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OBJECTIVES: To examine school- and student-level correlates of physical activity. METHODS: Cross-sectional Year 2 data collected from 45 298 grade 9-12 students attending 89 secondary schools in the COMPASS study were examined using multi-level modelling to predict the likelihood of students a) achieving 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) daily; and b) achieving the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (CSEP) activity guideline for youth (60 minutes/MVPA daily, vigorous physical activity at least three days in a week, and resistance training at least three days in a week). RESULTS: The prevalence of students achieving 60 minutes of MVPA daily and meeting the CSEP guideline was 49.3% and 31.0% respectively. Modest between-school variability was identified (1.1% for 60 minutes MVPA and 0.8% for CSEP guideline). School-level characteristics significantly associated with the outcome measures included location, school size, quality of facilities, and accessibility of facilities. Significant student-level correlates included sex, grade, weekly income, binge drinking, fruit and vegetable consumption, and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Most youth in this large study reported inadequate physical activity levels. Students were more likely to achieve 60 minutes of MVPA if they attended a larger school or a school in an urban location, whereas students were less likely to meet the CSEP guideline if they attended a school in a small urban location. However, student-level factors, such as binge drinking and inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption, were more strongly associated with the outcomes examined. KEY WORDS: Physical activity; adolescent; schools; environment design OBJECTIFS : Examiner les correlats de l'activite physique au niveau des etablissements scolaires et des eleves. METHODE : Les donnees transversales de l'An 2 recueillies aupres de 45 298 eleves de la 9e a la 12e annee frequentant 89 ecoles secondaires dans le cadre de l'etude COMPASS ont ete examinees par modelisation a niveaux multiples pour predire la vraisemblance que les eleves : a) accomplissent 60 minutes d'activite physique d'intensite moderee a elevee (APIME) par jour; et b) respectent les lignes directrices de la Societe canadienne de physiologie de l'exercice (SCPE) pour l'activite des jeunes (60 minutes d'APIME par jour, activite physique vigoureuse au moins trois jours par semaine et entrainement contre resistance au moins trois jours par semaine). RESULTATS : La prevalence de l'accomplissement de 60 minutes d'APIME par jour et du respect des lignes directrices de la SCPE chez les etudiants etait de 49,3 % et de 31 %, respectivement. Des ecarts mineurs d'une ecole a l'autre ont ete observes (1,1 % pour les 60 minutes d'APIME et 0,8 % pour les lignes directrices de la SCPE). Les caracteristiques des ecoles presentant une correlation significative avec les indicateurs de resultat etaient l'emplacement, la taille de l'ecole, la qualite des installations et l'accessibilite des installations. Les correlations significatives pour les eleves etaient le sexe, la classe, le revenu hebdomadaire, les exces occasionnels d'alcool, la consommation de fruits et legumes et l'indice de masse corporelle. CONCLUSIONS : La plupart des jeunes de cette vaste etude ont fait etat de niveaux d'activite physique insuffisants. Les eleves etaient plus susceptibles d'accomplir 60 minutes d'APIME s'ils frequentaient une grosse ecole ou une ecole en milieu urbain, mais les eleves etaient moins susceptibles de respecter les lignes directrices de la SCPE s'ils frequentaient une petite ecole en milieu urbain. Toutefois, les facteurs propres aux eleves, comme les exces occasionnels d'alcool et la consommation insuffisante de fruits et legumes, etaient plus fortement associes aux resultats examines. MOTS CLES : Activite physique; adolescent; etablissements scolaires; conception de l'environnement, Physical activity has been shown to have many health benefits for youth, including improved cardiovascular health, blood pressure, body composition, strength and endurance, aspects of mental health, and academic performance. [...]

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the extent to which a sample of Ontario and Alberta secondary schools are being compliant with their respective provincial nutrition policies, in terms of the food and beverages sold in vending machines. METHODS: This observational study used objective data on drinks and snacks from vending machines, collected over three years of the COMPASS study (2012/2013-2014/2015 school years). Drink (e.g., sugar-containing carbonated/non-carbonated soft drinks, sports drinks, etc.) and snack (e.g., chips, crackers, etc.) data were coded by number of units available, price, and location of vending machine(s) in the school. Univariate and bivariate analyses were undertaken using R version 3.2.3. In order to assess policy compliancy over time, nutritional information of products in vending machines was compared to nutrition standards set out in P/PM 150 in Ontario, and those set out in the Alberta Nutrition Guidelines for Children and Youth (2012) in Alberta. RESULTS: Results reveal a decline over time in the proportion of schools selling sugar-containing carbonated soft drinks (9% in 2012/2013 vs. 3% in 2014/2015), crackers (26% vs. 17%) and cake products (12% vs. 5%) in vending machines, and inconsistent changes in the proportion selling chips (53%, 67% and 65% over the three school years). Conversely, results highlight increases in the proportion of vending machines selling chocolate bars (7% vs. 13%) and cookies (21% vs. 40%) between the 2012/2013 and 2014/2015 school years. CONCLUSION: Nutritional standard policies were not adhered to in the majority of schools with respect to vending machines. There is a need for investment in formal monitoring and evaluation of school policies, and the provision of information and tools to support nutrition policy implementation. KEY WORDS: School nutrition; policy implementation; school health; built environment La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. OBJECTIFS: Nous avons etudie la mesure dans laquelle un echantillon d'ecoles secondaires de l'Ontario et de l'Alberta respectent la politique de nutrition de leur province respective en ce qui a trait aux aliments et boissons vendus dans des distributeurs automatiques. METHODE: Cette etude observationnelle a utilise des donnees objectives sur les boissons et les collations des distributeurs automatiques recueillies sur une periode de trois ans dans le cadre de l'etude COMPASS (annees scolaires 2012-201 3 a 2014-2015). Les donnees sur les boissons (boissons sucrees gazeuses/non gazeuses, boissons pour sportifs, etc.) et sur les collations (croustilles, craquelins, etc.) ont ete codees selon le nombre d'unites en vente, leur prix, et l'emplacement du ou des distributeurs automatiques dans l'ecole. Nous avons mene des analyses univariees et bivariees a l'aide du logiciel R-3.2.3. Afin d'evaluer la conformite aux politiques au fil du temps, nous avons compare l'information nutritionnelle des produits des distributeurs automatiques aux normes de nutrition etablies dans la Note de politique/programme n° 150 en Ontario, et dans les directives Alberta Nutrition Guidelines for Children and Youth (2012) en Alberta. RESULTATS: Les resultats indiquent une baisse au fil du temps de la proportion d'ecoles vendant des boissons gazeuses sucrees (9% en 20122013 c. 3% en 2014-2015), des craquelins (26% c. 1 7%) et des gateaux (12% c. 5%) dans les distributeurs automatiques, et des changements incoherents dans la proportions des ecoles vendant des croustilles (53%, 67% et 65% sur les trois annees scolaires). Par contre, les resultats indiquent des hausses de la proportion de distributeurs automatiques vendant des tablettes de chocolat (7% c. 1 3%) et des biscuits (21% c. 40%) entre les annees scolaires 2012-201 3 et 2014-2015. CONCLUSION: Les politiques de normes nutritionnelles en ce qui a trait aux distributeurs automatiques n'ont pas ete respectees dans la majorite des ecoles. Il faudrait investir dans le suivi-evaluation officiel des politiques en milieu scolaire et fournir de l'information et des outils pour appuyer la mise en oeuvre des politiques nutritionnelles. MOTS CLES: nutrition en milieu scolaire; mise en oeuvre de politiques; sante en milieu scolaire; environnement bati, Obesity is a serious health issue worldwide and remains a leading public health priority. Despite increased investment in obesity-related prevention efforts, rates of obesity and overweight continued to rise between [...]

