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Hummel, Karl-Joseph and Christoph Kosters, eds. Kirche, Krieg und Katholiken: Geschichte und Gedachtnis im 20. Jahrhundert. Freiburg/Breisgau: Herder, 2014. 175 pp. 16.99 [euro] (hardcover). Part of the growing literature on [...]

Introduction The rising prevalence and burden of depression worldwide disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries. (1-4) Major depressive and bipolar disorders independently increase the risk for other chronic diseases, including [...], Objective To evaluate the development and implementation of clinical practice guidelines for the management of depression globally. Methods We conducted a systematic review of existing guidelines for the management of depression in adults with major depressive or bipolar disorder. For each identified guideline, we assessed compliance with measures of guideline development quality (such as transparency in guideline development processes and funding, multidisciplinary author group composition, systematic review of comparative efficacy research) and implementation (such as quality indicators). We compared guidelines from low- and middle-income countries with those from high-income countries. Findings We identified 82 national and 13 international clinical practice guidelines from 83 countries in 27 languages. Guideline development processes and funding sources were explicitly specified in a smaller proportion of guidelines from low- and middle-income countries (8/29; 28%) relative to high-income countries (35/58; 60%). Fewer guidelines (2/29; 7%) from low- and middle-income countries, relative to high-income countries (22/58; 38%), were authored by a multidisciplinary development group. A systematic review of comparative effectiveness was conducted in 31% (9/29) of low- and middle-income country guidelines versus 71% (41/58) of high-income country guidelines. Only 10% (3/29) of low- and middle-income country and 19% (11/58) of high-income country guidelines described plans to assess quality indicators or recommendation adherence. Conclusion Globally, guideline implementation is inadequately planned, reported and measured. Narrowing disparities in the development and implementation of guidelines in low- and middle-income countries is a priority. Future guidelines should present strategies to implement recommendations and measure feasibility, cost-effectiveness and impact on health outcomes. [phrase omitted] [phrase omitted] Objectif Evaluer le developpement et la mise en reuvre des directives de pratique clinique pour la gestion de la depression dans le monde. Methodes Nous avons effectue une revue systematique des directives existantes en matiere de gestion de la depression chez les adultes souffrant de troubles depressifs majeurs ou de troubles bipolaires. Pour chaque directive identifiee, nous avons verifie le degre de conformite vis-a-vis des mesures de qualite du developpement des directives (transparence des processus d'elaboration des directives et de leur financement, composition multidisciplinaire du groupe d'auteurs, revue systematique des etudes d'efficacite comparative) ainsi que de la mise en reuvre (indicateurs de qualite). Nous avons confronte les directives des pays a faible et moyen revenu avec celles des pays a haut revenu. Resultats Nous avons identifie 82 directives de pratique clinique nationales et 13 directives de pratique clinique internationales dans 83 pays et en 27 langues. Les processus d'elaboration des directives et les sources de financement etaient explicitement indiquees dans une moindre proportion chez les pays a faible et moyen revenu (8/29; 28%) par rapport aux pays a haut revenu (35/58; 60%). Le nombre de directives redigees par un groupe d'auteurs multidisciplinaire etait moins eleve dans les pays a faible et moyen revenu (2/29; 7%) que dans les pays a haut revenu (22/58; 38%). Une revue systematique de l'efficacite comparative a ete menee pour 31% (9/29) des directives dans les pays a faible et moyen revenu, contre 71% (41/58) des directives dans les pays a haut revenu. Seulement 10% (3/29) des directives emises par les pays a faible et moyen revenu et 19% (11/58) de celles emises par les pays a haut revenu comprenaient un programme d'evaluation des indicateurs de qualite ou de l'adherence aux recommandations. Conclusion La mise en reuvre des directives est mal planifiee, mal analysee et mal mesuree. Reduire les disparites de developpement et de mise en reuvre des directives dans les pays a faible et moyen revenu est une priorite. A l'avenir, ces directives devraient prevoir des strategies d'execution des recommandations, mais aussi d'evaluation de la faisabilite, de la rentabilite et de l'impact sur l'etat de sante. [phrase omitted] Objetivo Evaluar la elaboracion e implementacion de las directrices de practica clinica para el tratamiento de la depresion a nivel mundial. Metodos Se realizo una revision sistematica de las directrices existentes para el tratamiento de la depresion en adultos con trastorno depresivo mayor o bipolar. Por cada directriz identificada, se evaluo el cumplimiento de las medidas de calidad de elaboracion de directrices (como la transparencia en los procesos de elaboracion de directrices y su financiamiento, la composicion del grupo multidisciplinario de autores, la revision sistematica del estudio de eficacia comparativo) y la implementacion (como los indicadores de calidad). En este contexto, se compararon las directrices de los paises de ingresos bajos y medios con las de los paises de ingresos altos. Resultados Se identificaron las directrices de practica clinica a nivel nacional (82) y a nivel internacional (13) de 83 paises en 27 idiomas. Los procesos de elaboracion de directrices y las fuentes de financiamiento se especificaron de manera explicita en un porcentaje menor de directrices de los paises de ingresos bajos y medios (8/29; 28 %) en relacion con las de los paises de ingresos altos (35/58; 60 %). Un grupo de desarrollo multidisciplinario elaboro menos directrices (2/29; 7 %) para los paises de ingresos bajos y medios, en relacion con las de los paises de ingresos altos (22/58; 38 %). Ademas, se realizo una revision sistematica sobre la efectividad comparativa en el 31 % (9/29) de las directrices de los paises de ingresos bajos y medios, frente al 71 % (41/58) de las directrices de los paises de ingresos altos. Solo el 10 % (3/29) de las directrices de los paises de ingresos bajos y medios y el 19 % (11/58) de las directrices de los paises de ingresos altos describieron planes para evaluar los indicadores de calidad o el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones. Conclusion La implementacion de las directrices no se planifica, notifica ni evalua de manera adecuada a nivel mundial. Es prioritario reducir las desigualdades en la elaboracion y la implementacion de las directrices en los paises de ingresos bajos y medios. Las directrices que se elaboren en el futuro deberan presentar estrategias para implementar las recomendaciones y evaluar la viabilidad, la rentabilidad y el impacto en los resultados sanitarios.

