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WHERE DID ROCK 'N' ROLL, the name coined in the 1950s to describe rhythm and blues-derived music, originate? Some say that Memphis, Tennessee, the home of Sam Phillips's Sun Studios [...]

Hybridization among gar species (Pisces: Family Lepisosteidae) has only recently been documented, and relatively few occurrences have been reported. In the Fox River drainage of the Lake Michigan Basin in Wisconsin, apparent hybrids and introgressed individuals (hereafter 'hybrids') of Longnose Gar (Lepisosteus osseus) and Shortnose Gar (L. platostomus) were widespread and numerous, constituting about 44% of the total gaipopulation. Presumed hybrids could be readily distinguished by either their intermediate ratio of snout length to snout width or a low ratio, characteristic of Shortnose Gar, coupled with the presence of conspicuous spots on the top of the snout, an occasional Longnose Gar characteristic. Presumed hybrids had genetic matrilines (cytochrome b) of either Shortnose or Longnose Gar. Apparent hybrids occur commonly throughout the Fox River drainage, including the upper and lower Fox River, its major tributary the Wolf River, the riverine lakes Poygan, Winneconne, Butte des Morts, Winnebago, and Little Butte des Morts, and Green Bay, Lake Michigan, near the mouth of the lower Fox River. Evidence exists for possible hybrids in the adjacent Mississippi River basin and the Missouri River basin, but they appear to be less common and more localized. Extensive hybridization and introgression in the Fox River drainage may have been facilitated by the close phylogenetic relationship of Longnose and Shortnose Gar, the much greater abundance of Longnose relative to Shortnose Ciar in the Fox River drainage, the apparent relatively recent colonization of the Fox River drainage by the Shortnose Gar, and the substantial modification and loss of gar spawning habitat in the Fox River drainage caused by dams and artificial water level regulation., INTRODUCTION Hybridization and introgression between species are relatively common within the bony fishes (Teleostei) and occur across many different families and orders (Hubbs, 1955; Scribner et al., 2001). However, hybridization [...]

Kokanee salmon are a dwarf freshwater form of the anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) native to the Pacific coast of North America and Asia and widely introduced in western North America as a sport and prey fish. Few kokanee salmon introductions have succeeded in eastern North America. A naturalized population of kokanee salmon has persisted for over 50 yr in Florence Lake, Wisconsin, an unlikely location given its relatively small size (21.4 ha), shallow maximum depth (7.6 m), low elevation (381 m), and southerly latitude (45.12[degrees]N). Kokanee salmon completed their entire life cycle within the lake and rarely entered an accessible coldwater inlet stream. Spawning occurred during late October and early November along the lake shoreline. Spawning redds with defending males were observed in 1-2 m of water on sand/gravel/ cobble substrate. Kokanee salmon growth in the lake was relatively rapid, and fish had a mean total length of 117 mm after their first growing season (age 0+), 212 mm after their second (age 1+), begin to mature and spawn after their third (age 2+) at 317 mm for females and 324 mm for males, and were at 344 mm for females and 354 mm for males after their fourth (age 3+). Few fish reproduced at age 4+. Despite limited oxy-thermal habitat during summer, kokanee salmon appear to thrive in Florence Lake, perhaps because of cold inflows from the inlet and springs within the lake., INTRODUCTIONThe kokanee salmon is a dwarf, landlocked, freshwater form of the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) native to the Pacific coast of northwestern North America and northeastern Asia (Scott and Crossman, [...]

