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This article serves as the introduction for this special issue of Global Governance on international migration. It presents some of the key facts, figures, concepts, and debates on international migration [...]

We present a simple microfluidic platform that uses biocompatible ferrofluids for the controlled manipulation and rapid separation of both microparticles and live cells. This low-cost platform exploits differences in particle size, shape, and elasticity to achieve rapid and efficient separation. Using microspheres, we demonstrate size-based separation with 99% separation efficiency and sub-10-[micro]m resolution in ferrornicrofluidics | magnetic hole | cell separation doi/10.1073/pnas.09112138106

"The world total of international migrants has more than doubled in just 25 years; about 25 million were added in just the first 5 years of the twenty-first century."

Dried corn distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to swine may adversely affect carcass quality due to the high concentration of unsaturated fat. Feeding CLA enhances pork quality when unsaturated fat is contained in the diet. The effects of CLA on growth and pork quality were evaluated in pigs fed DDGS. Diets containing 0, 20, or 40% DDGS were fed to pigs beginning 30 d before slaughter. At 10 d before slaughter, one-half of each DDGS treatment group was fed 0.6% CLA or 1% choice white grease. Carcass data, liver- and backfat-samples were collected at slaughter. Longissimus muscle area, 10th-rib backfat depth, last rib midline backfat depth, LM color, marbling, firmness and drip loss, and bacon collagen content were not altered by DDGS or CLA. Outer layer backfat iodine values were increased (P [less than or equal to] 0.05) with DDGS feeding and were 65.07, 69.75, and 74.25 for 0, 20, and 40% DDGS, respectively. Addition of CLA decreased (P [less than or equal to] 0.05) outer layer backfat iodine values from 71.11 to 68.31. Diets containing DDGS decreased (P [less than or equal to] 0.05) percent lean tissue contained in bacon from 48% for controls to 38% for pigs fed 40%. Abundance of fatty acid synthase, carnitine palmitoyl transferase Ia, acetyl-CoA-carboxylase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA in adipose or liver were not different (P > 0.05) for pigs fed DDGS. Feeding CLA decreased (P [less than or equal to] 0.05) the [[DELTA].sup.9] desaturase index in adipose tissue. The data indicate that decreased carcass firmness with DDGS feeding is not reflected by changes in lipogenic gene expression. Feeding 20% or more DDGS to finishing swine decreases bacon leanness, but inclusion of 0.6% CLA in the finishing diet can partially reverse these effects. Key words: conjugated linoleic acid, distiller grain, pork quality, swine

The bovine pyruvate carboxylase (PC) gene is expressed as 6 alternatively spliced variants that share a common open reading frame but that differ within their 5' untranslated regions (UTR). The PC 5' UTR variants (A through F) contain 6 combinations of 5 exons and are 68, 253, 363, 89, 226, 178 bp in length, respectively. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether or not the bovine PC mRNA variants exhibit different translational efficiencies. Each bovine PC 5' UTR variant was linked to the firefly luciferase coding region, and the resulting constructs were transcribed and translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate assay. All constructs resulted in synthesis of luciferase protein. The abundance of luciferase protein synthesized from the UTR of bovine PC 5' D was greater (P < 0.05) than synthesis from either PC 5' UTR C or E, and the abilities of UTR D, A, B, and F to drive protein translation were similar. The disproportionate contribution to protein synthesis of the PC 5' D UTR compared with UTR variant C or E indicates a complexity of control for PC enzyme synthesis in the bovine that is dependent on the profile of PC variants. These observations are consistent with differences in PC variant expression that have been observed in vivo and indicate that when PC mRNA is elevated, the pattern of variants directs an increase in PC activity through augmented PC enzyme synthesis. Key words: bovine, liver, pyruvate carboxylase, translational efficiency, untranslated region

Received wisdom suggests that asylum-seekers come to the UK because of the generosity of the welfare state and the ease of finding work in the growing informal labour market, because [...]

