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Coordinatively induced length control of W18O49 nanorods are developed using thermal decomposition of W(CO)(sub 6) in octyl ether solutions of single or mixed capping agents, oleic acid (OA), oleic acid/hexadecylamine (HDA), and oleic acid/trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO). The strong coordinating power and steric bulkiness of TOPO interrupts the growth of the nanorods, the rearrangement of the end face atoms, and the fusion of the lateral faces, which thereby increases the oxygen defects and the photoluminescence intensity.

Ti[O.sub.2] thin films were prepared on electrochemically etched porous Si by anodic oxidative hydrolysis of Ti[Cl.sub.3] for the purpose of solar cell application. We compared electrochemical and photoelectrochemical properties of the Ti[O.sub.2]-deposited porous Si electrodes (Ti[O.sub.2]/porous Si) with those of a porous Si electrode. The Ti[O.sub.2]/porous Si showed prolonged stability of photoluminescence and enhancements of photovoltage and photocurrent by 0.13 V and 67% increase, respectively, in comparison with porous Si due to the reduction of surface traps for charge carriers in the presence of Ti[O.sub.2] thin layer. [Li.sup.+] and [Na.sup.+] ions exhibited intercalation and deintercalation through the electrodeposited Ti[O.sub.2] film.

The cation transport characteristics of Prussian blue (PB) and PB + cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) electrodes for [K.sup.+], [Na.sup.+], [Li.sup.+], and N[H.sub.4.sup.+] ions are analyzed. The symmetric redox peaks for a PB + CTAB films has represented an ideal cyclic voltammetric (CV) pattern for a PB-modified electrode.