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On my mind is 'Creativity,' 'Comradery' and 'Community,' which, by being a member of PSA we all have access to. Have you ever gone through one of those creative slumps? [...]

Every PSA member, as part of the Photographic Society of America (PSA), owns an extremely valuable asset--an extensive collection of images! The charter for this International asset was established in [...]

Background Clotting of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) circuits leads to inadequate clearance, decreased ultrafiltration, and increased resource use. We identified factors associated with premature clotting of circuits during CRRT in children. Methods In a retrospective cohort of 26 children (median age 11.8 years) receiving 79 CRRT circuits (51 heparin, 22 citrate, 6 using no anticoagulation), we captured hourly pressure, flow, and fluid removal rates along with all activated clotting time (ACT) and circuit ionized calcium measurements. Cox and logistic regression models were used to examine factors associated with premature circuit clotting before the scheduled 3-day circuit change. Results Of the 79 circuits, 51 (64.6%) underwent unplanned filter change due to filter clotting (median duration 18.25 h, interquartile range [IQR] 9.25, 33.5 h), and 28 (35.4%) underwent scheduled change (median duration 66 h, IQR 61.00, 69.00 h). Patient age, catheter size and location, blood flow rate, and the percentage of pre-filter replacement fluid were not associated with premature clotting. Heparin circuits were less likely than citrate circuits to clot prematurely. Each 1-mmHg increase in the transmembrane or filter pressure was independently associated with a 1.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-2.0%) and 1.5% (95% CI 1.0-2.0%) higher risk of clotting, respectively. Higher ACTs were associated with lower transmembrane (p = 0.03) and filter (p < 0.001) pressures. Conclusions The majority of circuits in our cohort were subject to unplanned filter changes. Elevated transmembrane and filter pressures were associated with clotting. Our results suggest that maintaining higher ACT may decrease the risk of circuit clotting. Larger studies are needed to examine other factors that may prolong the lifespan of the CRRT circuit in this high-risk population., Author(s): Aadil Kakajiwala [sup.1] [sup.2] , Thomas Jemielita [sup.3] , John Z. Hughes [sup.4] , Kimberly Windt [sup.1] , Michelle Denburg [sup.1] , Stuart L. Goldstein [sup.5] , Benjamin Laskin [...]

On my mind is the pace of change in photography. I have not been one to look too far into the future, I tend to live my photography life in [...]

As I settle into my new position as Executive Vice President of the Photographic Society of America Worldwide (PSA), there are a couple of questions on my mind. One, how [...]

R.W. King's 1925 comment, that Thomas Hardy's well-known 1867 poem, 'Neutral Tones,' was distinguished by 'a kind of acrid clarity in both thought and style,' (1) led Claire Senior to [...]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2010.05.005 Byline: Lynne Chambers (a), John Drysdale (b), John Hughes (c) Keywords: Responsible leadership; Distributed leadership; Leadership development; MIT; Banking crisis; Sony Europe; PricewaterhouseCoopers; Future of leadership Abstract: This article explores the crisis in leadership focusing on the period since the banking crisis. It is written from a practitioner perspective and includes a review of a survey of 16 global companies and their attitudes and perspectives on leadership development. The article also explores applications of a framework developed at MIT looking at leadership in an age of uncertainty. There are in-depth recent case studies on leadership development at Sony Europe and PricewaterhouseCoopers. Key assumptions include the fact that leadership is distributed across an organisation and that leadership evolves as an organisation's environment shifts. The article concludes with some views on future leadership development. Author Affiliation: (a) Talent & People Development, PricewaterhouseCoopers, United Kingdom (b) Business Momentum, Advisory Board Member of Lancaster University Management School, United Kingdom (c) Leadership Development Centre of Expertise, PricewaterhouseCoopers, United Kingdom

On the western side of central South America sits the former Incan Empire country of Bolivia. Bordered by Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile and Peru, Bolivia is a democratic republic with [...]

