirmatory factor analysis to test the PSC measure with a larger sample based on Study 1 results. Study 1 data was collected from a Canadian sample of currently competing university (USports) athletes (N = 74) and Study 2 data was collected from a sample of Canadian and USA postsecondary athletes (N = 200). Study 1 findings supported a two-factor construct for perceived sport control reflecting action- and cognitive-based aspects of control. Factor 1 (action-based Influence) was positively associated with age and Factor 2 (cognitive-based Influence) was positively associated with perceived academic control. In Study 2, a CFA supported the two-factor PSC measure (RMSEA = .055, CFI = .98, TLI = .96, SRMR = .042) and across both studies, the two-factor measure was internally consistent. The universal application of the perceived sport control measure for understanding athletes' perceived control experiences in sport performance and across sport settings, as well as the study implications for sport research are discussed. Keywords: perceived control; student athletes; sport performance; measurement, Perceived control--a psychological construct--is considered a critical cognitive resource for humans dealing with obstacles or failures across the lifespan (Skinner, 2016). Generally, perceived control can be defined as the beliefs [...]

WE SIT FACING THE REPRESENTATIVE--a tanned, middle-aged man with a goatee who radiates new-age confidence in a suit and tie. His sandy hair hovers at a length between corporate clone [...]

Acquiring strong math skills is essential in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education. One important element to foster strong math skills is that students enjoy learning math early on during elementary school years. The control-value theory of achievement emotions (Pekrun, 2006 (See CR49)) has been widely used to examine how specific emotions mediate the relationship between cognitive appraisals (i.e., perceived control and value) and math achievement (e.g., Putwain et al., 2018a (See CR60)). However, there has not been a comprehensive study examining the mediating roles of the two commonly experienced emotions-enjoyment and boredom-on international math performance. In this study, Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2015 data is used to evaluate how enjoyment and boredom mediate the influence of cognitive appraisals on math performance in 53 education systems. Specifically, boredom significantly mediates the paths in 25 systems (47%). In general, enjoyment negatively mediates the paths which was an unexpected finding; however, 21 out of the 53 systems (40%) yield expected positive results. Our results therefore advance our understanding regarding how enjoyment and boredom relate to math success. In particular, when the mediating effects are contradictory to our hypothesis (e.g., in Korea and Turkey), these unexpected findings may indicate a cultural difference on what emotions are important to be felt in relation to academic success., Author(s): Virginia M. C. Tze [sup.1] , Johnson C.-H. Li [sup.2] , Patti C. Parker [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.21613.37, 0000 0004 1936 9609, Department of Educational Administration, Foundations, and [...]

BACKGROUND. In Lewy body diseases (LBDs) Parkinson disease (PD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), by the time parkinsonism or cognitive dysfunction manifests clinically, substantial neurodegeneration has already occurred. Biomarkers are needed to identify central LBDs in a preclinical phase, when neurorescue strategies might forestall symptomatic disease. This phase may involve catecholamine deficiency in the autonomic nervous system. We analyzed data from the prospective, observational, long-term PDRisk study to assess the predictive value of low versus normal cardiac [sup.18]F-dopamine positron emission tomography (PET), an index of myocardial content of the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine, in at-risk individuals. METHODS. Participants self-reported risk factor information (genetics, olfactory dysfunction, dream enactment behavior, and orthostatic intolerance or hypotension) at a protocol-specific website. Thirty-four with 3 or more confirmed risk factors underwent serial cardiac [sup.18]F-dopamine PET at 1.5-year intervals for up to 7.5 years or until PD was diagnosed. RESULTS. Nine participants had low initial myocardial [sup.18]F-dopamine-derived radioactivity ( CONCLUSION. Cardiac [sup.18]F-dopamine PET highly efficiently distinguishes at- risk individuals who are diagnosed subsequently with a central LBD from those who are not. TRIAL REGISTRATION. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00775853. FUNDING. Division of Intramural Research, NIH, NINDS., Introduction Aging-related neurodegenerative diseases are posing an increasing public health burden as populations are getting older. Prominent among these conditions are the central Lewy body diseases (LBDs), Parkinson disease (PD), [...]