OBJECTIVES: To measure the food safety knowledge, attitudes and self-reported practices of high school students in Ontario. METHODS: We administered a school-wide paper survey to the student body (n = 2,860) of four Ontario high schools. We developed the survey by selecting questions from existing, validated questionnaires, prioritizing questions that aligned with the Canadian Partnership for Consumer Food Safety Education's educational messages and the food safety objectives from the 2013 Ontario High School Curriculum. RESULTS: One in five students reported currently handling food in commercial or public-serving venues; of these, 45.1% had ever taken a course that taught them how to prepare food (e.g., food and nutrition classes, food handler certification). Food safety knowledge among respondents was low. For example, 17.3% knew that the best way to determine whether hamburgers were cooked enough to eat was to measure the temperature with a food thermometer. Despite low knowledge, most respondents (72.7%) reported being confident that they could cook safe, healthy meals for themselves and their families. Safe food handling practices were frequently self-reported. Most students (86.5%) agreed that being able to cook safe, healthy meals was an important life skill, although their interest in learning about safe food handling and concern about foodborne disease were less pronounced. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that food safety knowledge is low, yet confidence in preparing safe, healthy meals is high, among high school students. Because work and volunteer opportunities put students in contact with both the public and food, this group is important to target for increased education about safe food handling. KEY WORDS: Food safety; food handling; students; education; adolescent; Ontario Can J Public Health 2015;106(8):e514-e519 doi: 10.17269/CJPH.106.5213 OBJECTIFS: Mesurer les connaissances, les attitudes et les pratiques autodeclarees d'eleves du secondaire de l'Ontario en matiere de salubrite des aliments. METHODE: Nous avons administre un sondage sur papier a tous les eleves (n = 2 860) de quatre ecoles secondaires de l'Ontario. Nous avons elabore le sondage en choisissant des questions de questionnaires valides existants, en privilegiant les questions conformes aux messages educatifs du Partenariat canadien pour la salubrite des aliments et aux objectifs de salubrite des aliments des programmes d'etudes secondaires de l'Ontario en 2013. RESULTATS: Un eleve sur cinq a declare manipuler des aliments dans des etablissements commerciaux ou de service a la clientele; de ce nombre, 45,1 % avaient deja suivi un cours de preparation des aliments (classes sur l'alimentation et la nutrition, formation des preposes a la manipulation des aliments). Les connaissances en salubrite des aliments chez les repondants etaient faibles. Par exemple, seulement 17,3 % savaient que le meilleur moyen de determiner si des hamburgers sont assez cuits pour etre manges est d'en mesurer la temperature avec un thermometre de cuisson. Malgre leur manque de connaissances, la plupart des repondants (72,7 %) ont dit etre surs de pouvoir cuire des repas sains et salubres pour eux-memes et leur famille. Ils ont souvent declare avoir des pratiques de manipulation hygienique des aliments. La plupart des eleves (86,5 %) convenaient que d'etre capables de cuire des repas sains et salubres etait une competence essentielle, mais leur interet pour l'apprentissage de la manipulation hygienique des aliments et leur preoccupation pour les intoxications alimentaires etaient moins prononces. CONCLUSION: Nos constatations montrent que les connaissances sur la salubrite des aliments sont faibles chez les eleves du secondaire, mais que ces eleves sont tres surs de pouvoir preparer des repas sains et salubres. Etant donne que les occasions d'emploi et de benevolat mettent les eleves en contact avec le public et les aliments, il est important de cibler ce groupe pour accroitre leurs connaissances de la manipulation hygienique des aliments. MOTS CLES: salubrite des aliments; manipulation des aliments; etudiants; enseignement; adolescent; Ontario, Foodborne illness strikes an estimated one in eight Canadians annually. (1) Since such illnesses can be caused by mistakes in final food preparation and handling, (2,3) understanding the food safety-related [...]

