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The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).sup.1-4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).sup.5-8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km.sup.2 pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children. Although progress in the coverage of routine measles vaccination in children in low- and middle-income countries was made during 2000-2019, many countries remain far from the goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019., Author(s): Alyssa N. Sbarra [sup.1] [sup.1] , Sam Rolfe [sup.1] , Jason Q. Nguyen [sup.1] , Lucas Earl [sup.1] , Natalie C. Galles [sup.1] , Ashley Marks [sup.1] , Kaja [...]

Background Tobacco smoking is a leading cause of premature death in China, especially among adult men. Since the implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2005, nationwide tobacco control has been strengthened, but its long-term impact on smoking prevalence is unclear. Methods and findings Five nationally representative surveys of the China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance (CCDRFS) were conducted in 2007, 2010, 2013, 2015, and 2018. A total of 624,568 adults (278,605 men and 345,963 women) aged 18 to 69 years were randomly selected from 31 provinces (or equivalent) in China. Temporal changes in smoking prevalence and patterns (e.g., percentages of those smoking manufactured cigarettes, amount smoked, and age at smoking initiation) were analyzed, overall and by sex, urban or rural residence, year of birth, education and occupation, using linear regression methods. Among men, the standardized prevalence of current smoking decreased from 58.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 56.1 to 60.7) to 50.8% (95% CI: 49.1 to 52.5, p < 0.001) between 2007 and 2018, with annual decrease more pronounced in urban (55.7% [95% CI: 51.2 to 60.3] to 46.3% [95% CI: 43.7 to 49.0], p < 0.001) than rural men (59.9% [95% CI: 57.5 to 62.4] to 54.6% [95% CI: 52.6 to 56.6], p = 0.05) and in those born before than after 1980. Among rural men born after 1990, however, the prevalence increased from 40.2% [95% CI: 34.0 to 46.4] to 52.1% ([95% CI: 45.7 to 58.5], p = 0.007), with the increase taking place mainly before 2015. Among women, smoking prevalence remained extremely low at around 2% during 2007 to 2018. No significant changes of current smoking prevalence (53.9% to 50.8%, p = 0.22) were observed in male patients with at least 1 of major chronic diseases (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)). In 2018, 25.6% of adults aged [greater than or equal to]18 years smoked, translating into an estimated 282 million smokers (271 million men and 11 million women) in China. Across 31 provinces, smoking prevalence varied greatly. The 3 provinces (Yunnan, Guizhou, and Hunan) with highest per capita tobacco production had highest smoking prevalence in men (68.0%, 63.4%, and 61.5%, respectively), while lowest prevalence was observed in Shanghai (34.8%). Since the children and teenage groups were not included in the surveys, we could not assess the smoking trends among youths. Furthermore, since the smoking behavior was self-reported, the smoking prevalence could be underestimated due to reporting bias. Conclusions In this study, we observed that the smoking prevalence has decreased steadily in recent decades in China, but there were diverging trends between urban and rural areas, especially among men born after 1980. Future tobacco control strategies should target rural young men, regions with high tobacco production, and patients suffering from chronic diseases., Author(s): Mei Zhang 1, Ling Yang 2, Limin Wang 1, Yong Jiang 3, Zhengjing Huang 1, Zhenping Zhao 1, Xiao Zhang 1, Yichong Li 4, Shiwei Liu 5, Chun Li [...]