Psychologists have become increasingly concerned with the role of religion and spirituality in resolving childhood physical and sexual abuse, particularly religion-related abuse. In treating victims of child abuse, trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy has emerged as a leading treatment for recovery. In this article, we discuss the relevance of religious and spiritual issues in trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy for children and teens. Using three case studies, we then present a model for assessing and treating religion and spirituality in trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy. This model focuses on the client's pre-existing religious and spiritual functioning as well as changes in religion/spirituality after abuse. We suggest that this approach will assist clients from various religious and spiritual affiliations to process childhood abuse. Keywords: trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy, religion and spirituality, child trauma DOI: 10.1037/a0017782

Chemical, structural, infrared, optical, and Mossbauer spectroscopic data were obtained on tourmalines from gem pockets in the Himalaya mine, San Diego County, California, including a strongly color-zoned crystal. Calcium and Li abundances increase from core to rim, whereas [Mn.sup.2+] and F increase, reach a maximum, and then decrease. Upon initiation of crystallization of lepidolite, F contents in tourmaline decrease. The black core is a Mn-bearing 'oxy-schorl.' The grayish-yellow, intermediate zone is Mn-rich 'fluor-elbaite' that contains a relatively high Mn content with ~6 wt% MnO. The nearly colorless 'fluor-elbaite' rim has the highest Li content of all zones. There is an inverse correlation between the lattice parameter a (for values [greater than or equal to] 15.84 [Angstrom]) and the Li content ([r.sup.2] = 0.96). Mossbauer studies from the different zones within this crystal show that the [Fe.sup.3+]/Fe(total) ratio increases continuously from the Fe-rich core to the Fe-poor near-tim zone, consistent with increasing oxygen fugacity during pegmatite pocket evolution. There is a high positive correlation between lattice parameter a (for values [greater than or equal to] 15.84 [Angstrom]) and ([Fe.sup.2+] + [Mn.sup.2+]) content in tourmalines from the elbaite-schorl series ([r.sup.2] = 0.99). Values lower than 15.84 [Angstrom] for a are likely a consequence of greater [sup.[4]]B contents in samples that usually have a ([Fe.sup.2+] + [Mn.sup.2+]) content of To obtain the most accurate OH data, different analytical methods were used: SIMS, hydrogen manometry, continuous-flow mass spectrometry, and IR overtone spectroscopy. Some elbaites contain a mixed occupation of F, OH, and O at the W site. Based on these data, the assumption OH = 4 - F appears to be valid only for elbaitic tourmalines with FeO+MnO < 8 wt%. In terms of the conditions of formation, whether gel or glass, the transition from low to high viscosity of the pocket-forming medium occurs before primary crystallization within the pockets ceased. At the pocket stage, Li contents of residual hydrosilicate melt were evidently high enough to promote a continuous transition from schorl-foitite at the pegmatite margin to elbaite-rossmanite-liddicoatite in the final stages of consolidation of the pegmatite interior. Keywords: Tourmaline, elbaite, schorl, crystal structure, Himalaya Mine, Mesa Grande, spectroscopy DOI: 10.2138/am.2010.3271

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.06.013 Byline: John R. Hughes Keywords: Alcohol; Dependence; Expectancy; Obesity; Smoking cessation; Tobacco Abstract: We recruited 367 current daily smokers via the Internet and randomized them to rate the causes of an inability to stop smoking, inability to stop problem alcohol use, or inability to lose excess weight in a fictional scenarios. Most smokers attributed inability to stop smoking to addiction (88%), habit (88%) and stress (62%). Surprisingly, equal numbers of smokers agreed and disagreed that inability to stop smoking was due to lack of willpower or motivation. Most disagreed that it was due to biological factors, denial, family/upbringing, genetics, mental disease, personality problem, psychological problems, or weakness of character. Many expected correlations among perceived causes were not found; e.g. endorsement of addiction was not inversely related to endorsement of willpower. Most smokers endorsed treatment. Higher ratings of addiction were related to endorsing treatment, and higher ratings of motivation were related to endorsing no need for treatment; however, these relationships were of small magnitude. Ratings of almost all the causes varied across the three problems; e.g. ratings of addiction were greater for smoking than for problem alcohol use. In summary, smokers appear to view the inability to stop smoking as multicausal; however, their views of causes are only weakly related to attitudes towards treatment. Given the several unexpected findings, qualitative research into smokers' conceptualizations about smokers' inability to stop smoking is indicated. Author Affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, United States Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, United States Department of Family Practice, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, United States