OBJECTIVES: To explore school and student characteristics associated with the number of physical education (PE) classes that elementary students received and to determine whether these characteristics and amount of PE were associated with the physical activity (PA) levels of elementary students. METHODS: Multi-level modeling with school-level (n = 30) and student-level (n = 2,447) questionnaire data from the PLAY-ON study was used to explore the school factors associated with the number of PE classes that students in grades 5 to 8 report receiving, and how these factors were associated with their PA. The Theories of Organizational Change served to operationalize the main school factors measured in this study and included assessments of: organizational climate (school practices related to PE or PA), organizational capacity (school ability to provide students with more PE or PA), and school PA/PE policies. RESULTS: The number of PE classes reported per week was higher in schools that had two PA facilities in addition to a gymnasium ([beta] =1.13, p = 0.048) and in schools with greater levels of parental involvement in school-based PA decisions and programs ([beta] = 2.06, p = 0.001). However, students in schools that provided more intramural programs reported fewer PE classes than those without ([beta] = -1.97, p < 0.001). The number of PE classes provided in the previous week was associated with greater odds of students being highly active compared to minimally active (OR =1.14, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Organizational and structural factors within the school environment are related to the amount of PE that students receive at school. Strategies are required to resolve the resulting inequities. KEY WORDS: School policy; physical activity; school environment; children La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. OBJECTIFS: Explorer les caracteristiques d'ecoles et d'eleves du primaire associees au nombre de classes d'education physique (EP) recues par les eleves et determiner si ces caracteristiques, et le nombre de classes d'EP, sont associes aux niveaux d'activite physique (AP) des eleves du primaire. METHODE: Des modeles a niveaux multiples utilisant les donnees des questionnaires de l'etude PLAY-ON a l'intention des ecoles (n = 30) et des eleves (n = 2 447) ont servi a explorer les facteurs scolaires associes au nombre de classes d'EP que les eleves de la 5e a la 8e annee disent avoir recues, et les associations entre ces facteurs et l'AP des eleves. Les ' theories du changement organisationnel ' ont servi a operationnaliser les principaux facteurs scolaires mesures dans l'etude, notamment les analyses: du climat organisationnel (pratiques scolaires liees a l'EP ou a l'AP), de la capacite organisationnelle (la capacite de l'ecole d'offrir davantage d'EP ou d'AP aux eleves) et des politiques scolaires en matiere d'AP/d'EP. RESULTATS: Le nombre declare de classes d'EP par semaine etait superieur dans les ecoles ayant deux installations d'AP en plus d'un gymnase (P =1,13, p = 0,048) et dans les ecoles oU les niveaux d'implication parentale dans les decisions et les programmes de l'ecole etaient plus eleves (P = 2,06, p = 0,001). Cependant, les eleves des ecoles offrant davantage de programmes intramuros ont dit avoir moins de classes d'EP que ceux des ecoles sans ces programmes (P = -1,97, p < 0,001). Le nombre de classes d'EP offertes au cours de la semaine precedente etait associe a une probabilite accrue d'avoir des eleves tres actifs plutot que minimalement actifs (RC = 1,14, p = 0,003). CONCLUSION: Des facteurs organisationnels et structurels en milieu scolaire sont lies au nombre de classes d'EP que les eleves recoivent a l'ecole. Il faut des strategies pour resoudre les iniquites qui en resultent. MOTS CLES: politique scolaire; activite physique; milieu scolaire; enfant doi: 10.17269/CJPH.106.4899, It is well established that physical activity (PA) is beneficial for preventing the onset of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and a number of chronic conditions. (1) However, levels of PA among [...]

OBJECTIVE: To examine the correlates of current smoking among Metis aged 18 years and older, with a particular focus on culturally-specific factors. Cultural factors included spirituality, knowledge of an Aboriginal language, membership in a Metis organization and attendance at Metis cultural events. Demographic, geographic, socio-economic and health-related variables were also considered. METHODS: Data from 6,610 adult Metis aged 18 years and older who responded to the 2006 Aboriginal Peoples Survey and Metis supplement were used to examine the correlates of current smoking using sequential binary logistic regression modelling. RESULTS: Overall, 39.9% of adult Metis respondents in the sample were current smokers. Adult Metis who reported a high level of spirituality were less likely to be current smokers. Those who spoke an Aboriginal language, or lived in a house where an Aboriginal language was spoken, were more likely to be current smokers. Being a member of a Metis organization and attending cultural events were not independently associated with current smoking. Metis with higher household income, greater education, higher self-perceived health, and greater physical activity participation were less likely to be current smokers, whereas those who reported heavy alcohol consumption were more likely to be current smokers. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that interventions aimed at reducing smoking among adult Metis might be more successful if they include some connection to spirituality. It is also evident that co-occurring risk behaviours, in addition to demographic and socio-economic factors, are important considerations when developing interventions to reduce smoking among this population. KEY WORDS: Smoking; tobacco; Indigenous population; adult; Canada La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. OBJECTIF: Examiner les correlats du tabagisme actuel chez les Metis de 18 ans et plus, en accordant une attention particuliere aux facteurs propres a la culture. Les facteurs culturels etaient la spiritualite, la connaissance d'une langue autochtone, l'appartenance a une organisation metisse et la participation a des activites culturelles metisses. Des variables demographiques, geographiques, socioeconomiques et sanitaires ont aussi ete prises en compte. METHODE: Les donnees des 6 610 Metis adultes de 18 ans et plus ayant repondu a l'Enquete aupres des peuples autochtones de 2006 et au Supplement destine aux Metis ont servi a examiner les correlats du tabagisme actuel selon un modele de regression logistique binaire sequentielle. RESULTATS: Globalement, 39,9 % des repondants metis adultes de l'echantillon etaient des fumeurs actuels. Les Metis adultes ayant declare un haut niveau de spiritualite etaient moins susceptibles d'etre des fumeurs actuels. Ceux qui parlaient une langue autochtone ou qui vivaient dans une maison oU l'on parlait une langue autochtone etaient plus susceptibles d'etre des fumeurs actuels. L'appartenance a une organisation metisse et la participation a des manifestations culturelles n'etaient pas independamment associees au tabagisme actuel. Les Metis dont le revenu du menage, le niveau de scolarite, la sante autopercue et le niveau d'activite physique etaient plus eleves etaient moins susceptibles d'etre des fumeurs actuels, tandis que ceux ayant declare une forte consommation d'alcool etaient plus susceptibles d'etre des fumeurs actuels. CONCLUSIONS: Les interventions visant a reduire le tabagisme chez les Metis adultes pourraient etre plus fructueuses si elles incluaient un lien avec la spiritualite. On voit aussi que les comportements a risque concomitants, en plus des facteurs demographiques et socioeconomiques, sont d'importants facteurs a prendre en compte lorsqu'on elabore des interventions pour reduire le tabagisme dans cette population. MOTS CLES: tabagisme; tabac; population d'origine amerindienne; adulte; Canada doi: 10.17269/CJPH.106.5053, Aboriginal Canadians suffer from poorer health than non-Aboriginal Canadians. (1) Among the most notable medical conditions that characterize this diminished health status are cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. (1, 2) It [...]