Natively unfolded phenylalanine-glycine (FG)-repeat domains are alleged to form the physical constituents of the selective barrier-gate in nuclear pore complexes during nucleocytoplasmic transport. Presently, the biophysical mechanism behind the selective gate remains speculative because of a lack of information regarding the nanomechanical properties of the FG domains. In this work, we have applied the atomic force microscope to measure the mechanical response of individual and clusters of FG molecules. Single-molecule force spectroscopy reveals that FG molecules are unfolded and highly flexible. To provide insight into the selective gating mechanism, an experimental platform has been constructed to study the collective behavior of surface-tethered FG molecules at the nanoscale. Measurements indicate that the collective behavior of such FG molecules gives rise to an exponentially decaying long-range steric repulsive force. This finding indicates that the molecules are thermally mobile in an extended polymer brush-like conformation. This assertion is confirmed by observing that the brush-like conformation undergoes a reversible collapse transition in less polar solvent conditions. These findings reveal how FG-repeat domains may simultaneously function as an entropic barrier and a selective trap in the near-field interaction zone of nuclear pore complexes; i.e., selective gate. force spectroscopy | nanomechanics | natively unfolded proteins | nuclear pore complex | selective gating

Most microscale electric and magnetic machines studied in the last decade lack the power density to support many practical applications. This paper introduces a design for a magnetic induction machine that offers power densities in excess of 200 MW/[m.sup.3] and efficiencies of up to 50%, while providing more than 10 W of mechanical power. This is a substantial performance increase in MEMS electromagnetic machines studied to date. [1435] Index Terms--Magnetic induction motor, micromotor, power MEMS, magnetic modeling.

The magnetic induction micromachine fabricated in Part II (see this issue or Ref. [2]) was not laminated, as designed in Part 1 (see this issue or Ref. [1]). Consequently, eddy currents in the stator core, and the associated nonlinear saturation, significantly decreased its performance from that predicted in Part I. To investigate and explain these phenomena and their consequences, this paper models the behavior of the solid-stator-core machine fabricated in Part II using a finite-difference time-domain numerical analysis. The inherent stiffness in the time-domain integration of Maxwell's equations is mitigated via reducing the speed of light artificially by five orders of magnitude, while taking special care that assumptions of magneto-quasi-static behavior are still met. The results from this model are in very good agreement with experimental data from the tethered magnetic induction micro motor. [1437] Index Terms--Eddy currents, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), magnetic induction, micromotor, saturation.

This paper presents the realization of a magnetic induction machine. The development of this machine is part of an ongoing project to create high-power density electric microgenerators for use in portable-power applications. The results reported here focus on testing a first-generation nonlaminated electromagnetic actuator, a metrology device designed for exploring and characterizing the fabrication process and the operating behavior of the magnetic induction micromachine. Achieving high power density requires large electrical currents and magnetic fluxes, which necessitate thick, multilayered microstructures that are difficult to fabricate. The batch-fabrication schemes developed as part of this work are based on low-temperature micromolding that makes extensive use of various ultra-thick photoresists and electroplating of electrical conductors (Cu) and ferromagnetic materials (Ni-Fe 80%-20%), resulting in the successful fabrication of a multilayer two-phase planar stator and a planar rotor. To evaluate the performance of the complete machine (stator plus rotor), a 4-mm-diameter, 500-[micro]-thick electroplated Ni-Fe rotor is tethered to a series of flexible structures that prevent it from making a complete revolution, but allow accurate torque performance extraction. The tethered induction micromotor studied here exhibits torque production as high as 4.8 [micro]N.m. [1436] Index Terms--Magnetic induction micromachine, micromolding, electroplating, tethers, micromotor.

