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Updated May 10, 2022 Introduction Beginning in 2017, the United States has submitted a series of proposals to the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) partners that would relax the regime's [...]

Ian F. Fergusson Specialist in International Trade and Finance Paul K. Kerr Specialist in Nonproliferation Difficulty with striking an appropriate balance between national security and export competitiveness has made the [...]

Updated August 18, 2015 Contents Introduction and Current Status Renewal of U.S.-China Agreement China's Nuclear Arsenal China and Safeguards Highlights of New Agreement Congressional Concerns Nuclear Exports and Jobs Chinese [...]

Summary On November 24, 2013, Iran and the six powers that have negotiated with Iran about its nuclear program since 2006 (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, [...]

Summary In order for the United States to engage in civilian nuclear cooperation with other states, it must conclude a framework agreement that meets specific requirements under Section 123 of [...]

July 21, 2014 Summary Arms control and nonproliferation efforts are two of the tools that have occasionally been used to implement U.S. national security strategy. Although some believe these tools [...]

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (12) The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) would ban all nuclear explosions. It opened for signature in 1996 but has not yet entered into force. Previous [...]

Summary In order for the United States to engage in civilian nuclear cooperation with other states, it must conclude a framework agreement that meets specific requirements under Section 123 of [...]

Non-Nuclear Multilateral Endeavors The international community has concluded a number of arms control agreements, conventions, and arrangements that affect non-nuclear weapons. Two of these, the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe [...]

April 28, 2014 Summary Arms control and nonproliferation efforts are two of the tools that have occasionally been used to implement U.S. national security strategy. Although some believe these tools [...]

April 28, 2014 Summary In 2002, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) began investigating allegations that Iran had conducted clandestine nuclear activities. Ultimately, the agency reported that some of these [...]

April 16, 2014 Summary Congress has at times expressed concern regarding ballistic missile and nuclear programs in Iran, North Korea, and Syria. This report focuses primarily on unclassified and declassified [...]

April 9, 2014 Summary In order for the United States to engage in civilian nuclear cooperation with other states, it must conclude a framework agreement that meets specific requirements under [...]

January 27, 2014 Summary In order for the United States to engage in civilian nuclear cooperation with other states, it must conclude a framework agreement that meets specific requirements under [...]

January 13, 2014 Summary The 113th Congress may consider reforms of the U.S. export control system. The balance between national security and export competitiveness has made the subject of export [...]

December 20, 2013 Summary In 2002, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) began investigating allegations that Iran had conducted clandestine nuclear activities. Ultimately, the agency reported that some of these [...]

December 11, 2013 Summary In the early hours of November 24, 2013, in Geneva, Switzerland, Iran and the six powers that have negotiated with Iran about its nuclear program since [...]

September 12, 2013 Summary Syria has produced, stored, and weaponized chemical agents, but it remains dependent on foreign suppliers for chemical precursors. The regime of President Basilar al Asad possesses [...]

August 20, 2013 Summary The use or loss of control of chemical weapons stocks in Syria could have unpredictable consequences for the Syrian population and neighboring countries as well as [...]

Contents Policy Issues Brief History of the Chemical Weapons Program in Syria Current Chemical Weapons Program Syrian Statements on Chemical and Biological Weapons Chemical Weapons Security Chemical Weapons Use and [...]

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (10) The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) would ban all nuclear explosions. It opened for signature in 1996 but has not yet entered into force. Previous [...]

Contents Introduction National Security, Arms Control, and Nonproliferation The Arms Control Agenda. Arms Control Between the United States and States of the Former Soviet Union The Early Years: SALT I [...]

Contents What Are Cluster Munitions? History Cluster Munitions Criticisms Failure Rate Lack of Self-Destruct Capability International Attempts to Regulate Use U.N. Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of [...]

Contents Policy Issues Brief History of the Chemical Weapons Program in Syria Current Chemical Weapons Program Syrian Statements on Chemical and Biological Weapons Chemical Weapons Security Chemical Weapons Use and [...]

Contents Policy Issues Brief History of the Chemical Weapons Program in Syria Current Chemical Weapons Program Syrian Statements on Chemical and Biological Weapons Chemical Weapons Security Chemical Weapons Use and [...]

Contents Policy Issues Brief History of the Chemical Weapons Program in Syria Current Chemical Weapons Program Syrian Statements on Chemical and Biological Weapons Chemical Weapons Security Chemical Weapons Use and [...]