OBJECTIVES: Caffeinated energy drinks have become increasingly popular among young people, raising concern about possible adverse effects, including increased alcohol consumption and related risk behaviours. The current study examined consumption of caffeinated energy drinks and use of energy drinks with alcohol, as well as associations with socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics, among a sample of secondary school students in Ontario. METHODS: Survey data from 23,610 grade 9-12 students at 43 purposefully sampled Ontario secondary schools participating in the baseline wave (2012/13) of the COMPASS study were analyzed using generalized linear mixed-effects models. Outcomes were any energy drink use, frequency of use, and use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks; covariates were age, sex, race, spending money, body mass index (BMI), weight-related efforts and alcohol use. Two-way interactions between sex and other covariates were tested. RESULTS: Nearly one in five students (18.2%) reported consuming energy drinks in a usual week. Use of energy drinks was associated (p < 0.01) with all socio-demographic variables examined and was more common among students who were male, off-reserve Aboriginal, had some spending money, had a BMI outside of 'healthy' range, were trying to lose weight, and/or reported a higher intensity of alcohol use. Interactions with sex were observed for age, spending money and weight-related efforts. Use of energy drinks mixed with alcohol in the previous 12 months was reported by 17.3% of the sample, and was associated with race, spending money, and more frequent binge drinking. CONCLUSION: Regular use of energy drinks was common among this sample of students and strongly linked to alcohol consumption. KEY WORDS: Adolescent; energy drinks; caffeine; health behaviour OBJECTIFS: Les boissons energisantes deviennent de plus en plus populaires aupres des jeunes et suscitent des inquietudes sur leurs effets secondaires possibles, y compris l'augmentation de la consommation d'alcool et des comportements a risques. Nous avons examine la consommation de boissons energisantes et la consommation simultanee de boissons energisantes et d'alcool, ainsi que leurs associations avec des caracteristiques sociodemographiques et comportementales, dans un echantillon d'eleves des ecoles secondaires de l'Ontario. METHODES: Les donnees d'enquete de 23 610 eleves de la 9e a la 12e annee, frequentant 43 ecoles secondaires de l'Ontario selectionnees par echantillonnage dirige et ayant participe a la phase de reference (2012-201 3) de l'etude COMPASS, ont ete analysees avec des modeles lineaires generalises a effets mixtes. Les resultats comptabilises etaient l'utilisation quelconque de boissons energisantes, la frequence d'utilisation, et la consommation de boissons energisantes en combinaison avec l'alcool; les covariables etaient l'age, le sexe, l'ethnicite, l'argent de poche, l'indice de masse corporelle (IMC), les efforts lies au poids et la consommation d'alcool. Les interactions entre le sexe et d'autres covariables ont ete testees. RESULTATS: Pres d'un eleve sur cinq (18,2%) a declare consommer des boissons energisantes au cours d'une semaine habituelle. L'utilisation de boissons energisantes etait associee (p < 0,01) avec toutes les donnees sociodemographiques examinees et etait plus frequente chez les eleves de sexe masculin, les Autochtones hors reserve, les eleves qui avaient de l'argent de poche, ceux qui avaient un IMC hors de la zone des <>, ceux qui tentaient de perdre du poids et/ou ceux ayant declare une consommation d'alcool elevee. Des interactions avec le sexe ont ete observees pour l'age, l'argent de poche et les efforts lies au poids. La consommation simultanee de boissons energisantes et d'alcool au cours des 12 mois precedents a ete declaree par 17,3% de l'echantillon et etait associee a l'ethnicite, a l'argent de poche et aux exces occasionnels d'alcool plus frequents. CONCLUSION: L'utilisation habituelle de boissons energisantes etait courante dans cet echantillon d'eleves, et fortement liee a la consommation d'alcool. MOTS CLES : adolescent; boissons energisantes; cafeine; comportement sanitaire La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. Can J Public Health 2015;106(3):e101-e108 doi: 10.17269/CJPH.106.4684, Caffeinated energy drinks (CEDs) are one of the fastest-growing segments of the beverage industry. Energy drinks typically contain caffeine levels ranging from 70 to 180 mg, as well as other [...]