The Whistler-Blackcomb (WB) Mega Day challenge requires a skier to ride all 24 lifts at the resort in a single day. Among over two million people who ski annually at WB, only 313 completed the challenge in the 14 months following the introduction of a system that tracks lift use by skier. Apart from the physical challenge of skiing, a key difficulty is finding a route that matches one's skill level while accounting for variable lift opening and closing times. We use data from WB's radio-frequency identification (RFID) ticketing system to estimate ski times between lifts for skiers of various skill levels. We then formulate and solve the problem by a combined, iterative integer programming and heuristic approach, up to the highest feasible skier skill level. The problem's distinctive features preclude the use of known solution methods for similar problems; therefore, we use a practical, staged-solution approach. Our results include a recommended route that enables the greatest number of skiers, roughly the fastest quartile, to achieve the challenge. We also provide a benchmark that skiers who can ski a particular common run in 12 minutes or less should be able to complete the challenge. In the three months following communication of our recommended solution, the rate at which skiers completed the Mega Day challenge increased by two-thirds over the previous seven skiing months. History: This paper was refereed. Keywords: skiing * sports analytics * routing problems * integer programming, Introduction Whistler-Blackcomb (WB) ski area, located in British Columbia, Canada, hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics alpine events and is one of North America's largest ski resorts. WB spans more than [...]

The cisco (Coregonus artedi) requires cold, well-oxygenated water and is threatened by climate warming and lake eutrophication, especially at the southern edge of its range in the Laurentian Great Lakes region. In this paper, a method is described to assess the quality, quantity, and variability of suitable cisco habitat. Two metrics are proposed to characterize existing cisco oxythermal habitat in this region: water temperature in the water column at a dissolved oxygen of 6 mg/L (TDO6) and 'cisco layer thickness' (CLT), the vertical extent of the water column within which water temperature is [less than or equal to] 22.8[degrees]C and dissolved oxygen is [greater than or equal to] 6 mg/L. It is proposed that values of TDO6 = 22.8[degrees]C and CLT = 1 m be used as benchmarks to identify cisco lakes with potentially stressful oxythermal habitat. Long-term summer data from 14 Wisconsin cisco lakes with a wide range of limnological characteristics indicated that TDO6 varied from 4.2 to 27.5[degrees]C and CLT from -6.2 to 66.7 m. Cisco abundance across lakes was greater at lower values of TDO6 and higher values of CLT, and non-attainments of the proposed benchmarks were most likely in lakes with remnant or extirpated cisco populations. Non-attainment of benchmarks could occur from late June through September, and three or more samples across the entire summer would be required to have a reasonable probability of detecting a non-attainment in TDO6 or CLT within any given year. Across years, to detect a single year of non-attainment with an 80% level of confidence, two years of sampling would be sufficient for CLT and three years forTD06; to detect more than one non- attaining year, three years of sampling for CLT and six years of sampling for TD06 would be required. Despite relatively high temporal variation in some lakes, the proposed metrics and benchmarks appear to have value for assessing cisco oxythermal habitat in the Great Lakes region. Le cisco de lac (Coregonus artedi) a besoin d'eau froide bien oxygenee et est menace par le rechauffement climatique et l'eutrophisation des lacs, plus particulierement a la bordure meridionale de son aire de repartition dans la region des Grands Lacs laurentiens. Une methode est decrite pour evaluer la qualite, la quantite et la variabilite des habitats convenables pour le cisco de lac. Deux parametres sont proposes pour caracteriser les habitats oxythermiques existants du cisco de lac dans cette region, soit la temperature de l'eau dans la colonne d'eau a une concentration d'oxygene dissous de 6 mg/L (TOD6) et<>(ECC), soit l'etendue verticale de la portion de la colonne d'eau dans laquelle la temperature de l'eau est [less than or equal to] 22,8[degrees]C et la concentration d'oxygene dissous est [greater than or equal to] 6 mg/l. Il est propose d'utiliser des valeurs de TOD6 = 22,8[degrees]C et d'ECC = 1 m comme valeurs de reference pour cerner les lacs a ciscos presentant des habitats oxythermiques potentiellement stressants. Des donnees estivales de longue duree pour 14 lacs a ciscos du Wisconsin couvrant une vaste fourchette de caracteristiques limnologiques indiquent que la TOD6 varie de 4,2 a 27,5[degrees]C et que l'ECC va de -6,2 a 66,7 m. L'abondance de ciscos de lac dans les lacs etait plus grande a plus faibles valeurs de TOD6 et a plus fortes valeurs d'ECC, et la non-atteinte des valeurs de reference proposees etait plus probable dans les lacs caracterises par des populations reliques ou disparues. La non-atteinte des valeurs de reference peut se produire de la fin juin a septembre, et trois echantillons ou plus sur tout l'ete seraient necessaries pour produire une probabilite raisonnable de detecter une non-atteinte de la TOD6 ou de l'ECC durant une annee donnee. D'une annee a l'autre, pour detecter une seule annee de non-atteinte avec un niveau de confiance de 80%, deux annees d'echantillonnage suffiraient pour l'ECC et trois annees pour la TOD6; pour detecter plus d'une annee de non-atteinte, trois annees d'echantillonnage de l'ECC et six annees d'echantillonnage de la TOD6 seraient necessaires. Malgre une variabilite temporelle relativement elevee dans certains lacs, les parametres et valeurs de reference proposes semblent etre utiles pour evaluer les habitats oxythermiques du cisco de lac dans la region des Grands Lacs. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The cisco (Coregonus artedi) is a lake-dwelling, ecologically and societally important fish species of temperate and arctic North America that requires cold, well-oxygenated water to survive (Becker 1983). In [...]

