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In 2016, a hundred-year-old film spent the year touring the northern half of Vermont, drawing audiences to refurbished opera houses and picture palaces. But the picture being celebrated for its [...]

The history of nontheatrical film in the United States is vexed by a paucity of research on its origins, the contours of its development, and the meanings that result. The [...]

Prior scholarship on nontheatrical film exhibition in the 1910s has suggested that such efforts were fledgling, disorganized, and ultimately unsuccessful. In this article, I propose a different narrative, namely that Progressive-Era reformers working in school-based community centers were able to establish viable nontheatrical spaces for cinema before the First World War, despite legal, financial, and logistical challenges. Their efforts only faltered when these spaces, and the networks that supported them, were repurposed for wartime use in 1917. After the war, exhibitor organizations took a strong stance against loaning reels to community groups, and reformers redoubled their efforts to change the commercial cinema rather than supporting an alternative. KEYWORDS: nontheatrical, reform, Progressive Era, educational film, exhibition, Boston, In April 1917, just weeks after the United States entered the First World War, social reformers gathered in Chicago for the second annual meeting of the National Community Center Association. [...]

We use an economy-wide model to analyze the effects of three broad programs to reduce illegal immigrants in U.S. employment: tighter border security; taxes on employers; and vigorous prosecution of employers. After looking at macroeconomic industry and occupational effects, we decompose the welfare effect for legal residents into six parts covering changes in: producer surplus and illegal wage rates; skilled employment opportunities for natives; aggregate capital; aggregate legal employment; the terms of trade; and public expenditure. The type of program matters. Our analysis suggests a prima facie case in favor of taxes on employers. (JEL J61, C68), 1. INTRODUCTION In 2005, there were 7.3 million illegal immigrants working in the United States, 5% of total employment. Public attitudes on illegal immigrants working in the United States, 5% [...]

The local film, one produced and theatrically exhibited for an audience drawn by the novelty of seeing people and places they know on screen, has primarily been researched as a [...]

Between February and October 2007, a time series of alkyl nitrate concentrations in the water column of a shallow freshwater lake, University of East Anglia Broad, located in southeastern England was carried out to determine whether methyl and ethyl nitrate are present in freshwater systems and to improve understanding of alkyl nitrate production mechanisms in aquatic environments. Concentrations ranged from 4.7 ([+ or -] 0.5) to 53.7 ([+ or -] 4.36) pmol [L.sup.-1] methyl nitrate, and 2.5 ([+ or -] 0.3) to 11.1 ([+ or -] 0.4) pmol [L.sup.-1] ethyl nitrate and were within the range of those measured previously in seawater. Peaks in the concentrations of methyl and ethyl nitrate at 4 m were observed in 9 and 6 of the 18 depth profiles measured, respectively. Gradients in concentrations within the hypolimnion suggest that the alkyl nitrates are produced in the bottom waters or sediments, are transported to the lake in groundwater, or both. Colored dissolved organic matter absorbance data suggests that the penetration of ultraviolet light was limited in the lake, so the deep maxima must be due to a non-photochemical alkyl nitrate source.

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00623.x Byline: Christopher A. Cooper (1), Martin Johnson (2) Abstract: Objective. We investigate the ideological orientations of U.S. statehouse journalists, asking whether reporters hold similar political ideologies to their audiences, and under what conditions reporter ideology diverges from audience ideology. Methods. We use an original survey of statehouse journalists, and employ both traditional OLS regressions and a heteroskedastic regression. Results. We find that reporters tend to reflect the political leanings of their audiences. Considering reporters in the context of the states they serve, we find that journalists who are racially and economically dissimilar from their constituents have less representative political predispositions than journalists who have characteristics similar to their readers. Conclusions. In the case of statehouse reporters, descriptive representation leads to substantive representation. Author Affiliation: (1)Western Carolina University (2)University of California, Riverside

Students of local politics have argued American federalism implies little role for local tastes in policy making. Peterson (1979) anticipates the pursuit of a productive tax base will depress subnational government spending on social services, while promoting developmental policies. We investigate the role public opinion plays in county-level redistributive, developmental, and allocational program spending in California, using a novel measure of county political ideology. Our findings challenge expectations that local governments are uniformly biased against redistribution. We find that social service spending varies across counties as a function of ideological orientation. In several policy areas, institutional structure mediates the responsiveness of officials. Keywords: policy representation; local politics; political ideology; public policy

Socrates can, to some extent, be credited with an original conception of what is now seen as 20th century phenomenology 'invented' by Heidegger. With phenomenology becoming more recognised as important [...]