OBJECTIVES: Given the link between active commuting and physical activity, this study examined factors associated with active commuting among a nationally representative sample of Canadian youth. METHODS: Using data from the 2010-11 Youth Smoking Survey, this study examined different forms of commuting (active, inactive, mixed) and factors associated with either mixed or active commuting among grade 6 to 12 students. RESULTS: Among Canadian youth in 2010-11, only 22.1% reported being an active commuter and only 25.7% reported being a mixed commuter. Students were more likely to commute actively if they were male, in younger grades (grades 6-10), a normal weight, a current smoker, or lived in urban areas. CONCLUSION: There is substantial opportunity to promote active commuting within the Canadian context since most youth were inactive commuters. Future research should explore the underlying facilitators or barriers to active commuting so that we better understand how best to promote active commuting among the subpopulations of youth (e.g., females, overweight youth, non-smokers, youth in rural areas) who are less likely to commute actively. KEY WORDS: Adolescent; physical activity; active commuting; body mass index; smoking OBJECTIFS: Etant donne le lien entre les deplacements actifs et l'activite physique, cette etude porte sur les facteurs associes aux deplacements actifs dans un echantillon representatif national de jeunes Canadiens. METHODE: A l'aide des donnees de l'Enquete sur le tabagisme chez les jeunes de 2010-2011, l'etude examine differentes formes de deplacements (actifs, inactifs, mixtes) et les facteurs associes aux deplacements mixtes ou actifs chez les eleves de la 6e a la 12e annee. RESULTATS: Chez les jeunes Canadiens en 2010-2011, seulement 22,1% disaient etre des navetteurs actifs et seulement 25,7% disaient utiliser des modes de transport mixtes. Les eleves etaient plus susceptibles d'etre des navetteurs actifs s'ils etaient des garcons, moins avances dans leur parcours scolaire (6e a 10e annee), de poids normal, fumeurs actuels ou vivant en zone urbaine. CONCLUSION: Il y a d'importantes possibilites de promouvoir les deplacements actifs dans le contexte canadien, car la plupart des jeunes emploient des modes de transport inactifs. Les etudes futures devraient explorer les elements sous-jacents qui facilitent ou qui font obstacle aux deplacements actifs pour pouvoir mieux comprendre les meilleurs moyens de promouvoir ce type de deplacements dans les souspopulations de jeunes (p. ex., filles, jeunes en surpoids, non-fumeurs, jeunes en milieu rural) moins susceptibles d'etre des navetteurs actifs. MOTS CLES: adolescent; activite physique; deplacements actifs; indice de masse corporelle; tabagisme, Data from the 2007-09 Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) suggest that among Canadian youth aged 15 to 19, 31% of boys and 26% of girls are overweight or obese. (1) [...]

Objectives: The current study team sought to understand smokeless tobacco (SLT) usage trends among youth, using nationally representative data collected as part of the Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (YSS) between 2004 and 2008. Methods: Descriptive analyses of SLT ever use among respondents in grades 6 to 9 were examined according to year of data collection (2008, n=31,249; 2006, n=34,050; and 2004, n=23,362). Using the 2008 data from respondents in grades 6 to 12 (n=51,922), logistic regression models were used to examine characteristics associated with SLT ever use and current use. Results: Between 2004 and 2008, the prevalence of youth in grades 6 to 9 reporting they have ever tried SLT significantly decreased by 30.8%. In 2008, male students were more likely than females to have tried SLT (OR 4.87, 95% CI 4.34-5.45) or to currently use SLT (OR 4.96, 95% CI 4.12-5.96). There are regional differences in prevalence of SLT use across Canada, with the highest rates in western provinces and the lowest in Quebec. Current smokers were also more likely to use SLT (OR 11.86, 95% CI 10.22-13.76) compared to non-smokers. Older students are more likely to report ever use or current use of SLT. Conclusion: The findings from this study demonstrate that in Canada, adolescent SLT use is primarily an issue with males and there are significant regional differences. Ongoing monitoring of SLT is encouraged considering the tobacco industry's recent investments and product development and increased use in countries like the United States. Key words: Smokeless tobacco; Adolescent; Canada Objectifs : Le groupe d'etude actuel de l'Enquete sur le tabagisme chez les jeunes (ETJ) a cherche a comprendre les tendances de l'usage du tabac sans fumee (TSF) chez les jeunes au moyen de donnees representatives nationales recueillies dans le cadre de l'ETJ menee au Canada entre 2004 et 2008. Methode : Des analyses descriptives de l'usage du TSF chez les repondants de la 6e a la 9e annee ont ete examinees selon l'annee de collecte des donnees (2008, n=31 249; 2006, n=34 050; et 2004, n=23 362). A l'aide des donnees de 2008 obtenues aupres des repondants de la 6e a la 12e annee (n=51 922), nous avons utilise des modeles de regression logistique pour etudier les caracteristiques associees au fait d'avoir deja utilise du TSF et au fait d'en utiliser actuellement. Resultats : Entre 2004 et 2008, la prevalence de jeunes de la 6e a la 9e annee ayant deja essaye du TSF a presente une baisse significative de 30,8%. En 2008, les garcons etaient plus susceptibles que les filles d'avoir essaye le TSF (RC=4,87, IC de 95% = 4,34-5,45) ou d'en utiliser actuellement (RC=4,96, IC de 95% = 4,12-5,96). Il y a des ecarts regionaux dans la prevalence de l'usage du TSF au Canada, les taux les plus eleves etant observes dans les provinces de l'Ouest, et le taux le plus faible au Quebec. Les fumeurs actuels etaient aussi plus susceptibles d'utiliser du TSF (RC=11,86, IC de 95% = 10,22-13,76) que les nonfumeurs. Les eleves plus ages etaient plus susceptibles de declarer avoir deja utilise ou utiliser actuellement du TSF. Conclusion : Ces constatations montrent qu'au Canada, l'usage du TSF chez les adolescents concerne principalement les garcons, et qu'il existe des ecarts regionaux importants. La surveillance continue de l'usage du TSF est a encourager, etant donne les investissements recents et le developpement de nouveaux produits par l'industrie du tabac et l'usage accru du TSF dans des pays comme les Etats-Unis. Mots cles : tabac sans fumee; adolescent; Canada, Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is a term used to describe a family of non-combusted consumer products that deliver nicotine and are generally placed in the mouth or nasal passage. SLT products [...]

