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In supercritical carbon dioxide (C[O.sub.2]) assisted polymer processes the solubility of C[O.sub.2] in a polymer plays a vital role. The higher the amount of C[O.sub.2] dissolved in a polymer the higher is the viscosity reduction of the polymer. Solubilities of C[O.sub.2] in polyester resins based on propoxylated bisphenol (PPB) and ethoxylated bisphenol (PEB) have been measured using a magnetic suspension balance at temperatures ranging from 333 to 420 K and pressures up to 30 MPa. An optical cell has been used to independently determine the swelling of the polymers, which has been incorporated in the buoyancy correction. In both polyester resins, the solubility of C[O.sub.2] increases with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature as a result of variations in C[O.sub.2] density. The experimental solubility has been correlated to the Sanchez-Lacombe equation of state. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:643-649, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers, INTRODUCTION Polyester resins in powder form are frequently used in paint and toner industry. Milling, grinding, and spray drying are the particle formation processes commonly used in the industry. Narrow [...]

The oxidation of potassium iodide, bubble cloud visualization studies and sound attenuation measurements are applied to determine the influence of hydrostatic pressure on chemical reactions induced by 20 kHz ultrasound. It is demonstrated that a rise in hydrostatic pressure leads in a rise in yield for the oxidation of potassium iodide in aqueous solution and the sound field is more intense for higher pressures.

The use of multifunctional amphiphiles that bind multivalent cations in a reversible way by introducing acid groups that provide sufficient charge density to bind multivalent ions only above the critical micellization temperature (CMT) is demonstrated. The proposed surfactant modification provides a generic approach to obtain carboxylic acid end-standing (CAE) surfactants.