This study used latent transition analysis (LTA) to examine stability and change in the emotion profiles of university students during a two-semester course. Three positive emotions (i.e., hope, pride, and happiness) and five negative emotions (i.e., guilt, helplessness, anger, shame, and regret) derived from Weiner's attribution theory of emotion (1985, 2007, 2018a, 2018b) were used to identify the emotion profiles of university students at the beginning (Time 1) and end (Time 2) of a two-semester course. We also examined changes in emotion profile memberships over time. Results showed 81% of participants remained in their Time 1 profiles at Time 2, with the majority classified in profiles defined by stable positive emotions or mixed emotions. ANCOVAs indicated that students in the stable positive emotion profile achieved better overall course performance than those with a stable mixed profile or a stable negative emotion profile. An ascending emotion transition profile (Time 1 mixed-to-Time 2 positive) performed better than a stable mixed emotion profile. The present findings extend our current understanding of multifaceted profiles of student emotion that can change over time., Author(s): Virginia M. C. Tze [sup.1] , Lia M. Daniels [sup.2] , Jeremy M. Hamm [sup.3] , Patti C. Parker [sup.2] , Raymond P. Perry [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.21613.37, [...]

Purpose: Visual cues from a speaker's face may benefit perceptual adaptation to degraded speech, but current evidence is limited. We aimed to replicate results from previous studies to establish the extent to which visual speech cues can lead to greater adaptation over time, extending existing results to a real-time adaptation paradigm (i.e., without a separate training period). A second aim was to investigate whether eye gaze patterns toward the speaker's mouth were related to better perception, hypothesizing that listeners who looked more at the speaker's mouth would show greater adaptation. Method: A group of listeners (n = 30) was presented with 90 noise-vocoded sentences in audiovisual format, whereas a control group (n = 29) was presented with the audio signal only. Recognition accuracy was measured throughout and eye tracking was used to measure fixations toward the speaker's eyes and mouth in the audiovisual group. Results: Previous studies were partially replicated: The audiovisual group had better recognition throughout and adapted slightly more rapidly, but both groups showed an equal amount of improvement overall. Longer fixations on the speaker's mouth in the audiovisual group were related to better overall accuracy. An exploratory analysis further demonstrated that the duration of fixations to the speaker's mouth decreased over time. Conclusions: The results suggest that visual cues may not benefit adaptation to degraded speech as much as previously thought. Longer fixations on a speaker's mouth may play a role in successfully decoding visual speech cues; however, this will need to be confirmed in future research to fully understand how patterns of eye gaze are related to audiovisual speech recognition. All materials, data, and code are available at https://osf.io/ 2wqkf/., Human communication often takes place in suboptimal listening conditions such as in noisy environments, listening to a distorted phone or video signal, or encountering unfamiliar speech such as a foreign [...]

Purpose: This study first aimed to establish whether viewing specific parts of the speaker's face (eyes or mouth), compared to viewing the whole face, affected adaptation to distorted noise-vocoded sentences. Second, this study also aimed to replicate results on processing of distorted speech from lab-based experiments in an online setup. Method: We monitored recognition accuracy online while participants were listening to noise-vocoded sentences. We first established if participants were able to perceive and adapt to audiovisual four-band noise-vocoded sentences when the entire moving face was visible (AV Full). Four further groups were then tested: a group in which participants viewed the moving lower part of the speaker's face (Av Mouth), a group in which participants only see the moving upper part of the face (AV Eyes), a group in which participants could not see the moving lower or upper face (AV Blocked), and a group in which participants saw an image of a still face (AV Still). Results: Participants repeated around 40% of the key words correctly and adapted during the experiment, but only when the moving mouth was visible. In contrast, performance was at floor level, and no adaptation took place, in conditions when the moving mouth was occluded. Conclusions: The results show the importance of being able to observe relevant visual speech information from the speaker's mouth region, but not the eyes/upper face region, when listening and adapting to distorted sentences online. Second, the results also demonstrated that it is feasible to run speech perception and adaptation studies online, but that not all findings reported for lab studies replicate. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha. 14810523, We often interact with others in suboptimal listening situations, for example, in a crowded cafeteria, at a busy railway station, or when interacting online over a poor audio and/or video [...]

Pet food is a multibillion dollar per year business that affects businesses and pet owners on a daily basis. Along with increased growth, there has been increased controversy. The melamine pet food scare of 2007 affected millions of people and their pets, along with the pet food industry. The pet food scare highlighted the potential for contaminants and controversial ingredients that could be contained in pet food. In addition to organic chemical contaminants and additives, there is also the possibility of toxic elemental contamination from protein sources, fillers, and manufacturing processes. Therefore, the search for 'healthy' pet food goes beyond the choice of a name brand food or nutritious ingredients on a label., Ten years ago, SPEX CertiPrep, first introduced its popular study on 'Heavy Metals in Pet Food,' which was featured in Spectroscopy (1,2). The purpose of this 2009 study was to [...]