Abstract This study examined whether student tobacco, alcohol, marijuana use, and sedentary behaviour were associated with the educational outcomes of health-related absenteeism, truancy, and academic motivation in a nationally representative [...]

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore school and individual characteristics associated with smoking susceptibility among a nationally representative sample of Canadian youth who were never-smokers. Methods: Using data from the 2006-07 Youth Smoking Survey, multi-level logistic regression modeling was used to examine if student-level and school-level characteristics were associated with smoking susceptibility among grade 9 to 12 never-smokers. Results: In 2006, 88.2% of Canadian youth in grades 9 to 12 were considered never-smokers, of whom 28.2% (n=255,840) were considered to be susceptible to future smoking. Significant between-school random variation in smoking susceptibility was identified, although the school-level smoking rate was not significantly associated with the risk of an individual student being susceptible. At the student level, smoking susceptibility was associated with having a sibling who smokes, having 1 or 2 close friends who smoke, having ever used alcohol or marijuana, being female and being in grade 9. Parental smoking and exposure to smoking in a car or in the home were not significantly associated with smoking susceptibility. Conclusion: One way to prevent smoking onset among youth is to interfere with the development of susceptibility to smoking in non-smoking youth population. We found that over 1 in 4 Canadian youth who were never-smokers in 2006 were considered susceptible to smoking in the future. Ongoing tobacco control prevention initiatives are crucial for reducing the prevalence of smoking susceptibility among non-smoking Canadian youth. Key words: Smoking susceptibility; youth; youth smoking survey; multi-level modeling; social influences; alcohol use; drug use Objectifs : Analyser les caracteristiques scolaires et individuelles associees a la susceptibilite au tabagisme au sein d'un echantillon representatif national de jeunes Canadiens n'ayant jamais fume. Methode : A l'aide des donnees de l'Enquete sur le tabagisme chez les jeunes (2006-2007), nous avons utilise la modelisation par regression logistique multiniveaux pour determiner si des caracteristiques des eleves et des ecoles etaient associees a la susceptibilite au tabagisme chez les jeunes de la 9e a la 12e annee n'ayant jamais fume. Resultats : En 2006, 88,2 % des jeunes Canadiens de la 9e a la 12e annee etaient consideres comme n'ayant jamais fume; 28,2 % (n=255 840) de ces jeunes etaient juges susceptibles de fumer plus tard. Nous avons observe des variations aleatoires significatives entre les ecoles pour ce qui est de la susceptibilite au tabagisme, bien que le taux de tabagisme par ecole ne presente pas de correlation significative avec le risque qu'un eleve en particulier soit plus susceptible au tabagisme. Chez les eleves, la susceptibilite au tabagisme etait associee aux faits d'avoir un frere ou une soeur qui fume, d'avoir un ou deux amis proches qui fument, d'avoir deja consomme de l'alcool ou de la marijuana, d'etre une fille et d'etre en 9e annee. Le tabagisme parental et l'exposition au tabac en voiture ou a la maison ne presentaient pas de correlation significative avec la susceptibilite au tabagisme. Conclusion : L'un des moyens de prevenir le debut du tabagisme chez les jeunes est d'entraver le developpement de la susceptibilite au tabagisme dans la population des jeunes non fumeurs. Nous avons observe que plus d'un jeune Canadien sur quatre n'ayant jamais fume en 2006 etait considere comme susceptible de fumer plus tard. Les initiatives permanentes de prevention du tabagisme sont d'une importance cruciale pour reduire la prevalence de la susceptibilite au tabagisme chez les jeunes Canadiens non fumeurs. Mots cles : susceptibilite au tabagisme; jeunes; tabagisme chez les jeunes; analyse multiniveaux; influences sociales; consommation d'alcool; consommation de drogue, Starting smoking before 15 years of age is associated with increased risk of lung cancer, (1) and increased risk of breast cancer among females. (2) Despite the health risks of [...]