Author(s): Michael A. Becker [1, 2]; Roman Vaxenburg [3]; Georgian Nedelcu [4, 5]; Peter C. Sercel [6]; Andrew Shabaev [3]; Michael J. Mehl [7]; John G. Michopoulos [8]; Samuel G. [...]

A standard reference work gives the following definition of hubris: 'Overweening pride which results in the misfortune of the protagonist of a tragedy. It is the particular form of hamartia, [...]

Fire setting is one of the most challenging behaviors for the child welfare system. However, existing knowledge about its prevalence and correlates has been limited to research on single programs. The Illinois Department of Children and Family Services initiated a uniform assessment process at entry into state custody using a trauma-informed version of the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS). By using information from these assessments it is possible to establish an estimate of the prevalence of fire setting behavior and identify clinical and functional correlates. A review of 4,155 children and youth entering state custody reveals an overall prevalence rate of 1.35%. However, the rate for children and youth, 10 years and older was 3.5%. The rate was higher for boys than girls but there was no relationship to race. In general, the children and youth who engaged in fire setting behaviors had much higher levels of needs, fewer strengths, and were lower functioning. Within group analysis suggests the children and youth who set fires represent a relatively homogeneous group. Keywords Fire setting * Child welfare * High risk behavior * Dangerousness DOI 10.1007/s10826-010-9361-z

Large numbers of children and adolescents experience diagnosable psychiatric disturbances; however, the majority of those with need do not utilize mental health services. Characteristics of caregivers are important predictors of which youth will access and continue to use services over time. In recent years school-based mental health intervention programs have played a key role in identifying youth with mental health needs and linking them to treatment. In this study we sought to identify the caregiver demographic and contextual factors that predict days of service use among youth participating in a school-based mental health intervention program. Our sample included 85 youth ages 5-18 and their caregivers. We analyzed the data using bivariate and multivariate Poisson regressions with caregiver factors as the independent variables and days of service as the dependant variable. We found significant bivariate and multivariate associations for every caregiver demographic (sex, age, race) and contextual (education, employment, income, insurance, health, strain, and was it the caregivers idea to seek treatment) factor that was examined. In this study we identified the caregiver factors that are likely important in predicting youth service utilization even when steps have been taken to improve identification and access. Keywords Children and adolescents * Parents and caregivers * Service utilization * School-based healthcare DOI 10.1007/s10826-009-9331-5