Youth development and prevention of violence are two sides of the same public policy issue. A great deal of theoretical and empirical effort has focused on identification of risk factors for delinquency and development of interventions for general risks. Recent calls for changes in public policy are evaluated here--and challenged--in light of new comprehensive, longitudinal empirical data on urban violent delinquency. Treatments such as prenatal care, home visitation, prevention of bullying, prevention of alcohol and/or drug abuse, promotion of alternative thinking, mentoring, life skills training, rewards for graduation and employment, functional family therapy, and multidimensional foster care are effective because they prevent or ameliorate risks for delinquency occurring during development. At present, the best treatments yield 10 to 40% reductions in delinquent recidivism. Better controlled application of developmentally appropriate treatments in higher doses, with narrow targeting of the highest-risk youth based on actuarial testing--rather than less accurate clinical judgment--should result in higher effectiveness. Such a focused approach in a geographical area with high homicide rates should be cost-effective. A prediction of cost-benefit outcomes for a carefully constructed example of a large-scale program is presented.

This article is an evaluation of established actuarial probation--parole tests in light of new data on violent and homicidal behavior. Probation-parole tests originally were developed by observing risks related with recidivism or return to court after release (i.e., the 'danger' of releasing an individual) by following offenders in court records for up to 10 years. Commonly used probation-parole tests together comprise 82 distinct items related to characteristics of the offender: home, school, peers, job, family, individual-medical, community, and court contacts. The risks for violence and homicide found by Zagar, et al. were compared with prior meta-analyses of risks with the criterion of violent delinquency. Bootstrapped logistic regressions in Zagar and colleagues' new data yielded highly accurate predictions of violence, showing that improved methods and sampling can lead to still higher accuracy than had been achieved by established probation-parole tests. A general discussion of the usefulness of actuarial tests and answers to challenges of their validity for decision making are provided.

To study the risks of abuse, violence, and homicide, 5 studies of groups at risk for violence are summarized. 192 Abused Infants, 181 Abused Children, 127 Homicidal Youth, 425 Assaulters, 223 Rapists, and 223 Molesters were randomly selected and tracked in court, probation, medical, and school records, then compared with carefully matched groups of Controls and (in older groups) Nonviolent Delinquents. In adolescence or adulthood, these groups were classified into Later Homicidal (N=234), Later Violent or Nonviolent Delinquent, and Later Nondelinquent subgroups for more detailed comparisons. Shao's bootstrapped logistic regressions were applied to identify risks for commission of homicide. Significant predictors for all homicidal cases in these samples were number of court contacts, poorer executive function, lower social maturity, alcohol abuse, and weapon possession. Predictors for the 373 Abused cases (Infants and Children) were court contacts, injury, burn, poisoning, fetal substance exposure, and parental alcohol abuse. Predictors for the 871 Violent Delinquent cases (Assaulters, Rapists, Molesters) were court contacts, poorer executive function, and lower social maturity. Accuracies of prediction from the regressions ranged from 81% for homicidal sex offenders to 87 to 99% for other homicidal groups.

To assess the risks predicting reoffense, 223 Rapists (M age=14.2 yr., SD=1.5; 25 girls, 198 boys) were matched with 223 Nonviolent Delinquents; risks were analyzed using logistic regression. The one predictor was prior court contacts (OR=1.55e+12; AUC=.99, 95% CI=.98-.99). 223 Molesters were similarly matched with 223 Nonviolent Delinquents; this comparison yielded three predictors: previous court contacts (OR=4.55e+23), poorer executive function (OR=2.01), and lower social maturity (OR=.97; AUC=.98, 95% CI=.97-.99). Records for all cases (now M age=24.2 yr., SD=1.4) were reviewed forward 10 years and youth were classified into groups: Sexual Homicidal (1%, n=7), Delinquent Rapists Later Adult Rapists (11%, n=73), Delinquent Rapists (21%, n=144), Delinquent Molesters Later Adult Molesters (10%, n=69), Delinquent Molesters (23%, n=153), Nonviolent Delinquent Later Nonviolent Adult Criminals (7%, n=45), and Nonviolent Delinquents (27%, n=178). Comparison of Sexual Homicidal cases (n=7) with their matched Controls (n=7) yielded one predictor, poorer executive function (AUC=.89, 95% CI=.71-.93). When Sexual Homicidal cases were matched with Nonviolent Delinquents, predictors were low social maturity and prior court contacts (AUC=.81, 95% CI=.64-.93).

