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Skeletal remains from a burial in New South Wales exhibit evidence of fatal trauma, of a kind normally indicative of sharp metal weapons, yet the burial dates to the mid thirteenth century--600 years before European settlers reached the area. Could sharp-edged wooden weapons from traditional Aboriginal culture inflict injuries similar to those resulting from later, metal blades? Analysis indicates that the wooden weapons known as 'Lil-lils 'and the fighting boomerangs ('Wonna)) both have blades that could fit within the dimensions of the major trauma and are capable of having caused the fatal wounds. Keywords: Australia, Aboriginal, skeletal remains, burial, trauma, boomerang, Introduction There are numerous instances of non-fatal trauma recorded in the skeletal remains of pre-contact Aboriginal Australians (e.g. Webb 1991; Knuckey 1992), but only one case has previously been documented [...]

Abstract: The Kamilaroi people and their neighbours, the Euahlayi, Ngemba and Murrawarri, are an Aboriginal cultural grouping located in north-west and north central New South Wales. They have a rich [...]

New dating techniques are available for soil scientists to test fundamental pedogenic ideas. Recent developments in applications of terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides (TCN) from bedrock and saprolite allow the derivation of soil production rates, at scales ranging from local (sub-hillslope) to catchment wide, generally averaged over timescales of 104-105 years. Where soil depths are relatively constant over time, soil production rates equal transport rates and are thus essential to establishing sustainable erosion rates. TCN also allow the form of the soil production function to be compared to theoretical models--a difficult task previously. Furthermore, parameterised soil production functions can now be incorporated into numerical surface process models to test landscape evolution ideas. Bedrock and saprolite conversion to soil is demonstrably dependent on the overlying soil depth, and there is general agreement that weathering declines exponentially beyond maximum soil production, consistent with theory. Whether maximum soil production occurs under a finite or non-existent soil cover at particular sites remains unresolved. We suggest that, in general, soil production from saprolite declines exponentially with increasing depth, while production from bedrock follows a humped function. Estimates of the role of flora, fauna and processes such as freeze-thaw that mix soil mantles to depth, have been limited prior to optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating techniques. Recently derived OSL mixing rates extend the magnitude of previous partial, short-term bioturbation rates. In fact, bioturbation appears to be the most active pedogenic process operating in many soils, with freeze thaw environments a noted exception. Although bioturbation far outweighs soil production, it does not always lead to homogenisation as is often reported. We maintain that the above-ground component of bioturbation, i.e. mounding, may alone, or particularly when combined with particle sorting via rainwash processes, lead to horizonisation and texture contrast soils in those materials that can be sorted such as mixtures of sand and clay. Together, TCN- and OSL-based estimates of hillslope soil transport and bioturbation, suggest significant rates of downslope soil mantle movement coupled with rapid mixing, contrary to in situ soil development models. Additional keywords: soil formation, soil mixing, horizonisation, geochronology., Introduction The rate at which saprolite is altered to soil is known as soil production, and its quantification is vital to assessing sustainable erosion rates in areas where soil loss, [...]