Seamus Heaney's 2006 collection District and Circle connects many of its poems to war and violence. In doing so, it enlists stock Holocaust imagery, or 'topoi, 'first introduced as such [...]

SUMMARY The Canadian Geoscience Council (CGC) was reorganized into the Canadian Federation of Earth Sciences/ Federation Canadienne des Sciences de la Terre (CFES/FCST) in the fall of 2006. This article [...]

The effect of polysaccharide charge density on protein/polysaccharide complexation in solution is studied to understand the effect of polysaccharide charge density on complex adsorption of the air/water interface. It is observed that polysaccharide charge density is a major determinant in the solubility of the protein/polysaccharide complexes.

The role of topoisomerase IV (Topo IV) and of the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complex in chromosome compaction and in global protein synthesis was investigated. Lowering of the levels of Topo IV led to chromosome decondensation, while overproduction induced chromosome hyper-compaction, showing that Topo IV has an influence on the compaction of the whole chromosome, in a manner similar to that of the SMC protein, though different in mechanism. Increased synthesis of Topo IV in smc-deleted cells partially rescued the growth and condensation defect of the deletion, but not the segregation defect, revealing that the two systems interact at a genetic level. Two-dimensional gel investigations showed that global protein synthesis is highly aberrant in smc-deleted cells, and, to a different extent, also in cells lacking ScpA or ScpB, which form the SMC complex together with SMC protein. Overproduction of Topo IV partially rescued the defect in protein synthesis in smc mutant cells, indicating that Topo IV can restore the loss of negative super-coiling caused by the absence of SMC protein, but does not fully rescue the segregation defect. The data also show that the SMC protein has a dual function, in chromosome supercoiling and in active segregation.

Volume holographic gratings are recorded and retrieved in two commercially available glasses: Schott Foturan and Hoya PEG3. These materials are photoetchable, which describes their major application, but they also allow storage of volume holograms without any chemical etching. The samples are illuminated with ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 325 nm and thermally processed to achieve a maximum diffraction efficiency of [approximately equal to] 9% for a 1-mm-thick sample. The two glasses show similar behavior; the diffraction efficiencies in Foturan tend to be slightly larger, whereas PEG3 tends to have weaker light scattering. OCIS codes: 090.7330, 090.2900.