Objectives: Given that little is known about how youth access contraband cigarettes, the current study seeks to examine factors associated with how underage smoking youth report usually accessing contraband cigarettes. Methods: This study used nationally representative data collected from 41,886 students (grades 9 to 12) as part of the 2006-07 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (YSS). Using data from current smokers who report that their usual brand of cigarettes is contraband, three logistic regression models were used to examine factors associated with buying cigarettes from a store, getting cigarettes from a family member, or getting cigarettes from friends or strangers. Results: In 2006, 7.9% (n=13,300) of Canadian youth who were current smokers reported that their usual brand of cigarettes was contraband. Among these youth, the majority reported that they usually get their cigarettes from a friend or stranger (54.8%), whereas 26.4% report usually getting them from a family member and 18.8% usually buying their own from a store. Boys were more likely to buy contraband cigarettes from a store, whereas youth with a parent who smokes contraband cigarettes were substantially more likely to get contraband cigarettes from a family member and youth with friends who smoke contraband cigarettes were substantially more likely to get contraband cigarettes from a friend or stranger. Conclusion: Ongoing surveillance of contraband cigarette use among youth and how youth access contraband cigarettes is required for guiding future tobacco control policy and programming activities. Key words: Smoking; adolescent; contraband; Youth Smoking Survey; access Objectifs : Comme on en sait peu sur les methodes d'acces des jeunes aux cigarettes de contrebande, nous avons examine les facteurs associes aux diverses facons dont les jeunes fumeurs mineurs disent habituellement se procurer ces cigarettes. Methode : Notre etude utilise des donnees representatives a l'echelle nationale recueillies aupres de 41 886 eleves (9e a 12e annee) dans le cadre de l'Enquete sur le tabagisme chez les jeunes (ETJ) menee au Canada en 2006-2007. A partir des donnees obtenues aupres des fumeurs actuels ayant pour << marque >> habituelle les cigarettes de contrebande, nous avons utilise trois modeles de regression logistique pour examiner les facteurs associes a l'achat de cigarettes dans un magasin, a l'obtention de cigarettes aupres d'un membre de la famille, ou a l'obtention de cigarettes aupres d'amis ou d'inconnus. Resultats : En 2006, 7,9 % (n=13 300) des jeunes Canadiens qui etaient des fumeurs actuels disaient fumer des cigarettes de contrebande comme << marque habituelle >>. Parmi ces jeunes, la majorite disaient qu'ils se procuraient d'habitude leurs cigarettes aupres d'un ami ou d'un inconnu (54,8 %); 26,4 % disaient se les procurer habituellement aupres d'un membre de leur famille; et 18,8 % disaient habituellement les acheter au magasin. Les garcons etaient plus susceptibles d'acheter des cigarettes de contrebande dans un magasin, tandis que les jeunes ayant un parent fumeur de cigarettes de contrebande etaient beaucoup plus susceptibles de se procurer leurs cigarettes aupres d'un membre de leur famille; les jeunes dont les amis fumaient des cigarettes de contrebande etaient aussi beaucoup plus susceptibles de se procurer ces cigarettes aupres d'un ami ou d'un inconnu. Conclusion : Il faudrait exercer une surveillance permanente de la consommation de cigarettes de contrebande chez les jeunes et de leurs voies d'acces a ce type de cigarettes pour orienter les futurs programmes et politiques de lutte contre le tabagisme. Mots cles : tabagisme; adolescent; contrebande; Enquete sur le tabagisme chez les jeunes; acces, Point-of-sale access restrictions have been developed to prevent under-age youth from purchasing tobacco, (1,2) yet they are often ineffective. (3-5) It is common for youth to obtain cigarettes through retailers [...]

Objectives: Schools represent an important environment for physical activity (PA) promotion among youth. Schools can promote PA through policies and programs but our understanding of how these school characteristics associate with student PA levels is largely unknown. Developing this understanding is critical for implementing new prevention interventions. The aim of this study was to identify the school- and student-related characteristics associated with moderate and high levels of PA in a sample of Ontario elementary schools. Methods: Using multi-level logistic regression analyses, we explored the school- and student-level characteristics associated with being moderately and highly active using data collected from administrators and from students in grades 5 to 8 at 30 elementary schools in Ontario. Students' PA levels, sex, grade, and the number of physical education classes per week were linked to school environment data--specifically, a school's chosen implementation model for daily physical activity and whether it offers intramural and interschool PA programming. Results: Findings indicate that there was significant between-school variation for being moderately and highly active. Students were less likely to be moderately or highly active if they attended a school offering interschool PA programming. An important student characteristic positively associated with student PA levels included participating in at least two physical education classes per week. Conclusion: The residual differences in PA by school suggest that school-level characteristics facilitate higher levels of student PA beyond individual-level factors. Although most variation in student PA lies between students within schools, there is sufficient between-school variation to be of interest to practitioners and policy-makers. Key words: Physical activity; youth/child; schools; school environment; multilevel modeling Objectifs: Les ecoles sont un important milieu ou promouvoir l'activite physique chez les jeunes. Elles peuvent le faire dans leurs politiques et leurs programmes, mais on ignore presque tout de l'association entre ces caracteristiques des ecoles et les niveaux d'activite physique des eleves. Or, il est essentiel d'en savoir davantage pour mettre en oeuvre de nouvelles mesures de prevention. Nous avons voulu determiner les caracteristiques des ecoles et des eleves associees aux niveaux d'activite physique moderes et eleves dans un echantillon d'ecoles primaires de l'Ontario. Methode: A l'aide d'analyses de regression logistique multiniveau, nous avons etudie les caracteristiques des ecoles et des eleves associees a l'activite physique moderee et elevee grace aux donnees recueillies aupres d'administrateurs et d'eleves de la 5e a la 8e annee dans 30 ecoles primaires de l'Ontario. Les niveaux d'activite physique des eleves, leur sexe, leur classe et le nombre de cours d'education physique par semaine ont ete lies aux donnees sur le milieu scolaire--plus precisement, au modele de mise en oeuvre choisi par l'ecole pour l'activite physique quotidienne et a la presence de programmes d'activite physique intramuros et inter-etablissements. Resultats: Nous avons observe d'importantes variations interetablissements pour l'activite physique moderee et elevee. Les eleves etaient moins susceptibles d'etre moderement ou tres actifs s'ils frequentaient une ecole ayant un programme d'activite physique interetablissements. Une importante caracteristique des eleves positivement associee aux niveaux d'activite physique etait leur participation a au moins deux cours d'education physique par semaine. Conclusion: Les ecarts residuels inter-etablissements pour ce qui est de l'activite physique donnent a penser qu'au-dela des facteurs individuels, les caracteristiques de l'ecole peuvent faciliter l'activite physique des eleves. La plupart des variations dans l'activite physique des eleves sont observees entre les eleves d'une meme ecole, mais il existe suffisamment de variations d'une ecole a l'autre pour interesser les praticiens et les responsables des politiques. Mots cles: exercice physique; adolescent; enfant; etablissement scolaire; milieu scolaire; modelisation multiniveau La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article., Physical inactivity is associated with an increased risk for chronic illnesses. (1) Current data indicate that 87% of Canadian youth do not meet the Canadian physical activity (PA) guidelines. (2) [...]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.10.013 Byline: Rovshan M. Ismailov (a), Scott T. Leatherdale (a)(b)(c) Keywords: Former smokers; Nicotine replacement therapy; Pharmaceutical aid Abstract: There is a need to better understand the prevalence of use of pharmaceutical aids among former smokers, and explore concerns that those former smokers may have had about using such products. This paper examines the use of various cessation aids and strategies as well as reasons for not using cessation aids among a nationally representative sample of former smokers from Canada. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Canada (b) Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Canada (c) Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.09.011 Byline: Scott T. Leatherdale Keywords: Smoking/tobacco use; Cessation; School-based; Youth/adolescent; Prevention Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to examine characteristics that predict interest in school-based cessation programs among 3136 youth smokers with intentions to quit smoking. The majority of youth smokers report that they would not join a school-based smoking cessation program. However, improving awareness of these types of programs among students is important as sub-populations of youth smokers were more likely to be interested in school-based cessation initiatives when aware that such programs exist. Future school-based cessation intervention outcomes might be improved if programs are targeted to the youth that are most likely to use them, if more youth can be made aware of existing programs, and if the benefits of participating in such programs can be more adequately conveyed to youth smokers. Author Affiliation: Division of Preventive Oncology, Cancer Care Ontario, 620 University Avenue, Toronto ON, Canada M5G 2L7 Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Canada Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.10.003 Byline: Scott T. Leatherdale (a)(b)(c), Steve Manske (b)(d), Christina Kroeker (b) Keywords: Smoking behaviour; Youth/adolescence; Peer influences; School environment; Multi-level/hierarchical; Sex/gender differences Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in how the smoking behaviour of close friends and older peers at school influence smoking onset and progression among 10,843 grade 9, 10 and 11 students from 29 secondary schools in Ontario, Canada. In lower-risk student populations (i.e., students with no smoking friends or one smoking friend), males and females were both at a similar level of risk for occasional smoking as a function of the smoking rate of older students at their school. Among higher-risk student populations (i.e., students with three or more close friends who smoke), the smoking rate of older students at school did not influence the risk of occasional smoking. The odds of a female student being a regular smoker increased as the prevalence of smoking among older students at her school increased regardless of her close friends' smoking behaviour. However, among male students, the influence of older student smoking at school on the odds of regular smoking was moderated by the number of close friends who smoke. It appears that the prevalence of older student smoking at a school is more influential among younger female students, whereas the smoking behaviour of close friends appears to be more influential among younger male students. This new finding provides unique insight for tailoring and targeting future school-based smoking prevention initiatives. Author Affiliation: (a) Division of Preventive Oncology, Cancer Care Ontario, Canada (b) Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Canada (c) Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (d) Centre for Behavioural Research and Program Evaluation for the National Cancer Institute of Canada and the Canadian Cancer Society, Canada

