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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.03.007 Byline: Elisa Giuliani (a), Andrea Morrison (b)(c), Carlo Pietrobelli (d)(e), Roberta Rabellotti (f) Keywords: University-industry linkages; Academic researchers; Innovation system; Wine sector Abstract: Research on University-industry (U-I) linkages and their determinants has increased significantly in the past few years. However, there is still controversy on the key factors explaining the formation of U-I linkages, and especially related to individual researcher characteristics. This paper provides new empirical evidence and, in particular, looks at the importance of researchers' individual characteristics and their institutional environments in explaining the propensity to engage in different types of U-I linkages. Based on an original dataset, we present new evidence on three wine producing areas - Piedmont, a region of Italy, Chile and South Africa - that have successfully responded to recent structural changes in the industry worldwide. Empirical findings reveal that researchers' individual characteristics, such as centrality in the academic system, age and sex, matter more than publishing records or formal degrees. Institutional specificities at country level also play a role in shaping the propensity of researchers to engage with industry. Author Affiliation: (a) Dipartimento di Economia Aziendale, Universita di Pisa, Via Ridolfi 10, 56124 Pisa (Italy) and SPRU, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK (b) Section of Economic Geography - URU, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands (c) Kites, Bocconi University, via Sarfatti 25, 20136 Milano, Italy (d) CREI, Universita Roma Tre, Via S. D'Amico 77, 00154 Roma, Italy (e) Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC, United States (f) Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Metodi Quantitativi, Universita del Piemonte Orientale, Via Perrone 18, 28100 Novara, Italy Article History: Received 19 May 2008; Revised 3 February 2010; Accepted 30 March 2010

Infant and preadolescent sexuality is a well known concept. Masturbation among infants and preschool girls may be difficult to recognize. Masturbation by infant girls may be mistaken for abdominal pain or seizures. In order to assist physicians in identification of this phenomenon, five cases are presented. The children's ages ranged from 5 to 27 months; since the posturing did not involve rubbing of the genitalia or copulatory movements, their movements were mistaken for abdominal pain or seizures and the children underwent unnecessary diagnostic testing. The posturing began between 3 and 14 months of age and involved leaning episodes in which the groin area was pushed against a firm surface, or stiffening of the lower legs. These movements were often associated with groaning, irregular breathing, flushing of the face and sweating. Predisposing factors to this behavior may include sexual abuse, family stress causing reduction in parental affection to the child, physical discomfort in the perineal area, or parental feeling of guilt or the perception of the child being vulnerable. Management involves helping the parents accept the child's behavior as harmless and not indicating the presence of any disease. The term masturbation may be offensive to some parents, in which case the words 'habit' or 'self-stimulation' may be more acceptable. In the cases studied, these posturing episodes subsided over time without treatment. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)