In this article, I argue that significant potential for psychological growth and self-learning exists in independent foreign travel characterized by long periods of movement under challenging conditions and combined with intense cross-cultural contact. I call this style of travel autonomous cross-cultural hardship travel (ACHT). A number of studies regarding the personal effects of travel and cross-cultural contact are reviewed. The relevance of humanistic psychology and transformative learning (TL) theory is also considered. I propose that the psychological benefits of ACHT are found in its capacity to promote a 'deepened sense of sell' that is paradoxical, emergent, and universal. KEYWORDS: Autonomous cross-cultural hardship travel, emergent self hybridization, paradoxical self psychological growth, self-actualization, transformational learning, transformative travel, universal self. DOI: 10.1080/02604021003680511

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.05.002 Byline: Jung Min Park (a), David S. Mandell (b), John S. Lyons (c) Keywords: Children and adolescent in state custody; Psychiatric crisis; Recidivism Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of and factors associated with recurrent psychiatric crisis episodes among children and adolescents in state custody. A total of 1362 children ages 3 to 16 years who were in custody of the child welfare agency and underwent a psychiatric crisis screening and services for the first time between 2001 and 2003 were followed for the same observation period of 24 months. Logistic regression was used to determine the clinical and non-clinical factors associated with a return to psychiatric crisis screening and services. Overall, 44.6% of the sample had another psychiatric crisis episode in the following two years. Nearly two thirds of those who returned did so within 6 months of their first crisis episode. A greater likelihood of recidivism was associated with severity of psychiatric illness, being female, white, in residential care placement, and having placement instability. Recurrent psychiatric crises appear to be predictable using readily available variables, which can inform interventions designed to reduce repeat episodes. Author Affiliation: (a) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1010 W. Nevada Street, Urbana, IL 61801, United States (b) University of Pennsylvania, United States (c) University of Ottawa, Canada Article History: Received 25 September 2008; Revised 28 April 2009; Accepted 6 May 2009

We studied 9,220 children referred to a comprehensive mental health crisis stabilization program to examine the impact of caregiver capacity on crisis worker decisions to refer children for intensive community-based treatment as opposed to inpatient psychiatric hospitalization. Due to the different role of caregivers in the child welfare system, analyses were stratified by state custody status. Among both groups, there was a significant inverse association between child mental health need and referral to intensive community-based treatment. For children not in state custody with low mental health need, there was no difference in the likelihood of referral to intensive community-based treatment across levels of caregiver capacity. However, for children not in state custody with medium and high mental health needs, those whose caregivers were deficient or severely deficient were significantly more likely to be referred for intensive community-based treatment than were those who had capable caregivers. Multivariate analyses demonstrated similar results after controlling for potential confounding variables and confirmed that caregiver capacity contributes significantly to the logistic model's classification accuracy. Results suggest further investigation of the impact of caregiver capacity on mental health crisis worker referral decisions is needed. Keywords Caregiver capacity * Child mental health * Crisis stabilization * Intensive community-based treatment

This study examined the extent and correlates of entry into residential care among 603 children and youth in state custody who were referred to psychiatric crisis services. Overall, 27% of the sample was placed in residential care within 12 months after their 1st psychiatric crisis screening. Among the children and youth placed in residential care, 51% were so placed within 3 months of their 1st crisis screening, with an additional 22% placed between 3 and 6 months after screening. Risk behavior and functioning, psychiatric hospitalization following screening, older age, placement type, and caregiver's capacity for supervision were associated with increased residential placement. The findings highlight the importance of early identification and treatment of behavior and functioning problems following a crisis episode among children and youth in state custody to reduce the need for subsequent residential placement. Having an inpatient psychiatric episode following a crisis episode places children at greater risk for residential placement, suggesting that the hospital is an important point for diversion programs. Children and youth in psychiatric crisis may also benefit from efforts to include their families in the treatment process. Keywords: residential care, children and youth in state custody, psychiatric crisis

