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The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic reasserted the importance of epidemic preparedness and surveillance systems for infectious diseases (1). Informed responses to public health challenges require that data be available to decision-makers in [...]

Competition is said to be arranged when reinforcers are distributed unequally based on the participants' performances. Responses that produce access to the participants' score and/or the score of their competitor(s) are commonly referred to as audits and are analogous to observing responses in the experimental literature. The current study sought to bridge the experimental and dyadic competition literatures by extending previous research on observing (i.e., audit) responses in a human operant arrangement. Ten undergraduate students participated in dyadic competitive arrangements in Minecraft Education on a desktop computer. A single participant competed in successive 3- min contests against one of two automated confederates that differed in their rate of competitive responding. Participants' rate of competitive, audit, and contest termination responses were measured. Differentiated performances were only observed when participants audited during contests. Implications for experimental research on competitive contingencies are discussed. Keywords Audit * Competition * Mixed schedule * Multiple schedule * Observing response, Competitive contingencies are said to be arranged when reinforcement is distributed unequally across participants based on individual performance (Schmitt, 1986). These contingencies are ubiquitous in games, sports, occupational settings, and [...]

The Peace River country is an area straddling the Alberta-British Columbia border north of 55[degrees] latitude in the drainage basin of the Peace River. Primarily an aspen, willow, and spruce [...]

* The Monetarists: The Making of the Chicago Monetary Theory Tradition, 1927-1960 By George S. Tavlas Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2023. Pp. xviii, 632. $50 hardcover. There has been [...]

Parallel interactive processing (PIP) is a parallel distributed processing approach in which a representation of an object involves interaction of its components in a way that influences information processing of the components. Prior research is summarized in the areas of categorization and probability judgment. It was found that an explanation of the halo effect and its generalization as well as phenomena in other information processing situations could be explained by PIP. The explanation of the halo effect is largely in terms of reduction of variance in judgments of components of an object produced by a holistic impression of the object. There was a focus on processes common to various subject areas. KEYWORDS: cognition, psychology, cognitive science, mind, People make judgments and decisions in the daily course of life, often with incomplete information and often without the opportunity to organize the information they have in a way suitable [...]

KEYWORDS: Frank Bidart, 'Ellen West,' gender identity, poetry This essay argues that Frank Bidart's 'Ellen West' utilizes a case history of an early twentieth-century genderqueer Jewish woman with anorexia to indict the clinical establishment and its complicity in protecting certain bodies while disavowing others. An analysis of the clinic's reliance on gender and racial givens and the complex ways the title speaker struggles to both submit to and defy such givens suggests her death represents the disavowal of a racialized, gender-variant body., FIRST PUBLISHED IN PLOUGHSHARES in 1975 and then republished in The Book of the Body in 1979, Frank Bidart's 'Ellen West' is a fourteen-page dramatic monologue based on Ludwig Binswanger's [...]

Original citation: J Clin Invest. 2022;132(22):e157101. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCn57101. During the preparation of Supplemental Figure 12A, an image for day 35 was inadvertently used instead of an image for day 28. The [...]

Our study was to characterize sarcopenia in C57BL/6J mice using a clinically relevant definition to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Aged male (23-32 months old) and female (27-28 months old) C57BL/6J mice were classified as non-, probable-, or sarcopenic based on assessments of grip strength, muscle mass, and treadmill running time, using 2 SDs below the mean of their young counterparts as cutoff points. A 9%-22% prevalence of sarcopenia was identified in 23-26 month-old male mice, with more severe age-related declines in muscle function than mass. Females aged 27-28 months showed fewer sarcopenic but more probable cases compared with the males. As sarcopenia progressed, a decrease in muscle contractility and a trend toward lower type IIB fiber size were observed in males. Mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative capacity, and AMPK-autophagy signaling decreased as sarcopenia progressed in males, with pathways linked to mitochondrial metabolism positively correlated with muscle mass. No age- or sarcopenia-related changes were observed in mitochondrial biogenesis, OXPHOS complexes, AMPK signaling, mitophagy, or atrogenes in females. Our results highlight the different trajectories of age-related declines in muscle mass and function, providing insights into sex-dependent molecular changes associated with sarcopenia progression, which may inform the future development of novel therapeutic interventions., Introduction Sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass and function due to aging, affects 25%-45% of older adults in the United States (1) and is associated with increased incidence of falls [...]