Objective To provide a comprehensive overview of poisoning mortality patterns in China. Methods Using mortality data from the Chinese national disease surveillance points system, we examined trends in poisoning mortality by intent and substance from 2006 to 2016. Differences overtime between urban and rural residents among different age groups and across external causes of poisoning were quantified using negative binomial models for males and females separately. Results In 2016, there were 4936 poisoning deaths in a sample of 84060559 people (5.9 per 100000 people; 95% confidence interval; 5.6-6.2). Age-adjusted poisoning mortality dropped from 9.2 to 5.4 per 100000 people between 2006 and 2016. Males, rural residents and older adults consistently had higher poisoning mortality than females, urban residents and children or young adults. Most pesticide-related deaths (34 996 out of 39 813) were suicides among persons older than 15 years, although such suicides decreased between 2006 and 2016 (from 6.1 per 100000 people to 3.6 for males and from 5.8 to 3.0 for females). In 2016, alcohol caused 29.3% (600/2050) of unintentional poisoning deaths in men aged 25-64 years. During the study period, unintentional fatal drug poisoning by narcotics and psychodysleptics in individuals aged 25-44 years increased from 0.4 per 100 000 people to 0.7 for males and from 0.05 to 0.13 for females. Conclusion Despite substantial decreases in mortality, poisoning is still a public health threat in China. This warrants further research to explore causative factors and to develop and implement interventions targeting at-risk populations. Objectif Offrir un apercu detaille des schemas de mortalite par empoisonnement en Chine. Methodes A partir de donnees sur la mortalite provenant du systeme national chinois a points pour la surveillance des maladies, nous avons examine les tendances de la mortalite par empoisonnement, suivant les intentions et les substances, de 2006 a 2016. Les differences au fil du temps entre residents urbains et ruraux, de differentes tranches d'age et pour differentes causes externes d'empoisonnement, ont ete quantifiees a l'aide de modeles binomiaux negatifs, en separant les hommes et les femmes. Resultats En 2016, on a compte 4936 empoisonnements mortels sur un echantillon de 84 060 559 personnes (5,9 pour 100 000 habitants; interval le de confiance de 95%: 5,6-6,2). La mortalite par empoisonnement ajustee en fonction de l'age est passee de 9,2 a 5,4 pour 100 000 habitants entre 2006 et 2016. Les hommes, les residents ruraux et les adultes les plus ages affichaient systematiquement une mortalite par empoisonnement superieure a celle des femmes, des residents urbains et des enfants ou jeunes adultes. La plupart des deces dus a des pesticides (34 996 sur 39 813) etaient des suicides de personnes de plus de 15 ans, bien que ce type de suicides ait diminue entre 2006 et 2016 (passant de 6,1 a 3,6 pour 100 000 habitants chez les hommes et de 5,8 a 3,0 chez les femmes). En 2016, l'alcool a cause 29,3% (600/2050) des empoisonnements mortels involontaires chez les hommes de 25 a 64 ans. Durant la periode etudiee, les empoisonnements mortels involontaires dus a des narcotiques et des psychodysleptiques chez les personnes agees de 25 a 44 ans sont passes de 0,4 a 0,7 pour 100 000 habitants chez les hommes et de 0,05 a 0,13 chez les femmes. Conclusion En depit de fortes baisses de la mortalite, les empoisonnements restent une menace pour la sante publique en Chine. Cela justifie de mener des recherches plus poussees afin detudier les facteurs qui en sont a l'origine et d'elaborer puis de deployer des interventions axees sur les populations a risque. Objetivo Ofrecer una vision general integradora de los patrones de mortalidad por intoxicacion en China. Metodos Utilizando datos de mortalidad del sistema nacional chino de puntos de vigilancia de enfermedades, examinamos las tendencias en la mortalidad por intoxicacion con intencion y fundamento de 2006 a 2016. Se cuantificaron las diferencias en el tiempo entre los residentes urbanos y rurales para diferentes grupos por edades y considerando causas externas de intoxicacion, utilizando modelos binomiales negativos para hombres y mujeres de forma independiente. Resultados En 2016, hubo 4936 muertes por intoxicacion en una muestra de 84060559 personas (5,9 por cada 100000 personas; intervalo de confianza del 95%; 5,6-6,2). La mortalidad por intoxicacion ajustada por edades disminuyo de 9,2 a 5,4 por cada 100 000 personas entre 2006 y 2016. Los hombres, los habitantes de zonas rurales y los adultos mayores tuvieron una mortalidad superior por intoxicacion comparado con las mujeres, los habitantes de zonas urbanas y los ninos o adultos jovenes. La mayoria de las muertes relacionadas con pesticidas (34996 de 39 813) fueron suicidios entre personas mayores de 15 anos, aunque estos suicidios disminuyeron entre 2006y 2016 (de 6,1 por cada 100 000 personas a 3,6 en los hombres y de 5,8 a 3,0 en las mujeres). En 2016, el alcohol provoco el 29,3% (600/2050) de las muertes por intoxicacion no intencionadas en hombres entre las edades de 25 y 64 anos. Durante el periodo de estudio, la intoxicacion fatal con farmacos no Intencionada por narcoticos y psicodislepticos en individuos entre las edades de 25 y 44 anos aumento de 0,4 por cada 100 000 personas a 0,7 en los hombres y de 0,05 a 0,13 en las mujeres. Conclusion A pesar de la disminucion sustancial en la mortalidad, la intoxicacion sigue siendo una amenaza para la salud publica en China. Esto justifica mas investigaciones para explorar factores causales y desarrollar e implementar intervenciones orientadas a las poblaciones en riesgo., [phrase omitted] Introduction According to the Global Burden of Disease 2015 update, approximately 86 353 people died from unintentional poisonings worldwide in 2015, with 78 054 (90%) deaths occurring in [...]

