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Encouraging production and reducing domestic consumption of tradable goods by increasing the real exchange rate is an important feature of economic reform programs in developing countries. A report is presented to show that in Tanzania, during the period 1983-1998, the major food grains (maize, rice, cassava and wheat) - that are assumed to be tradable and which contribute towards real income - were non-tradables in at least twenty-five percent of the country. The significance of this trend on macroeconomic strategies is examined.

Previous research shows that geographic targeting in poverty programs is not accurate unless the geographic units are small. Household surveys, however, can rarely estimate poverty rates for more than 5-10 regions. This study uses data from Vietnam to illustrate a method for generating disaggregated poverty maps. First, the relationship between poverty and household indicators is estimated using survey data. Then, census data on those same indicators are used to estimate poverty rates for each of the 543 rural districts. The results indicate that Vietnamese poverty is concentrated in the north and in districts furthest from the coast and cities. Key words: Asia, Vietnam, poverty, targeting, welfare measures

The effect of devaluation on household welfare, demand and nutritional intake was investigated using data from the National Household Budget and Consumption Survey in Rwanda. The survey revealed that devaluation decreased the income of the poor by 4% or less. Its impact on caloric intake was even less than 4%. Its effect on urban and high-income households was proportionately two to three times larger. This suggested that the urban poor is more affected by devaluation than the rural poor. These results may be caused by households' insulation from price changes by home production.