Khalid Koser: 1 will focus particularly on the notion of future research directions ... from a refugee studies perspective. I think what today's workshop has confirmed to me, yet again, […]

Rabies virus (RV) nucleoprotein (N) tightly encapsidates the genomic and antigenomic RNA of RV to form the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. Antigens, such as N, presented in a highly organized structure are sufficient and even desirable to activate B cells to proliferate and produce antibodies. In addition to activating B cells to proliferate, it has been shown that RV N in the RNP complex induces potent T helper cell responses resulting in long-lasting and strong humoral immune responses against RV. The possibility to systematically incorporate foreign genes into the genome of RV and produce a recombinant virus allows us to examine whether the immunogenicity of foreign antigens can be enhanced by incorporation into the RV RNP structure. To test this hypothesis we constructed a recombinant RV expressing a RV N-GFP fusion protein. The chimeric N-GFP fusion protein was efficiently expressed and incorporated into RV RNP and virions. Moreover, the recombinant RNP induces a strong humoral immune response against GFP in mice. In contrast, mice inoculated with GFP alone or a combination of wild-type RV RNPs and GFP did not trigger any GFP-specific humoral responses using the same immunization schedule. These data indicate the usefulness of RV-based vectors as killed vaccines against other infectious diseases. nucleocapsid | fusion protein | vaccine

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the only gateway between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm, and it mediates all movement between these two compartments. The past few years have witnessed much progress on its structure and molecular architecture, its interaction with soluble transport receptors, and how nucleocytoplasmic transport is regulated by the small GTPase Ran. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying nucleocytoplasmic transport and in particular cargo translocation through the NPC are understood only poorly. Recent findings on the interaction between the NPC and transport factors might provide insights into how efficient NPC translocation is accomplished. Moreover, in addition to mediating nucleocytoplasmic transport, the NPC seems to be involved, either directly or indirectly, in many other cellular processes such as chromosome segregation, gene expression, the secretory pathway and apoptosis. Here we review recent findings on these unexpected roles of the NPC.

Abstract The study of transnationalism has largely bypassed refugees, or in rare cases has focused specifically on their political activities. Proceeding from recent perspectives in international migration studies which suggest [...]

The tandem reaction method is used to synthesize 2,5-dimethyl-6-methoxyisoin-dole-4,7-quinone, a substituted isoindolequinone isolated from the sponge Reniera. This technique offers a variety of advantages such as cost-effectiveness, synthesizable starting materials, reaction generality and the absence of a need for catalysts. Isoindolequinone is used as a radiosensitizer to sensitize hypoxic cells during cancer radiotherapy.

(Hydroxy(mesyloxy)iodo)benzene (HMIB) and its tosyloxy analog (HTIB) are stable, crystalline organoiodine complexes which are soluble in water at natural pH. UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy was used, together with potentiometric titration data, to show the presence of dimeric mu-oxodiiodine species in aqueous solution. The data shows that HMIB and HTIB occur in aqueous solution as fully solvated ions, a free hydroxy(phenyl)iodonium ion and an organosulfonate ion.

This paper examines the traditional distinction between the migration of refugees and labor migrants in the context of Iranian asylum seekers in the Netherlands. The empirical strategy adopted is to apply a framework designed specifically to explain labor migration to the case of asylum migration, and the social networks approach is identified as the most appropriate. This paper examines the role of social networks through the asylum cycle, focusing on the decision to migrate, the choice of destination, and adaptation in the host society. The key conclusion is that the validity of the distinction between refugee and labor migration varies through the asylum cycle even for the same individual., Typologies and theories of international migration have normally distinguished between refugees and labor migrants. Broadly, the former have been seen as the political element and the latter as the economic [...]

Using phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) to investigate sprays of optically inhomogeneous liquids leads to blurred measured size distributions. The blurring function is formed by performance of PDA measurements on single-size droplets generated by a piezoelectric droplet generator. To obtain the undistorted droplet-size distributions, a constrained iterative inversion algorithm is applied. The number of iteration steps to achieve the best possible restoration is determined by the use of synthetically generated data that has noise properties similar to the measured histograms. The obtained size distributions are checked by comparison with undistorted measurement results of an atomized optical homogeneous liquid.