We examined the differential outcomes in residential treatment for youths with conduct disorder (CD)--with special attention paid to interactions with age and gender--in a sample of children and adolescents in 50 residential treatment centers and group homes across Illinois. Multi-disciplinary teams rated youths ages 6-20 (N = 457) on measures of mental health and other factors within 30 days of admission, about 7 months after admission, and at discharge. While both groups initially responded similarly to treatment, the CD group performed better relative to the non-CD group over the full course of treatment, showing healthier relative change on five outcomes variables and more significant improvement. Age range moderated the relationship between CD group membership and change in work/ school performance. There were significant between groups differences within the youngest age group (6-11 years) in which the CD group worsened relative to the non-CD group. Keywords Conduct disorder * Residential treatment * Outcomes * Children * Adolescents

The isotopic compositions of xenoliths hosted in lavas from Floreana Island indicate that they formed from magmas unlike those at present-day Floreana. Instead, the xenoliths are geochemically more similar to magmas now erupting from Sierra Negra and Cerro Azul volcanoes, at the leading edge of the Galapagos hotspot. This is the first evidence for compositional evolution at a Galapagos volcano and indicates increasing contributions from an isotopically enriched source with time as the volcano is carried away from the focus of the hotspot. Clinopyroxenes in many of the xenoliths exhibit positive anomalies of Sr and Eu, which are attributed to the breakdown of plagioclase. The growth of clinopyroxene at the expense of plagioclase results from compression as the crust cools. Compression is caused by growth mostly from above, as shallow intrusions and lavas load the middle and upper oceanic crust. Keywords: xenoliths, underplating, Galapagos Islands, compression, trace elements, igneous petrology.

Evidence suggests that a moderate amount of variance in patient outcomes is attributable to therapist differences. However, explained variance estimates vary widely, perhaps because some therapists achieve greater success with certain kinds of patients. This study assessed the amount of variance in across-session change in symptom intensity scores explained by therapist differences in a large naturalistic data set (1,198 patients and 60 therapists, who each treated 10-77 of the patients). Results indicated that approximately 8% of the total variance and approximately 17% of the variance in rates of patient improvement could be attributed to the therapists. Cross-validation and extreme group analyses validated the existence of these therapist effects. Keywords: therapist effects, three-level growth curve model, outcomes management, expected treatment response

Objectives. We evaluated the effect of depression on risk, on the basis of standardized assessment, for developing activities of daily living (ADL) disability. Methods. Depression-related risk on 2-year ADL disability is estimated from 6871 participants in a population-based national sample aged 54-65 years and free of baseline ADL disability. We evaluated the effects of factors amenable to clinical and public health intervention that may explain the relationship between depression and incident disability. Results. The odds of ADL disability were 4.3 times greater for depressed adults than their non-depressed peers (95% confidence interval=3.1, 6.0). Among depressed adults, 18.7% of African Americans, 8.0% of Whites, and 7.8% of Hispanics developed disability within 2 years. The attributable population fraction because of depression is 17.3% (95% confidence interval=11%, 24%). Concurrent health factors moderated depression-associated risk. Conclusions. Elevated risk of ADL disability onset because of depression, in a co-hort whose medical costs will imminently be covered via Medicare, is attenuated by factors amenable to public health intervention. Prevention and/or public health/ policy programs that lead to more accessible and effective mental health and medical care could reduce the development of ADL disability among depressed adults. (Am J Public Health. 2005;95:2003-2008. doi: 10.2105/AJ PH.2004.050948)

In 2000, D.L. Wagner and colleagues hypothesized that the middle Miocene Yellowstone hotspot volcanism thought to have produced the great expanses of Columbia River and Oregon Plateau Basalts also gave rise to the Lovejoy Basalt of California. Paleomagnetic directions of lava flows of the Lovejoy Basalt in isolated localities scattered more than 200 km across northeastern and central California show that they were erupted rapidly and that some of them traveled great distances. Most of the paleomagnetic directions form a tight cluster distinct from the Miocene mean field direction for the region, indicating eruption within a relatively short time span compared to geomagnetic secular variation--that is, within a few hundred to a few thousand years. Directional correlations demonstrate that some flows traveled at least 75 km and likely as much as 200 km. These findings support the hypothesis that the Lovejoy flows are flood basalts that compose a large southwestward extension of Yellowstone hotspot volcanism. Keywords: flood basalts, Sierra Nevada, paleomagnetism, correlation, Columbia River Basalt.