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.02.004 Byline: Scott T. Leatherdale (a)(b), Paul W. McDonald (b)(c) Keywords: Cessation; Youth; Intervention Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes of youth smokers toward nine common smoking cessation approaches. Attitudes were examined among 3660 youth smokers who intended to quit smoking. The majority of youth smokers report that they would never use the smoking cessation approaches that are commonly recommended for youth populations. The approaches that were appealing to youth are quitting on their own and using the advice of friends. Future initiatives need to more effectively communicate to youth the benefits of existing cessation approaches, make existing interventions more appealing, or develop new approaches that address youth needs. Author Affiliation: (a) Division of Preventive Oncology, Cancer Care Ontario, 620 University Avenue, Toronto ON, Canada M5G 2L7 (b) Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Canada (c) Health Behaviour Research Group, University of Waterloo, Canada

Dear Editor: As Canada pursues legalization of cannabis, the issue of food safety related to edible cannabis products has received little attention. In Europe and the United States, the cannabis [...]

Determination of participation levels of students in school- based smoking cessation programmes is described. Need to spread awareness of such programmes among students is discussed, along with need to prevent this habit from spreading among students.

Application of probability theory, to determine the impact of gender difference on smoking attitudes of school students due to peer influence, is described.

The attitudes of youth smokers toward nine common smoking cessation approaches are examined. The majority of youth smokers report that they would never use the smoking cessation approaches that are commonly recommended for youth populations.

Physical activity is a multi-faceted behaviour comprised of several components: frequency, intensity, time and type (FITT). Despite this understanding, there is currently a lack of knowledge regarding how the individual components of FITT influence chronic diseases. This is partly due to the tendency for researchers to focus on intensity via obtaining accurate measurements of energy expenditure. Although energy expenditure is an important consideration in the assessment of physical activity, it is only one component. Accordingly, future studies examining the association between physical activity and disease risk would benefit from examining all the components of FITT. Considering that all the components of FITT are modifiable, knowing their independent or combined influence on risk may provide valuable insight for future prevention interventions. Key words: Motor activity; chronic disease; epidemiology L'activite physique est un comportement multifacette compose de quatre elements : la frequence, l'intensite, la duree et le type (FIDT). Bien que l'on s'entende sur ce point, on connait encore trop peu l'influence de chacun de ces elements sur les maladies chroniques. Cela s'explique en partie par la tendance des chercheurs a mettre l'accent sur l'intensite en voulant obtenir des mesures exactes de la force depensee. La force depensee est un important element a considerer lorsqu'on evalue l'activite physique, mais il y en a d'autres. En consequence, les futures etudes qui porteront sur l'association entre l'activite physique et les risques de maladie auraient interet a examiner tous les elements FIDT. Comme ils sont tous modifiables, le fait de connaitre leur influence, independante ou combinee, sur les risques pourrait jeter un precieux eclairage sur les futures interventions de prevention. Mots cles : activite motrice; maladie chronique; epidemiologie, Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by the skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure beyond resting expenditure. (1) Although this definition refers to both voluntary and [...]