Contents Overview United States China France India Israel North Korea Pakistan Russia United Kingdom Contacts Author Contact Information May 1, 2013 Summary Seven nations--China, France, India, Pakistan, Russia, the United [...]

Contents Overview of the U.S. Export Control System The Dual-Use System The Export Administration Act (EAA) Administration Implementing Regulations Licensing Policy Enforcement and Penalties Military Export Controls Arms Export Control [...]

Contents Background Nuclear Weapons Responding to India? Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty Delivery Vehicles Nuclear Doctrine Command and Control Security Concerns U.S. Assistance and Pakistani Nuclear Security Proliferation The A. Q. [...]

Summary The use or loss of control of chemical weapons stocks in Syria could have unpredictable consequences for the Syrian population and neighboring countries as well as U.S. allies and [...]

October 25, 2012 Summary Weapons of mass destruction (WMD), especially in the hands of radical states and terrorists, represent a major threat to U.S. national security interests. Multilateral regimes were [...]

Summary In 2002, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) began investigating allegations that Iran had conducted clandestine nuclear activities. Ultimately, the agency reported that some of these activities had violated [...]

Selected Weapons Deliveries to Developing Nations, 2004-2011 Other useful data for assessing arms transfers are those that indicate who has actually delivered specific numbers of specific classes of military items [...]

Arms Values Data Tables and Charts for 2004-2011 Tables 3 through 13 present data on arms transfer agreements with developing nations by major suppliers from 2004 to 2011. These data [...]

Summary This report is prepared annually to provide Congress with official, unclassified, quantitative data on conventional arms transfers to developing nations by the United States and foreign countries for the [...]

Contents What Is a 'Section 123' Agreement? Requirements Under the Atomic Energy Act Exempted vs. Non-exempted Agreements Congressional Review Export Licensing Subsequent Arrangements Examples of Subsequent Arrangements U.S.-Japan Agreement U.S.-India [...]

Contents Introduction Background Iran and the IAEA Potential Noncompliance Since September 2005 Iran and the U.N. Security Council Authority for IAEA and U.N. Security Council Actions IAEA Statute U.N. Charter [...]

Contents Overview of the U.S. Export Control System The Dual-Use System The Export Administration Act (EAA) Administration Implementing Regulations Licensing Policy Enforcement and Penalties Military Export Controls Arms Export Control [...]

Contents Background Nuclear Weapons Responding to India? Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty Delivery Vehicles Nuclear Doctrine Command and Control Security Concerns U.S. Assistance and Pakistani Nuclear Security Proliferation The A. Q. [...]

Contents Introduction July 2005 Joint Statement and Subsequent Major Developments Indian Nuclear Cooperation since September 2008 Nuclear Cooperation with the United States India's Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries P.L. 109-401 [...]

The international community has concluded a number of arms control agreements, conventions, and arrangements that affect non-nuclear weapons. Two of these, the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE) and [...]

The International Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime The United States is a leader of an international regime that attempts to limit the spread of nuclear weapons through treaties, export control coordination and [...]

The Early Years: SALT I and SALT II The United States and Soviet Union signed their first formal agreements limiting nuclear offensive and defensive weapons in May 1972. The Strategic [...]

National Security, Arms Control, and Nonproliferation For much of the past century, U.S. national security strategy focused on several core, interrelated objectives. These include enhancing U.S. security at home and [...]

Contents Introduction Background Iran and the IAEA Potential Noncompliance Since September 2005 Iran and the U.N. Security Council Authority for IAEA and U.N. Security Council Actions IAEA Statute U.N. Charter [...]

Contents Introduction July 2005 Joint Statement and Subsequent Major Developments Indian Nuclear Cooperation since September 2008 Nuclear Cooperation with the United States India's Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries P.L. 109-401 [...]

Summary Pakistan's nuclear arsenal probably consists of approximately 90-110 nuclear warheads, although it could be larger. Islamabad is producing fissile material, adding to related production facilities, and deploying additional delivery [...]

Contents Background Nuclear Weapons Responding to India? Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty Delivery Vehicles Nuclear Doctrine Command and Control Security Concerns U.S. Assistance and Pakistani Nuclear Security Proliferation The A. Q. [...]

Contents Background Nuclear Weapons Responding to India? Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty Delivery Vehicles Nuclear Doctrine Command and Control Security Concerns U.S. Assistance and Pakistani Nuclear Security Proliferation The A. Q. [...]