To study risks of abuse, violence, and homicide, 181 Abused Children (M age=12.85 yr., SD=2.74; 58 girls, 123 boys) were matched with 181 clinic-referred Controls. Data analysis was Shao's bootstrapped logistic regression with area under curve (AUC) and odds ratios (OR). Predictors of abused status were court contacts (OR=2.04e+22) and poorer executive function (OR=.81; AUC=.99; 95% CI= .97-.99). Groups were tracked forward in records for 9 years (M=8.78 yr., SD=1.41). Looking forward, youth (M age=21.63 yr., SD=2.07) were classified into Abused Children Later Homicidal (5%, n=10), Abused Children Later Violent (23%, n=41), Abused Children Later Delinquent (28%, n=50), Abused Children Later Nondelinquent (44%, n=80), and Controls (n=181). Data were analyzed with two more logistic regressions. Predictors of Abused Children Later Homicidal compared with Controls were number of court contacts (OR=50,398.78) and poorer executive function (OR=79.72; AUC=.91; 95% CI=.80-.95). The predictor of Abused Children Later Homicidal contrasted with Abused Children Later Nondelinquent was court contacts (OR=2,077,089,352; AUC=.87; 95% CI=.65-.95). The common predictor for Abused Children and Abused Children Later Homicidal groups was court contacts.

There have been many attempts to explain violent behavior, identify its causes, and predict its occurrence among youth and adults. Research and theoretical constructions have dealt with such far-ranging aspects as childhood health, peer and parental interactions, neuropsychological function, school and community support, and substance use and dependency. Theories have tended to focus on one or a few of these aspects, but there is an effort by many researchers to converge on an integrated approach. By demonstrating unique risk patterns in random samples of later-homicidal abused infants, children, and youth, violent and homicidal delinquents, and homicidal adults, five studies by Zagar and colleagues provide the best current empirical evidence for a view of the development of delinquency as a process of accumulating risks. These risks begin with prenatal substance exposure and continue with abusive or neglectful parenting, academic failure, court contacts, compromised executive function and resultant poor social functioning. Analysis by sex shows that males' and females' risks are virtually identical. Various theories are evaluated with respect to these empirical risk patterns for development of violence and homicide. A proposal for the necessary elements of a successful, overarching explanatory theory is offered.

To investigate changes in characteristics of delinquents over time, randomly selected contemporary delinquents (Zagar, et al., 1980-1988; n=2,031) were compared with 3 historical Chicago and Boston samples (Healy & Bonner, 1909-1915, n=2,000; Healy & Bonner, 1917-1923, n=2,000; Glueck & Glueck, 1917-1922, n=1,000). All underwent physical, psychiatric, psychological, school, and social examinations. Contemporary delinquents had more assault, burglary, homicide, alcohol and substance abuse, gang membership, head injury, overdose, and single parents. Historical delinquent samples had more thieves and families with both biological parents. Historical delinquent mean IQ was 5 points below standardization average; modern delinquents were 22 points lower. Contemporary offenders were a greater portion of the county public school-aged population. Current more sensitive and specific examinations account for increases in observed overdoses and head injuries in the 1980s sample. Other demographic differences between contemporary and 3 historical delinquent samples were robust. Findings are discussed with respect to a need for early actuarial assessment and empirical treatment of the costliest delinquents: the dropouts, alcoholics, addicts, career delinquents-criminals, and homicide-prone youth.

To assess risks of violent offending in young adults, 425 Delinquent Assaulters (M age=14.1 yr., SD=1.7; 77 girls, 348 boys) were matched with 425 Nonviolent Delinquents. Analysis of data from court, school, and medical records used Shao's bootstrapped logistic regressions. Predictors of Assaulter status were poorer executive function (OR=0.97) and prior court contacts for violent offenses (OR=3.5e+ 23; AUC=.97; 95% CI=.82-.99). Looking in records backward 4 years (M=4.1, SD= 2.6) and forward 10 years to mean age 24.5 yr. (SD=2.1), adults were classified as Homicidal (8%, n=69); Delinquent Assaulters Later Adult Assaulters (10%, n=86); Delinquent Assaulters Later Noncriminals (32%, n=270); Nonviolent Delinquents Later Nonviolent Criminals (10%, n=87); and Nonviolent Delinquents Later Non-criminals (40%, n=338). The Homicidal group (n=69) was compared to matched Control and Nonviolent Delinquent groups (n=69) using logistic regression. Predictors of Homicidal versus Control were poorer executive function and alcohol or substance abuse (AUC=.97; 95% CI=.93-.99). Predictors of Homicidal versus Nonviolent Delinquents were unemployment, poorer executive function, and prior court contacts (AUC=.98; 95%CI=.95-.99).