PITY the poor labor economists. They build their careers studying one of the most complicated bazaars in the economic world--the marketplace for jobs. Not only that, but their labors have [...]

dTDP-rhamnose is an important precursor of cell wall polysaccharides and rhamnose-containing exopolysaccharides (EPS) in Lactococcus lactis. We cloned the rfbACBD operon from L. lactis MG1363, which comprises four genes involved in dTDP-rhamnose biosynthesis. When expressed in Escherichia coli, the lactococcal rfbACBD genes could sustain heterologous production of the Shigella flexneri O antigen, providing evidence of their functionality. Overproduction of the RfbAC proteins in L. lactis resulted in doubled dTDP-rhamnose levels, indicating that the endogenous RfbAC activities control the intracellular dTDP-rhamnose biosynthesis rate. However, RfbAC overproduction did not affect rhamnose-containing B40-EPS production levels. A nisin-controlled conditional RfbBD mutant was unable to grow in media lacking the inducer nisin, indicating that the rfb genes have an essential role in L. lactis. Limitation of RfbBD activities resulted in the production of altered EPS. The monomeric sugar of the altered EPS consisted of glucose, galactose, and rhamnose at a molar ratio of 1:0.3:0.2, which is clearly different from the ratio in the native sugar. Biophysical analysis revealed a fourfold-greater molecular mass and a twofold-smaller radius of gyration for the altered EPS, indicating that these EPS are more flexible polymers with changed viscosifying properties. This is the first indication that enzyme activity at the level of central carbohydrate metabolism affects EPS composition.

A number of relevant properties of Woodward's reagent K have been determined, such as the stability of the reactant and the optimal reaction conditions of the reactant with protein carboxylates. A Woodward's reagent K stock solution was stable at 4 [degrees]C for prolonged time, whereas upon storage at 22 [degrees]C, almost 20% of the reactive compound was lost within 1 week. The pH-dependency of the spontaneous degradation reaction of Woodward's reagent K was studied and was shown to be base-mediated. A molar extinction coefficient of 3150 [M.sup.-1] [cm.sup.-1] at 269 nm for the enol ester resulting from the reaction between Woodward's reagent K and the protein carboxylates was established using the conditions laid out in this work. This value was validated using a variety of proteins that were modified by Woodward's reagent K. In addition, upon methylation of the carboxylates of a single protein, ovalbumin in this case, the degree of modification could be determined accurately and was confirmed by cation exchange chromatography elution profiles.

Kitchen im Krieg. Europa 1939-1945. Edited by Karl-Joseph Hummel and Christoph Kosters. (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schoningh. 2007. Pp. 614. € 48,00. ISBN 978-3-506-75688-6.) The collected essays, edited by two notable German [...]

Byline: K. Kosters (1,3), C. P. Bleeker--Rovers (1,2,3), R. Crevel (1,3), W. J. G. Oyen (2,3), A. J. A. M. Ven (1,3) Abstract: Abstract The most common manifestation of cardiovascular syphilis, a rare diagnosis since the introduction of penicillin, is aortitis of the ascending aorta. Since the majority of patients with uncomplicated aortitis are asymptomatic, early diagnosis is difficult. We report the case of an HIV--positive patient with asymptomatic syphilitic aortitis that was incidentally diagnosed with F--18--fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). We conclude that FDG--PET could become a promising new imaging technique for both diagnosis and follow--up of patients with syphilitic aortitis. Author Affiliation: (1) Dept. of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 9101, Huispost 541, 6500, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands (2) Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (3) Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Article History: Registration Date: 01/01/2005 Received Date: 02/05/2005 Accepted Date: 11/07/2005 Article note: This paper is dedicated to the founders of the Walter Marget Foundation, D. Adam and F. Daschner, in gratitude for their support of the training in infectious diseases.

In his new book, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor,(*) William Julius Wilson argues that 'the disappearance of work and the consequences of that disappearance for [...]