As I have been teaching the history of the United States for the past few years, I have increasingly come to the conclusion that my, and other, survey courses need [...]

Context: Breakthroughs in the development of effective medications for a number of psychiatric disorders have led to increased use of these compounds in the treatment of children. Objectives: To understand the use of psychotropic medications in the treatment of children, a state-wide study was undertaken based on the data collected in a large planning study. Data and Setting: A stratified random sample of 10 different program types in New York State produced data on children served in different specialty mental health services. Participants: Randomly selected cases were reviewed at a randomly selected sites to generate a sample of 1592 cases on which data were collected on clinical presentation and service use, including psychotropic medication prescriptions. Main Outcome Measures: The Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS-MH) tool was used to provide a reliable review of clinical indicators. Results: Psychotropic medication use is common in the children's public mental health service system in New York. Most children served in high intensity settings receive medication as a part of their treatment. It appears that most prescriptions for stimulants and antidepressants are consistent with either diagnostic or symptom indications. Many children with these indications are not on medications. On the other hand, a large number of children without evidence of psychosis receive antipsychotic medications. Conclusion: The evidence suggests that stimulant and antidepressant are not over-prescribed. However, the use of antipsychotic medications for other indications is a priority for further research. KEY WORDS: children; psychotropic medication; prescribing patterns.

Context: Breakthroughs in the development of effective medications for a number of psychiatric disorders have led to increased use of these compounds in the treatment of children. Objectives: To understand the use of psychotropic medications in the treatment of children, a state-wide study was undertaken based on the data collected in a large planning study. Data and Setting: A stratified random sample of 10 different program types in New York State produced data on children served in different specialty mental health services. Participants: Randomly selected cases were reviewed at a randomly selected sites to generate a sample of 1592 cases on which data were collected on clinical presentation and service use, including psychotropic medication prescriptions. Main Outcome Measures: The Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS-MH) tool was used to provide a reliable review of clinical indicators. Results: Psychotropic medication use is common in the children's public mental health service system in New York. Most children served in high intensity settings receive medication as a part of their treatment. It appears that most prescriptions for stimulants and antidepressants are consistent with either diagnostic or symptom indications. Many children with these indications are not on medications. On the other hand, a large number of children without evidence of psychosis receive antipsychotic medications. Conclusion: The evidence suggests that stimulant and antidepressant are not over-prescribed. However, the use of antipsychotic medications for other indications is a priority for further research. KEY WORDS: children; psychotropic medication; prescribing patterns.

Objectives. We estimated racial/ethnic differences in rates of major depression and investigated possible mediators. Methods. Depression prevalence rates among African American, Hispanic, and White adults were estimated from a population-based national sample and adjusted for potential confounders. Results. African Americans (odds ratio [OR]-1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.93, 1.44) and Hispanics (OR=1.44, 95% CI-1.02, 2.04) exhibited elevated rates of major depression relative to Whites. After control for confounders, Hispanics and Whites exhibited similar rates, and African Americans exhibited significantly lower rates than Whites. Conclusions. Major depression and factors associated with depression were more frequent among members of minority groups than among Whites. Elevated depression rates among minority individuals are largely associated with greater health burdens and lack of health insurance, factors amenable to public policy intervention.

The authors examine the effectiveness of adolescent psychotherapy in a residential setting through the use of a survey of statewide facilities. Topics include tracking of symptoms, levels of improvement, and anticipated outcomes.