To identify risks for commission of homicide, 26 convicted Homicidal Youth (M age=14.9 yr., SD=1.4; n=26; 1 girl, 25 boys) were matched with 26 Nonviolent Delinquents and 26 clinic-referred Controls. Youth were tracked backward 8 years (M=7.7 yr., SD=1.5) and forward 3 years (M=3.1 yr., SD=1.2) in records. Data analysis was Shao's bootstrapped logistic regression yielding area under the curve (AUC) and odds ratios (OR). Predictors of homicide were poorer executive function (OR=7.04e+40), violent family (OR=4.01e-16), and alcohol abuse (OR=7.33e-17; AUC=.97, 95% CI=.77-.99). From earlier studies, 101 Homicidal Youth and their Controls were reanalyzed similarly. Predictors were poorer executive function (OR= 6.51), lower social maturity (OR=0.28), weapon possession (OR=26.10), and gang membership (OR=4.14; AUC=.98, 95% CI=.96-.99). Groups were combined, i.e., 26 and 101 Homicidal; 127 Homicidal Youth (7 girls, 120 boys) and their matched Controls were tracked in records. The predictor was poorer executive function (OR= 3.34e-21; AUC=.98, 95% CI=.96-.97). When 127 Homicidal Youth were compared with 127 matched Nonviolent Delinquents, predictors were poorer executive function (OR=2.83e-02), weapon possession (OR=l.63e-10), lower social maturity (OR= 1.15), and use of special education services (OR=.94; AUC=.94, 95% CI=.37-.99).

To study risks for abuse and later homicidal behavior, 192 abused infants (M age=3.12 yr., SD=1.48; 82 girls, 110 boys) and 192 controls were matched on demographics and examined; data discriminating abused and later homicidal cases were analyzed with Shao's bootstrapped logistic regression. Predictors of Abused status were injury, burn, poisoning, fetal substance exposure (OR=2.47), later parental or youth court contacts (OR=1.86e+12), and parental alcohol abuse (OR=.54; AUC = .99; 95% CI=.96-.99). Youth tracked through records 12 years (to M age=12.17 yr., SD=1.89) were classified into Abused Later Homicidal (11%, n=21), Abused Later Violent (14%, n=27), Abused Later Delinquent (31%, n=60), Abused Later Nondelinquent (n=44), and Control groups (n=192). Data were analyzed similarly. When the Abused Later Homicidal was contrasted with the Control group, predictors of homicide were three or more home/school moves (OR=.78), illnesses (OR=.90), and later court contacts (OR=1.75e+07; AUC=.99; 95% CI=.90-.98). When the Abused Later Homicidal was compared with the Abused Later Nondelinquent group, predictors of homicide were poorer executive function (OR=2.29) and later court contacts (OR=7.78e+06; AUC=.94; 95% CI=.90-.98).

Patients with remitted bipolar disorder (BD) have persistent cognitive deficits, but the nature and specificity of this deficit remain unclear. The authors evaluated the executive hypothesis of BD by determining whether (a) patients' executive deficits qualify as differential deficits, that is, that these significantly exceed deficits in other cognitive domains; (b) deficits in particular executive functions are evident, and (c) executive difficulties mediate declarative memory deficits in BD. The cognitive performance of 63 prospectively verified euthymic bipolar patients was compared with controls, using J. Baron and R. Trieman's (1980) method of testing for differences in nonindependent correlations. There were no differential deficits within the executive domain. Patients' generic executive performance was differentially impaired relative to primary verbal memory and retention in declarative memory, but not relative to their declarative recall, recognition, or their psychomotor performance. However, patients' executive deficit was not an artifact of their poor psychomotor performance. Executive performance accounted for all but a trivial portion of the between-group variance in declarative memory. Persistent cognitive difficulties in euthymic bipolar disorder (EBD) are thus usefully characterized as a generic dysexecutive syndrome. Keywords: bipolar disorder, euthymic, cognition, executive function, differential deficit