The conceptuses of eutherian, marsupial and monotreme mammals despite the apparent gross difference in early development strategy and form show some remarkable similarities in the lineage allocation to the trophoblast and hypoblast and in the emergent properties of the two cell type. The gross difference could be explained by two relatively small evolutionary timing changes affecting cell adhesion patterns and the polarisation of developmentally significant information.

The local film is a film of a pre-existing community that is shown in a public setting to an audience whose members significantly overlap with the community filmed. Local films by Herbert Lee Waters that allows one to recover the records of places and people and see the way in which they were used to solidify community bonds is discussed.

Activation of the receptors for leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and IL-11 is essential for embryo attachment and decidualization in mice. Both receptors induce activation of the Stat family of signal transducers via the Jak/Stat pathway. Here, we aimed to establish whether activation of Stat3 in maternal endometrium is essential for successful implantation. Functional blockade of Stat3 before implantation, by injection into the uterine lumen of a cell-permeable Stat3 peptide inhibitor, reduced embryo implantation specifically by 70% (P < 0.001). Stat3 is phosphorylated in the luminal epithelium (LE) in response to LIF, and this phosphorylation was significantly reduced both in vitro and in vivo by the Stat3 inhibitor. The inhibitor also blocked induction by LIF of several LIF-regulated genes in the LE including Irgl, which has been shown previously to be essential for implantation. Successful implantation is therefore dependent on phosphorylation and activation of Stat3 in the endometrium before implantation. This finding provides a target for contraceptive development, based on selective blockade of signal transduction pathways essential for implantation. This study demonstrates that cell-permeable peptide inhibitors can be used effectively to target intracellular signaling pathways in the uterine LE.

Students of politics in the American states agree that political ideology varies significantly between the states. Due to the path-breaking work of Wright, Erikson and McIver (1985) and their subsequent research, there is consensus that interstate differences in public ideology are important in accounting for notable differences among the states in the policies they adopt. Despite this consensus, however, there remains a fundamental debate among state politics researchers regarding whether public ideology changes within the states in the post-WW II era. Erikson, Wright, and McIver (1993) contend that state-level ideology is mostly stable, with over time variations representing 'noise.' Alternatively, Berry, Ringquist, Fording, and Hanson (1998) argue that meaningful ideological change occurs within states over time. We test the hypothesis that ideology is stable at the state level, in addition to using the data developed by these teams of researchers, we construct an alternative data set to provide an out-of-sample test of their conflicting expectations. The results have significant implications for the study of state political processes. Systematic analysis underscores the stability and relative dominance of between-state differences indicating that the effects of ideology commonly observed in many state policy studies are due to interstate variation rather than temporal change. However, we also find noteworthy longitudinal ideological variation within selected states during the last three decades. Scholars interested in studying the causes and consequences of state-level political ideology--particularly their implications for public policy adoption and change--might profitably focus on the handful of states where survey-based measures indicate the presence of ideological change.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms are the largest source of genetic variation in humans. We report a method for the discovery of single-nucleotide polymorphisms within genomic DNA. Pooled genomic samples are amplified, denatured, and annealed to generate mismatches at polymorphic DNA sites. Upon photoactivation, these DNA mismatches are then cleaved site-specifically by using a small molecular probe, a bulky metallointercalator, Rhchrysi or Rhphzi. Fluorescent labeling of the cleaved products and separation by capillary electrophoresis permits rapid identification with single-base resolution of the single-nucleotide polymorphism site. This method is remarkably sensitive and minor allele frequencies as low as 5% can be readily detected.