Background Over 3.5 billion individuals worldwide are exposed to household air pollution from solid fuel use. There is limited evidence from cohort studies on associations of solid fuel use with risks of major eye diseases, which cause substantial disease and economic burden globally. Methods and findings The China Kadoorie Biobank recruited 512,715 adults aged 30 to 79 years from 10 areas across China during 2004 to 2008. Cooking frequency and primary fuel types in the 3 most recent residences were assessed by a questionnaire. During median (IQR) 10.1 (9.2 to 11.1) years of follow-up, electronic linkages to national health insurance databases identified 4,877 incident conjunctiva disorders, 13,408 cataracts, 1,583 disorders of sclera, cornea, iris, and ciliary body (DSCIC), and 1,534 cases of glaucoma. Logistic regression yielded odds ratios (ORs) for each disease associated with long-term use of solid fuels (i.e., coal or wood) compared to clean fuels (i.e., gas or electricity) for cooking, with adjustment for age at baseline, birth cohort, sex, study area, education, occupation, alcohol intake, smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, cookstove ventilation, heating fuel exposure, body mass index, prevalent diabetes, self-reported general health, and length of recall period. After excluding participants with missing or unreliable exposure data, 486,532 participants (mean baseline age 52.0 [SD 10.7] years; 59.1% women) were analysed. Overall, 71% of participants cooked regularly throughout the recall period, of whom 48% used solid fuels consistently. Compared with clean fuel users, solid fuel users had adjusted ORs of 1.32 (1.07 to 1.37, p < 0.001) for conjunctiva disorders, 1.17 (1.08 to 1.26, p < 0.001) for cataracts, 1.35 (1.10 to 1.66, p = 0.0046) for DSCIC, and 0.95 (0.76 to 1.18, p = 0.62) for glaucoma. Switching from solid to clean fuels was associated with smaller elevated risks (over long-term clean fuel users) than nonswitching, with adjusted ORs of 1.21 (1.07 to 1.37, p < 0.001), 1.05 (0.98 to 1.12, p = 0.17), and 1.21 (0.97 to 1.50, p = 0.088) for conjunctiva disorders, cataracts, and DSCIC, respectively. The adjusted ORs for the eye diseases were broadly similar in solid fuel users regardless of ventilation status. The main limitations of this study include the lack of baseline eye disease assessment, the use of self-reported cooking frequency and fuel types for exposure assessment, the risk of bias from delayed diagnosis (particularly for cataracts), and potential residual confounding from unmeasured factors (e.g., sunlight exposure). Conclusions Among Chinese adults, long-term solid fuel use for cooking was associated with higher risks of not only conjunctiva disorders but also cataracts and other more severe eye diseases. Switching to clean fuels appeared to mitigate the risks, underscoring the global health importance of promoting universal access to clean fuels., Author(s): Ka Hung Chan 1,2, Mingshu Yan 1,3, Derrick A. Bennett 1,4, Yu Guo 5, Yiping Chen 1,3, Ling Yang 1,3, Jun Lv 6, Canqing Yu 6, Pei Pei 5, [...]