Dangerous children and teenagers admitted to mental health facilities usually had the wort dispositional outcomes, yet also derived the greatest clinical benefit from residential treatment. Cases dangerous when admitted to the child welfare system had fewer peer connections and moral/spiritual strengths than other cases.

The growing emphasis on using empirical data to guide mental health policy decision making has contributed, in part, to a developing dichotomy along the continuum of research on mental health interventions. At one end of the continuum is research on the efficacy of mental health interventions, traditionally referred to as clinical trials research. The goal of clinical trials research is to determine whether or not a specific intervention can be shown to be efficacious for a specific problem. At the other end of the continuum is research on the implementation and evaluation of mental health interventions, traditionally referred to as mental health services research. The goals of mental health services research are to understand the access to, organization and financing of, and outcomes of mental health interventions. The conceptual, methodological, and measurement features of both types of research are presented and suggestions are offered to bridge the gap between the two paradigms. The purpose of this article is to highlight each discipline's unique contributions to mental health research and, in so doing, facilitate a discussion that fosters scientific integration and collaboration between clinical trials and mental health services investigators.

With the penetration of managed care approaches in child welfare, residential treatment services have come under increased scrutiny. In these circumstances it is critical to understand the clinically indicated use of these expensive interventions. As part of a community-reinvestment strategy of reform within a state child welfare agency, a needs-based assessment of children and adolescents was undertaken. A review of cases revealed that although the level of mental health need for many was significant, a substantial proportion of children in residential placement were not at high levels of risk. On the basis of these data, a process of placement review was designed and implemented for more effective use of residential treatment.

A great deal of discussion and research has gone into defining and clarifying the role of 'case manager' (CM) for persons with severe mental illness. This three state survey examines the philosophy and activities of practicing CMs in an attempt to identify current styles of case management. A cluster analysis based on CM rankings of five CM functions suggested four styles of case management: 'supportive social worker', 'individual therapist', 'therapist broker', and 'community advocate'. Overall, CMs rated supportive interventions as most important and formal psychotherapy as relatively unimportant. CM style was related to CM activity (i.e., distribution of effort). Differences between states are noted and implications for future research are discussed.

A group of children and adolescents who were in state custody and had been evaluated for a crisis assessment were investigated for clinical characteristics and placement decisions. Symptoms, risk factors, co-morbid variables and functioning were retrospectively reviewed using the Childhood Severity of Psychiatric Illness (CSPI) structured assessment tool. Results suggested that risk behaviours were important predictors of psychiatric hospitalization.

The function of managed care is to include the payor in the negotiation regarding the nature and duration of services provided to the consumer. The measurement of mental health service utilization is essential in balancing the needs of the consumer with the services provided. The measurement and management of outcomes in managed care can be accomplished through change analysis, decision analysis, outcome prediction and needs-based planning.

This study compared perceived relationships and interaction patterns among 44 families with externalizing (polydrug-dependent), internalizing (bulimic), or normal adolescent daughters. Data from L. S. Benjamin's (1974) structural analysis of social behavior rating scales and observational coding system were subjected to a pattern analysis of effect sizes. Results revealed that families of polydrug-dependent girls were less well attached and less autonomous than were families of daughters with bulimia who were, in turn, less attached and autonomous than controls. Observed interactions also showed that parents of drug-dependent teenagers communicated a mixed message of blaming the daughter while pseudo-affirming her. The findings were interpreted as evidence for specific disturbances in the critical elements of attachment and autonomy in both clinical disorders, with more pronounced and pervasive problems in the families of polydrug-dependent girls.