Over the last three decades, in the UK, there has been a marked increase in the number of men accompanying their partners in hospital labour wards at the birth of their child. This study discusses the findings of a survey of a cohort of 53 such men following the delivery of their child and explores the experience of a sub-sample of 20 of these men through face-to-face interviews. The response of these males is examined in relation to a number of appropriate 'roles' at attendance, i.e., 'teammate,' 'witness,' and 'coach.' Overall, the majority of men reported a positive and emotionally uplifting experience, but a number of negative aspects were also identified. Several men were unable to clearly identify a defined role or functional purpose in their attendance. Further there is considerable confusion as to who is responsible for the decision for their attendance. The study highlights there are some negative aspects to men attending their child's birth, but these are related to under-preparedness and obligatory role adoption that possibility may conflict with men's own reasons for attending the birth. Key Words: men's roles, birthing process, men's participation at birth, birth-attending men, The attendance of male partners during the birthing process is a relatively modern phenomenon, and indeed until the sixteenth century men were actually forbidden by custom and law to observe [...]

As the millennium approached there was a unique opportunity to examine beliefs about impending apocalyptic events. In March, 1998 60 English participants, 20 to 35 years of age, including 20 Jehovah's Witnesses, 20 Roman Catholics, and 20 Methodists, completed a four-dimension scale of Positive and Negative Autonomy and Positive and Negative Sociotropy and a questionnaire, Apocalyptic Thinking, on the millennium containing questions on apocalyptic beliefs. The aim of the study was to investigate the apocalyptic beliefs of a number of Christian denominations and examine the relationship between scores on apocalyptic thinking about the millennium and group cohesion. Jehovah's Witnesses scored highest on all scales except Positive Autonomy, and the Catholics had higher Negative Sociotropy and Apocalyptic Thinking scores than the Methodists. Negative Sociotropy scores correlated positively with Apocalyptic Thinking scores for all groups. These data suggest significant positive relationship between these Christian endorsements of the likelihood of apocalyptic events at the millennium and the extent to which they perceive nonmembers of their denomination as `outsiders'.

General measures of ideology and partisanship derived from national survey data concatenated to the state level have been extremely important in understanding policy and political processes in the states. However, due to the lack of uniform survey data covering a broad array of survey questions, we know little about how specific state-level opinion relates to specific policies or processes. Using the General Social Survey (GSS) disaggregated to the state level, we develop and rigorously test specific measures of state-level opinion on tolerance, racial integration, abortion, religiosity, homosexuality, feminism, capital punishment, welfare, and the environment. To illustrate the utility of these measures, we compare the explanatory power of each to that of a general ideology measure. We use a simulation to clarify conditions under which a national sample frame can produce representative state samples. We offer these measures to advance the study of the role public opinion plays in state politics and policy.

This study was used to examine rates and extents of phenanthrene desorption as functions of sorbent type, initial loading level and aging. The article is broken down into an introduction, a discussion of the experiment and a discussion of the results. Various tables and graphs accompany the article.

This study was used to examine the effects of subcritical water treatment on peat organic matter. The article is broken down into an introduction, a discussion of the experiment and a discussion of the results. Various tables and graphs accompany the article.

The long-term desorption behavior of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) is predicted by heating water to high temperatures and measuring changes in desorption rates in soil and sediment samples over a period of a few hours. Penanthrene desorption rates are then plotted for activity in Lachine shale, Wagner soil, and Chelsea soil from Michigan at 25 degrees Celsius over a period of 640 days, matching the prediction.

The role of ablation of astroglial cells on the pathogenesis of jejuno-ileitis was investigated. The ablation of astroglial cells was targeted genetically and transgenic mice that express herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) were generated. Results show that the pattern and regulation of HSV-TK expression is the same as that of endogenous glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. It was also found that a fulminating and fatal jejuno-ileitis occurs following ablation of astroglial cells.

Research was conducted to examine photoinduced electron transfer in pi-donor-capped Zn(II) porphyrins and N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium supramolecular assemblies. Results indicate that the formation of the complexes prevents the intersystem crossing of the singlet to the triplet state owing to electron-transfer quenching of the excited state by N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium, MV2+, in the supramolecular assemblies.