The Miami University Libraries (MUL) developed an open-source Software Checkout system to allow patrons to make use of software licenses owned by the library. The system takes advantage of user-based licensing under the Software as a Service (SaaS) license model and vendor-created APIs to easily and legally assign access to users. The service currently supports Adobe Creative Cloud, Final Cut Pro, and Logic Pro software. MUL has successfully used this software for three years. This article describes the expansion of offerings and the increasing use of the service over that time. Built on a model developed by Pixar for managing employee software licenses, the Software Checkout system is believed to be the first of its kind for circulating licenses to library patrons. Both this lending model and the open-source software developed by MUL are available to other libraries. This paper is intended to prompt libraries to take advantage of the legal and technical environment to expand software license sharing to other libraries., INTRODUCTION Libraries have been in the 'checking things out' business for a long time. With the rise of personal computing in the 1980s, libraries not only added computers for public [...]

Freshwater mussels of the order Unionida are currently one of the most imperiled groups of organisms in the North American faunal region. Accurate risk assessments and development of effective management strategies for remaining populations require knowledge of thermal limits in the face of increasing surface water temperature due to climate change and various anthropogenic factors. We conducted a systematic literature review of unionid mussels (order Unionida, families Margaritiferidae and Unionidae) in the North American faunal region to (1) summarize lethal thermal tolerance data by life stage and taxonomy (2) discuss ecological and climate change implications of existing lethal tolerance data, and (3) identify needs for future research. We identified lethal tolerance estimates for only 28 of 302 species in the families Unionidae and Margaritiferidae. The mean acute median lethal temperatures were 32.8 [degrees]C for glochidia (19 species), 35.0 [degrees]C for juveniles (13 species), and 36.3 [degrees]C for adults (4 species). Generally glochidia were less tolerant than juveniles or adults of the same species-but there were several exceptions. Generally Amblemini had the highest acute and chronic thermal tolerance of all tribes followed by Anodontini, Pleurobemini, Lampsilini, and Quadrilini. Acclimation temperature affected lethal tolerance endpoints in less than half (52 of 145) of comparisons within species. Lethal tolerance data for additional species, combined with a comprehensive database of in situ surface water temperatures, would be useful for modeling the frequency and duration of lethal limit exceedance in North America and identifying populations currently living at or near their upper lethal limits. Key words: Unionida, climate change, stream temperature, runoff, median lethal temperature, critical thermal maximum, 1. Introduction Mean and extreme temperatures in North America are projected to continue increasing along with regional patterns of drought frequency and duration (IPCC 2021). In August 2020, temperature anomalies [...]

This article examines the 1910s media pedagogy of Dr. Lillian Gilbreth, industrial psychologist and collaborator of Frank Gilbreth in the development of motion study. Intending to reconcile the incongruities between workers and modern machines, Lillian drew on the psychology of William James to devise the theoretical grounds for the Gilbreths' production and use of moving images. The essay shows how Lillian Gilbreth positioned film as an interactive medium, directing experimental exhibition practices that instantiated mimesis among spectators; treated features of bodily difference as individually addressable and serviceable to productivity; and exploited the human body's predisposition for habituation, and therefore predictability. KEYWORDS: Lillian Gilbreth, nontheatrical exhibition, interactive media, motion study, habit, bodily difference, In December 1917, the industrial-efficiency consultant and motion-study filmmaker Frank Bunker Gilbreth was settling into a new post in Fort Sill, Oklahoma, as a major of engineers in the US [...]

"Moving forward, the Court cheerily promises, more prosecuting authorities can only "help." Three sets of prosecutors--federal, tribal, and state--are sure to prove better than two. But again it's not hard [...]