Oliverian plutons in west-central New Hampshire consist of Upper Ordovician mantled gneiss domes along the axis of the Bronson Hill anticlinorium, as well as other stocks farther west. All are intrusive into Middle Ordovician volcanic and metasedimentary rocks, but have been remobilized and have acquired their gneissic foliations during the late stages of the Early-Middle Devonian Acadian orogeny. Gravity studies are used to demonstrate that the Moody Ledge, Owls Head, and Baker Pond domes are irregularly shaped flat plutons with maximum thicknesses of 2.5 kin. The Croydon dome, 4.2 km thick, is probably of laccolithic shape. The largest dome surveyed, the Mascoma, is mushroom shaped, with a stem extending to a depth of at least 4.5 km. The coeval Lebanon pluton west of the domes is a discordant north-northwest-plunging stock intrusive into a higher stratigraphic level (the Partridge volcanics), and extends to a depth of 8.5 km. It is bordered on the southeast, south, and west by the Cornish nappe, which is overfolded toward the west in the area south of the pluton, but is backfolded toward the east in a large region west and north of the stock. An oval outcrop area in the Mount Cube quadrangle resembles the surface outcrop of a subjacent Oliverian dome, but cannot be, because it lacks the appropriate gravity field. The Devonian Fairlee quartz monzonite is shown to be rootless, in accordance with the fact that Ammonoosuc normal fault passes beneath it, slightly below ground level. A subsurface (Devonian?) granitic stock occurs a short distance to the south. The Devonian Indian Pond pluton of Bethlehem gneiss in the Mount Cube quadrangle is also shown to be rootless, in agreement with its inferred structural position inside a nappe which has been overfolded from east to west, and just touches the present Earth's surface. Recent pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) metamorphic studies in western New Hampshire have led to proposals that there is a series of nested thrust plates involving the Bronson Hill and adjacent terranes. The possibility arises that the Oliverian domes may be allochthonous. However, nothing in the mapped geology, the geophysics, or the geochronology supports this hypothesis. We conclude that the basement below the Oliverian granites in western New Hampshire is likely to consist of metamorphic formations of Cambrian-Ordovician age.

Interest has developed in the use of mental health consumers as staff members in community programs for persons with serious mental illness. The present study investigates consumer service delivery in a mobile assessment program designed to assist homeless people with severe psychiatric disorders. Consumer and non-consumer staff were generally comparable. Results suggest that consumer staff engaged in more street outreach and were less often dispatched for emergencies. There was a trend for consumer staff to be more likely to certify their clients for psychiatric hospitalization. In sum, consumer staff appear to provide a valuable contribution to this form of service delivery.

Alcohol is an increasingly abused substance among psychiatric inpatients, and the extent to which alcohol dependence history is documented and the alcoholism subsequently treated is a compelling issue. This study is a retrospective review of the extent to which alcohol dependence history was obtained, and if applicable, whether a diagnosis and/or treatment plan were made, for acute psychiatric inpatients. For these purposes, an original instrument was constructed. Our results indicate that the predominant focus for acute inpatients is on diagnostic assessment of the severity of the alcohol problem, reflecting the need to deal with those issues requiring the most immediate attention. For patients with schizophrenia, attention to alcoholism diagnosis and treatment was less than that for nonschizophrenic patients. The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to the evaluation and treatment of dually diagnosed patients, along with further directions for research.

The relation of family funtioning to progress in substance abuse treament was studied by assessing the levels of cohesion and adaptabilitty within the family and correlating this with the patient's functioning while in treatment. Family cohesion predicts the severity of a patient's disfunction due to substance abuse, family dilemmas and psychological problems. Thus, family factors are important in the treatment of patients who abuse drugs.

Treatment outcome research generally relies on main effect analysis of variance to determine whether treatments are differentially effective. Bryk and Raudenbush (1988) developed a decision strategy for disaggregating treatment groups under conditions of heterogeneity of variance. There is, however, reason to consider disaggregating main effects even when this assumption is not violated. The potential statistical significance of dissagregation can be shown to be a function of the reliability of the dependent measure. With this reliability, residual variance can be partitioned into a systematic (indivicual differences) component and a random error component. It is then possible to calculate an F test of the ratio of these variances. When this F is statistically significant and the proportion of within-cell systematic variance to total variance is large, disaggregation should be undertaken to search for important individual or treatment difference variables (i.e., interactions).