In China, sample-based mortality surveillance systems, such as the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention's disease surveillance points system and the Ministry of Health's vital registration system, have been used for decades to provide nationally representative data on health status for health-care decision-making and performance evaluation. However, neither system provided representative mortality and cause-of-death data at the provincial level to Inform regional health service needs and policy priorities. Moreover, the systems overlapped to a considerable extent, thereby entailing a duplication of effort. In 2013, the Chinese Government combined these two systems into an integrated national mortality surveillance system to provide a provincially representative picture of total and cause-specific mortality and to accelerate the development of a comprehensive vital registration and mortality surveillance system for the whole country. This new system increased the surveillance population from 6 to 24% of the Chinese population. The number of surveillance points, each of which covered a district or county, increased from 161 to 605. To ensure representativeness at the provincial level, the 605 surveillance points were selected to cover China's 31 provinces using an iterative method involving multistage stratification that took into account the socibdemographic characteristics of the population. This paper describes the development and operation of the new national mortality surveillance system, which is expected to yield representative provincial estimates of mortality in China for the first time. En Chine, des systemes de surveillance de la mortalite fondes sur des echantillons (comme le systeme a points de surveillance des maladies du Centre chinois pour le controle et la prevention des maladies et le systeme d'enreglstrement des donnees d'etat civil du ministere de la Sante) sont utilises depuis plusieurs dizaines d'annees pour obtenir des donnees representatives a l'echelle nationale de la situation sanitaire, en vue d'eclairer les processus decisionnels en matiere de sante et d'evaluer les resultats. Or, aucun de ces systemes traditionnellement utilises ne proposait de donnees representatives sur la mortalite et les causes de deces a l'echelle provlnciale, pourtant necessaires pour correctement definir les priorites et tes besoins regionaux en matiere de politiques de sante. Parailleurs, ces systemes etaient largement redondants entre eux, ce qui impliquait done une duplication inutile des efforts. En 2013, le gouvernement chinois a fusionne ces deux systemes dans un systeme national integre de surveillance de la mortalite afin d'obtenir une image representative a l'echelle provinciate de la mortalite totale et de la mortalite par cause et d'accelerer la creation d'un systeme exhaustif d'enregistrement des donnees d'etat civil et de surveillance de la mortalite pour tout le pays. Ce nouveau systeme a permis d'augmenter la couverture de la surveillance (de 6% de la population chinoise couverte auparavant a 24%). Le nombre de points de surveillance (chacun couvrant un district ou un comte) est passe de 161 a 605. Pour garantir une bonne representative a l'echelle provinciate, tes 605 points de surveillance ont ete selectlonnes de maniere a couvrir tes 31 provinces chinoises a l'aide d'une methode iterative impliquant une stratification a plusieurs degres qui a tenu compte des caracteristiques sociodemographiques de la population. Cet article decrit l'elaboration et te fonctionnement de ce nouveau systeme national de surveillance de la mortalite, qui devrait permettre d'obtenir pour la premiere fois des estimations representatives a l'echelle provinciate de la mortalite en Chine. En China, los sistemas de vigilancia de la mortalidad basados en muestras, tales como el sistema de puntos de vigilancia de las enfermedades del Centro de Prevencion y Control de Enfermedades de China y el sistema de registro civil del Ministerio de Salud, se han utilizado durante decadas para proporcionar datos nacionalmente representativos del estado de salud para tomar decisiones medicas y evaluaciones de rendimiento. Sin embargo, ningun sistema ofrecia datos representativos en cuanto a defunciones y las causas de las defunciones a un nivel provincial con el objetivo de informar de las necesidades de servicios sanitarios regionales y las prioridades de la politica. Asimismo, los sistemas se solapaban hasta un punto considerable, lo que suponia una duplicacion de los esfuerzos. En 2013, el gobierno chino combino estos dos sistemas en un sistema nacional integrado de vigilancia de la mortalidad para proporcionar una imagen provincialmente representativa de la mortalidad total y de la mortalidad por causas especificas y para acelerar el desarrollo de un registro civil completo y un sistema de vigilancia de la mortalidad para todo el pais. Este nuevo sistema aumento la poblacion de vigilancia de un 6 a un 24% de la poblacion china. El numero de puntos de vigilancia, donde cada uno cubria un distrito o condado, subio de 161 a 605. Con el objetivo de garantizar una representacion a nivel provincial, los 605 puntos de vigilancia se seleccionaron para cubrir las 31 provincias de China mediante la utilizacion de un metodo iterativo que consistia en una estratificacion de etapas multiples que tenia en cuenta las caracteristicas sociodemograficas de la poblacion. Este articulo describe el desarrollo y funcionamiento del nuevo sistema nacional de vigilancia de la mortalidad, el cual se espera que aumente las estimaciones provinciales representativas de mortalidad en China por primera vez., Introduction Reliable and timely information on cause-specific mortality is fundamental for informing the development, implementation and evaluation of health policy. (1,2) China has yet to establish a complete vital registration [...]