Until quite recently the psychological and emotional effects of miscarriage on women were little understood. Research has now established that such effects are potentially very significant (Neugebauer and Kline, 1992; Leppert and Pahlka, 1984; Lasker and Toedter, 1991), but the role and response of the male partner has received very little attention (Cummings, 1984). When acknowledged at all, the response of the male partner has generally been perceived to be largely as a provider of emotional support to his partner during and after her miscarriage. In this study, based on personal interviews with 20 partners of women in the north of England who experienced a recent miscarriage, a complex set of thoughts, feelings and considerable confusion about appropriate behaviour is revealed, to the extent that such males might feel it necessary to deny their own feelings of grief in a double-bind situation. Key words - miscarriage, partner, grieving

A novel scheme to prepare bronzaphyrin NS is described. The procedure is based on the Meier's acyl-exchange method of preparing beta-keto esters. This involves the formation of the compounds ethyl 3-oxononanoate, 2,4-dicarbethoxy-3-hexyl-5-methylpyrrole, 2,3-dicarbethoxy-3-hexylpyrrole-5-carboxaldehyde, 1,4-bis(3,5-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-4-n-hexyl-2-pyrrolyl)-1,4-butanedione, 4,4'-di-n-hexyl-2,2':5',2'-terpyrrole in the course of the synthesis. The conditions and mechanisms for the reactions are presented.

Novel four-atom-linked capped porphyrins, H2(OC2OPor), H2(OC(CO)NPor), and H2(OC2NPor) have been synthesized and characterized. The reaction of a tetraaldehyde cap with pyrrole generates the porphyrin, H2(OC2OPor) while H2(OC(CO)NPor) is prepared from the reaction of a tetraacid chloride cap with meso-alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha-tetra-(o-aminophenyl)porphyrin. H2(OC2NPor) is prepared from the reduction of amide groups. These porphyrins can be used as heme model compounds.

A test chip design involving a matrix of crossing metal traces is sensitive to electrical leakage problems linked with thin film cracking. A study of the electrical failure rate and the level to which cracking develops into the interior of the die enables estimation of a critical stress value for the collapse of microscopic thin film structures.

A 24-lead DIP and 68-lead PLCC packages subjected to thermal cycling reveals that the extent of damage occurring in these packages is dependent on the complex reaction of the device layout variables, environmental test conditions and fab processes. Damage occurring in these packages are in the form of interfacial delamination with passive cracking. Dielectric fracture is also observed as a damage feature.

Kinetic studies of binding of CO or O2 ligands to the four-atom-linked capped porphyrins enable the determination of the equilibrium constants for the binding. Binding does not occur between an amide-linked system and CO or O2, even at high pressures of 100 atm, while an ether-linked system binds with CO at high pressures. Kinetic data suggest a very low association constant and a normal dissociation constant for the complex between CO and the amide-linked system. Thermodynamic data for this complex suggest a normal entropy term and a less negative than normal enthalpy term.

Films That Work: Industrial Film and the Productivity of Media Edited by Vinzenz Hediger and Patrick Vonderau Amsterdam University Press, 2009 The industrial film is one of many so-called orphan [...]

Going Local: Presidential Leadership in the Post-Broadcast Age by Jeffrey E. Cohen. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2010. 256 pp. $26.99. This ambitious book focuses on presidential activities in the [...]

The role of special interest groups in the long-delayed US and EC negotiations of agricultural poilcies is examined through an estimated political payoff function. A world trade model coupled with game theory is developed to search for mutually acceptable agreements between the two parties. Simulation results show that major trade liberalization will not be attained without some form of decoupled payments and that without decoupled payments, any politically acceptable liberalization may be miniscule.

ROSETTE (Royal Ordnance System for ElecTro-Thermal Enhancements) is a model for predicting the physical and dynamic characteristics of an electrothermally enhanced chemical (ETC) gun system. At the two extremes it can handle either conventional propellant or pure electrothermal (ET) gun systems. This paper gives an update on the model's development and presents a parametric study of an ETC artillery system.