Recent research has focused on trends in the scale and distribution of contemporary asylum migration flows to and within Europe, detailing recent changes. There has been a decline in the number of asylum applications in Europe recently, although the shift towards reduction has been different in different countries of destination. Asylum applications are distributed very unevenly across Europe, with Germany having received most applications over the period 1985-1995.

The effect of substitutents at C5 on Z/E isomer ratios and intramolecular H-bond stability in C=O protonated o-anisaldehydes was examined. Carboxomium ions used were produced by protonation of o-anisaldehyde (2-methoxybenzaldehyde) and its 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl, 5-cyano, 5-nitro and 5-acetyl derivatives with 1:1 SbF5-FSO3H. Results revealed that the ions were mainly in the Z,syn configuration. As the substituents were withdrawn, however, the amounts of E, anti configuration rose. E isomers exceeded Z isomer amounts in the presence of 5-NO2H+. A correlation was found between log Z/E values and predicted variations in energy content.

The reactions of iodosobenzene and (diacetoxyiodo)benzene with both isomers of dibenzoyltartaric acid produce iodine(III) tartrates. An NMR study reveals the structures of these hypervalent compounds as acyclic 1:1 polymers rather than the symmetric cyclic iodinanes earlier reported. Like its reactant mix, the iodine(III) tartrate is able to effect the asymmetric oxidation of p-tolyl methyl sulfide in acetone. Related reactivity studies using (+)-camphoric acid and (Z)-L-glutamic acid suggest that formation of the hypervalent iodine(III) carboxylate polymers may be a general reaction.

An overview is presented on the Carleton College Advanced Placement workshop for physics teachers. Components of the workshop include technology, course content and testing, and the application and role of advanced placement in a college setting.

The synthesis of alkynyl(aryl)iodonium arene-sulfonates from terminal alkynes involves the use of 1H-1-hydroxyl-5-methyl-1,2, 3-benziodoxathiole 3,3-dioxide, a cyclic analog of (hydroxy-(toryloxy) odo)benzene. A desiccant or silyl activation of the alkyne is not necessary to derive the sulfonate complex compounds with linear alkyl groups in the alkynyliodonio moiety.

A new stereoselective synthesis with large yields produces the key intermediates of robustadials A and B which are produced from (S)-(-)-beta-pinene. The bromination of one stereoisomer establishes the analysis by X-ray diffraction. Robustadials occur in the leaves of Eucalyptus robusta, and are extracted from ethanolic compounds in the leaves. Robustadials have a tetracyclic skeleton of organic compounds.

This article explores limitations on the concept of transnationalism, through examination of two empirical case studies of communities characterized by emerging transnational practices. Mirroring recent shifts of attention in studies of transnational migration away from US-based examples of established migrant workers, the article focuses on Bosnian refugees in the UK and The Netherlands, and Eritrean refugees in the UK and Germany. It stresses the importance of historical context, and the interconnection of social, political and institutional factors in producing highly uneven patterns of transnational activities both within and between these two groups. Keywords: Transnationalism; refugees; migration; Bosnia; Eritrea.

Joanne van Selm-Thorburn, Refugee Protection in Europe: Lessons of the Yugoslav Crisis The Hague: Kluwer, 1998, 278 pp., 68.00 [pounds sterling] h.b. (ISBN 90-411-0482-8) This review is being written in [...]

Krimmer, Elisabeth, and Patricia Simpson, eds. Enlightened War. German Theories and Cultures of Warfare from Frederick the Great to Clausewitz. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2011. 305 pp. $85.00 hardcover.The almost [...]

Oxford: James Currey Publishers, 2000, 190 pp., 30.00 h.b. [pounds sterling] (ISBN 0-85255-261-0) 11.95 p.b. [pounds sterling] (ISBN 0-85255-26-0) Congo-Paris is another book in the impressive African Issues series, and [...]