Background The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by all United Nations (UN) member states in 2015, established a set of bold and ambitious health-related targets to achieve by 2030. Understanding China's progress toward these targets is critical to improving population health for its 1.4 billion people. Methods and findings We used estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016, national surveys and surveillance data from China, and qualitative data. Twenty-eight of the 37 indicators included in the GBD Study 2016 were analyzed. We developed an attainment index of health-related SDGs, a scale of 0-100 based on the values of indicators. The projection model is adjusted based on the one developed by the GBD Study 2016 SDG collaborators. We found that China has achieved several health-related SDG targets, including decreasing neonatal and under-5 mortality rates and the maternal mortality ratios and reducing wasting and stunting for children. However, China may only achieve 12 out of the 28 health-related SDG targets by 2030. The number of target indicators achieved varies among provinces and municipalities. In 2016, among the seven measured health domains, China performed best in child nutrition and maternal and child health and reproductive health, with the attainment index scores of 93.0 and 91.8, respectively, followed by noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) (69.4), road injuries (63.6), infectious diseases (63.0), environmental health (62.9), and universal health coverage (UHC) (54.4). There are daunting challenges to achieve the targets for child overweight, infectious diseases, NCD risk factors, and environmental exposure factors. China will also have a formidable challenge in achieving UHC, particularly in ensuring access to essential healthcare for all and providing adequate financial protection. The attainment index of child nutrition is projected to drop to 80.5 by 2025 because of worsening child overweight. The index of NCD risk factors is projected to drop to 38.8 by 2025. Regional disparities are substantial, with eastern provinces generally performing better than central and western provinces. Sex disparities are clear, with men at higher risk of excess mortality than women. The primary limitations of this study are the limited data availability and quality for several indicators and the adoption of 'business-as-usual' projection methods. Conclusion The study found that China has made good progress in improving population health, but challenges lie ahead. China has substantially improved the health of children and women and will continue to make good progress, although geographic disparities remain a great challenge. Meanwhile, China faced challenges in NCDs, mental health, and some infectious diseases. Poor control of health risk factors and worsening environmental threats have posed difficulties in further health improvement. Meanwhile, an inefficient health system is a barrier to tackling these challenges among such a rapidly aging population. The eastern provinces are predicted to perform better than the central and western provinces, and women are predicted to be more likely than men to achieve these targets by 2030. In order to make good progress, China must take a series of concerted actions, including more investments in public goods and services for health and redressing the intracountry inequities., Author(s): Shu Chen 1, Lei Guo 1, Zhan Wang 1, Wenhui Mao 2, Yanfeng Ge 3, Xiaohua Ying 4, Jing Fang 5, Qian Long 1, Qin Liu 6, Hao Xiang [...]

Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant global public health problem, but has received minimal attention from researchers and policy-makers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Epidemiological evidence of TBI morbidity and mortality is absent at the national level for most LMICs, including China. Using data from China's Disease Surveillance Points (DSPs) system, we conducted a population-based longitudinal analysis to examine TBI mortality, and mortality differences by sex, age group, location (urban/rural), and external cause of injury, from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2013 in China. Method and findings Mortality data came from the national DSPs system of China, which has coded deaths using the International Classification of Diseases-10th Revision (ICD-10) since 2004. Crude and age-standardized mortality with 95% CIs were estimated using the census population in 2010 as a reference population. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to examine the significance of trends in mortality from 2006 to 2013. Negative binomial models were used to examine the associations of TBI mortality with location, sex, and age group. Subgroup analysis was performed by external cause of TBI. We found the following: (1) Age-adjusted TBI mortality increased from 13.23 per 100,000 population in 2006 to 17.06 per 100,000 population in 2008 and then began to fall slightly. In 2013, age-adjusted TBI mortality was 12.99 per 100,000 population (SE = 0.13). (2) Compared to females and urban residents, males and rural residents had higher TBI mortality risk, with adjusted mortality rate ratios of 2.57 and 1.71, respectively. TBI mortality increased substantially with older age. (3) Motor vehicle crashes and falls were the 2 leading causes of TBI mortality between 2006 and 2013. TBI deaths from motor vehicle crashes in children aged 0-14 years and adults aged 65 years and older were most often in pedestrians, and motorcyclists were the first or second leading category of road user for the other age groups. (4) TBI mortality attributed to motor vehicle crashes increased for pedestrians and motorcyclists in all 7 age groups from 2006 to 2013. Our analysis was limited by the availability and quality of data in the DSPs dataset, including lack of injury-related socio-economic factors, policy factors, and individual and behavioral factors. The dataset also may be incomplete in TBI death recording or contain misclassification of mortality data. Conclusions TBI constitutes a serious public health threat in China. Further studies should explore the reasons for the particularly high risk of TBI mortality among particular populations, as well as the reasons for recent increases in certain subgroups, and should develop solutions to address these challenges. Interventions proven to work in other cultures should be introduced and implemented nationwide. Examples of these in the domain of motor vehicle crashes include policy change and enforcement of laws concerning helmet use for motorcyclists and bicyclists, car seat and booster seat use for child motor vehicle passengers, speed limit and drunk driving laws, and alcohol ignition interlock use. Examples to prevent falls, especially among elderly individuals, include exercise programs, home modification to reduce fall risk, and multifaceted interventions to prevent falls in all age groups., Author(s): Peixia Cheng 1, Peng Yin 2, Peishan Ning 1, Lijun Wang 2, Xunjie Cheng 1, Yunning Liu 2, David C. Schwebel 3, Jiangmei Liu 2, Jinlei Qi 2, Guoqing [...]

Background: Coarse particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10 [micro]m ([PM.sub.2.5-10]) air pollution is a severe environmental problem in developing countries, but its challenges to public health were rarely evaluated. Objective: We aimed to investigate the associations between day-to-day changes in [PM.sub.2.5-10] and cause-specific mortality in China. Methods: We conducted a nationwide daily time-series analysis in 272 main Chinese cities from 2013 to 2015. The associations between [PM.sub.2.5-10] concentrations and mortality were analyzed in each city using overdispersed generalized additive models. Two-stage Bayesian hierarchical models were used to estimate national and regional average associations, and random-effect models were used to pool city- specific concentration-response curves. Two-pollutant models were adjusted for fine particles with aerodynamic diameter [less than or equal to]2.5 [micro]m ([PM.sub.2.5]) or gaseous pollutants. Results: Overall, we observed positive and approximately linear concentration-response associations between [PM.sub.2.5- 10] and daily mortality. A 10-[micro]g/[m.sup.3] increase in [PM.sub.2.5-10] was associated with higher mortality due to nonaccidental causes [0.23%; 95% posterior interval (PI): 0.13, 0.33], cardiovascular diseases (CVDs; 0.25%; 95% PI: 0.13, 0.37), coronary heart disease (CHD; 0.21%; 95% PI: 0.05, 0.36), stroke (0.21%; 95% PI: 0.08, 0.35), respiratory diseases (0.26%; 95% PI: 0.07, 0.46), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; 0.34%; 95% PI: 0.12, 0.57). Associations were stronger for cities in southern vs. northern China, with significant differences for total and cardiovascular mortality. Associations with [PM.sub.2.5-10] were of similar magnitude to those for [PM.sub.2.5] in both single- and two-pollutant models with mutual adjustment. Associations were robust to adjustment for gaseous pollutants other than nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Meta-regression indicated that a larger positive correlation between [PM.sub.2.5-10] and [PM.sub.2.5] predicted stronger city-specific associations between [PM.sub.2.5-10] and total mortality. Conclusions: This analysis showed significant associations between short-term [PM.sub.2.5-10] exposure and daily nonaccidental and cardiopulmonary mortality based on data from 272 cities located throughout China. Associations appeared to be independent of exposure to [PM.sub.2.5], carbon monoxide, and ozone. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2711, Introduction Particulate matter (PM) air pollution concentrations are recorded by monitors that measure particles in various aerodynamic diameters, with the earliest monitors measuring the concentration of particles [less than or [...]