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Law enforcement officers are the primary individuals called and who respond to situations of heightened concern. They make split-second observations and decisions based on how best to react to given safety situations and those involved. Characteristics of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), if not properly understood and reacted to, may quickly escalate a law enforcement officer call in a negative way, making autism training for law enforcement officers imperative. To ascertain what is known about autism training for law enforcement officers, a scoping review was conducted. Five studies met final inclusion criteria. The trainees, context and development of the training, evaluation procedures, and training outcomes are synthesized to provide guidance for future training implementation teams. Areas for future research are presented., Author(s): Melissa A. Sreckovic [sup.1] , Christine K. Kenney [sup.1] , Matthew Wallace [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.48950.30, 0000 0000 9134 5741, University of Michigan-Flint, , 303 E. Kearsley St., [...]

Messianic Ideas and Movements in Sunni Islam. By YOHANAN FRIEDMANN. London: ONEWORLD ACADEMIC, 2022. Pp. xvi + 352. $70, [pounds sterling]45 (cloth). The three major monotheistic religions all recognize the [...]

Estimates of demographic parameters based on capture-mark-recapture (CMR) methods may be biased when some individuals in the population are temporarily unavailable for capture (temporary emigration). We estimated snowshoe hare abundance, apparent survival, and probability of temporary emigration in a population of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777) in the Yukon (Canada) using Pollock's robust design CMR model, and population density using spatially explicit CMR models. Survival rates strongly varied among cyclic phases, seasons, and across five population cycles. We found strong evidence that temporary emigration was Markovian (i.e., nonrandom), suggesting that it varied among individuals that were temporary emigrant in the previous sampling period and those that were present in the sampled area. The probability of temporary emigration for individuals that were in the study area during the previous sampling occasion ([gamma]') varied among cycles. Probability that individuals that were temporarily absent from the sampled area would remain temporary emigrants ([gamma]') showed strongly seasonal pattern, low in winter and high during summers. Snowshoe hare population density ranged from 0.017 (0.015-0.05) hares/ha to 4.43 (3.90-5.00) hares/ha and showed large-scale cyclical fluctuations. Autocorrelation functions and autoregressive analyses revealed that our study population exhibited statistically significant cyclic fluctuations, with a periodicity of 9-10 years. Key words: autoregressive analysis, boreal ecosystem, capture-mark-recapture analysis, capture probability, Lepus americanus, density dependence, Pollock's robust design, snowshoe hare cycles, survival, spatial capture-recapture model, temporary emigration, wildlife's 10-year cycle. Les estimations de parametres demographiques reposant sur des methodes de capture-marquage-recapture (CMR) pourraient etre biaisees dans les situations ou certains individus de la population sont provisoirement non disponibles pour la capture (emigration temporaire). Nous avons estime l'abondance, le taux de survie apparent et la probabilite d'emigration temporaire au sein d'une population de lievres d'Amerique (Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777) au Yukon (Canada) en utilisant le modele CMR a schema robuste de Pollock, et la densite de la population en utilisant des modeles CMR spatialement explicites. Les taux de survie variaient considerablement au fil des phases du cycle et des saisons et entre cinq cycles demographiques. Nous avons releve des indices solides du caractere markovien (c.-a-d., non aleatoire) de l'emigration temporaire, donnant a penser que cette derniere differe entre les individus qui etaient des emigrants temporaires durant la periode d'echantillonnage precedente et ceux qui etaient presents dans le secteur echantillonne. La probabilite d'emigration temporaire pour les individus qui etaient dans le secteur d'etude durant l'occasion d'echantillonnage precedent ([gamma]') variait entre les cycles. La probabilite que des individus qui etaient temporairement absents du secteur echantillonne demeurent des emigrants temporaires ([gamma]') presentait une forte saisonnalite, etant faible en hiver et elevee durant les etes. La densite de la population de lievres d'Amerique allait de 0,017 (0,015-0,05) lievres/ha a 4,43 (3,90-5,00) lievres/ha et presentait de vastes fluctuations cycliques. Des fonctions d'autocorrelation et des analyses autoregressives ont revele que la population etudiee presentait des fluctuations cycliques statistiquement significatives, d'une periodicite de 9-10 ans. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : analyse autoregressive, ecosysteme boreal, analyse de capture-marquage-recapture, probabilite de capture, Lepus americanus, dependance sur la densite, schema robuste de Pollock, cycles des lievres d'Amerique, survie, modele spatial de capture-recapture, emigration temporaire, cycle demographique decennal., Introduction Studies of population dynamics often rely on individual-based data collected by following fates of individuals that are uniquely marked. When such data are available, capture-mark-recapture (CMR) methodologies offer a [...]

Professors in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) can no longer simply carry knowledge-they must also empathize with students while creating an environment that fosters a sense of belonging and [...]

Objective: To describe child adherence to four preventative-health guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic and investigate caregiver-level correlates of adherence. Method: Two hundred thirty-six caregivers (75% female) of children ages 6-12 years ([M.sub.age] = 8 years; 53% male) living in the United States rated child adherence to four preventativehealth guidelines between 10/16/2020 and 11/14/2020. Caregivers also rated perceived importance of each guideline in limiting virus spread and perceived difficulty in obtaining child compliance. Results: Child adherence was highest for mask-wearing (median [Mdn] = 96%) and hand hygiene (Mdn = 95%). Adherence to social distancing guidelines was lower. Mdn adherence for social distancing with family outside the household was 80%, and Mdn adherence for social distancing with friends was 72%. Furthermore, for each of the four guidelines, fewer than half the sample reported 100% adherence (range = 20%-43%). Adherence was positively associated with caregiver perceptions of importance of a given behavior in limiting virus spread (rs = .38-.62) and negatively associated with perceived difficulty in gaining child compliance (rs = -.37--.25). Discussion: Current results indicated parents perceive child adherence to social distancing more challenging than child adherence to mask wearing or hand hygiene. Lower caregiver perceptions of importance of the behavior and greater perceived difficulty in gaining child compliance were associated with lower adherence to all tasks. Brief targeted interventions (e.g., motivational interviewing, parent behavior management training) may be well suited to enhance caregivers' perceptions of value of the behavior, while also addressing behavioral challenges that interfere with child adherence. Public Significance Statement Caregivers play a critical role in facilitating child adherence to COVTD-19 preventative health guidelines. Public health interventions that help caregivers to see the value of preventative health guidelines and support parents around managing difficulties that arise in implementation may facilitate child adherence behaviors. Keywords: COVID-19, adherence, children, health promotion and prevention, In response to the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) global health crisis, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have issued guidelines to curb the spread of the virus, including social distancing, [...]