Crystals of U- and Th-doped fluor-, chlor-, and strontium-apatite have been synthesized from phosphate-halide-rich melts, and their structures were refined at room temperature with single-crystal X-ray diffraction intensities to R = 0.0167-0.0255. Structure refinements of U-doped fluorapatites indicate that U substitutes almost exclusively into the Ca2 site with site occupancy ratios [U.sub.Ca2]/[U.sub.Ca1], that range from 5.00 to 9.33. Similarly, structure refinements of Th-doped fluorapatites indicate that Th substitutes dominantly into the Ca2 site with [Th.sub.Ca2]/[Th.sub.Ca1] values that range from 4.33 to 8.67. Structure refinements of U-doped chlorapatites show that U is essentially equally distributed between the two Ca sites with [U.sub.Ca2]/[U.sub.Ca1] values that range from 0.89 to 1.17. Results for Th-doped chlorapatites show that Th substitutes into both Cal and Ca2 sites with [Th.sub.Ca2]/[Th.sub.Ca1] values that range from 0.61 to 0.67. In the Th-doped strontium-apatites with F and C1 end-members, Th is incorporated into both the Ca1 and Ca2 sites. The range of [Th.sub.Ca2]/[Th.sub.Ca1] values is 0.56 to 1.00 for the F end-member, and 0.39 to 0.94 for the C1 end-member. XANES measurements of the U-doped samples indicate that U in fluorapatite is tetravalent, whereas in chlorapatite it is heterovalent but dominantly hexavalent. According to our calculation, the volume of the Ca2 polyhedron increases by about 5.8% from fluorapatite to chlorapatite, but that of Ca1 polyhedron increases by only 0.59%. We speculate that the much greater size of the Ca2 polyhedron in chlorapatite may diminish the selectivity of this position for U and Th. The incorporation of U and Th into fluorapatite results in a decrease in the size of both Ca polyhedra, but the incorporation of U and Th into chlorapatite results in an increase in the volume of both Ca polyhedra. We suggest that the preference of U and Th for both Ca sites in chlorapatite is attributable to the large increase in size and distortion of the Ca2 polyhedron upon substitution of C1 for F. Keywords: Apatite, uranium, thorium, single-crystal XRD, uranium XANES in apatite

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2008.04.002 Byline: John R. Hughes (a)(b)(c), Theodore W. Marcy (d), Shelly Naud (e) Keywords: Consumer; Nicotine; Smoking; Smoking cessation; Tobacco; Treatment Abstract: We surveyed 884 Vermont (VT) tobacco smokers by random digit dialing to determine past and future use of treatment. Among those who had recently attempted to quit, 61% had ever used a treatment, 21% had ever used a psychosocial treatment, and 57% had used a medication. Among those who planned to quit in the next month, 68% stated they would use a treatment, 35% would use a psychosocial treatment, and 62% would use a medication. The major predictors of past or future use of treatment were greater cigarettes per day, older age, being a woman, and seeing a health professional. Although this survey suggests many smokers have used or plan to use a smoking cessation treatment, program data indicate less than 10% of VT smokers who try to quit use the state quitline, counseling, or free medication provision. Why smokers do not use these treatments needs to be determined. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA (b) Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA (c) Department of Family Practice, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA (d) Office of Health Promotion Research and Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT 05401, USA (e) Department of Medical Biostatistics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA Article History: Received 20 February 2008; Revised 1 April 2008; Accepted 11 April 2008

We surveyed 884 Vermont (VT) tobacco smokers by random digit dialing to determine past and future use of treatment. Among those who had recently attempted to quit, 61% had ever used a treatment, 21% had ever used a psychosocial treatment, and 57% had used a medication. Among those who planned to quit in the next month, 68% stated they would use a treatment, 35% would use a psychosocial treatment, and 62% would use a medication. The major predictors of past or future use of treatment were greater cigarettes per day, older age, being a woman, and seeing a health professional. Although this survey suggests many smokers have used or plan to use a smoking cessation treatment, program data indicate less than 10% of VT smokers who try to quit use the state quitline, counseling, or free medication provision. Why smokers do not use these treatments needs to be determined. Keywords: Consumer; Nicotine; Smoking; Smoking cessation; Tobacco; Treatment

The general performance of class AB switched currents (SI) is analyzed using the general MOS equations valid for all regions of operation. Using a figure-of-merit combining speed, dynamic range, and power consumption, the overall performance is shown to improve progressively as the SI memory transistors' operating region is moved from strong inversion to moderate and then weak inversion. The analysis is validated first by experiment using transistor arrays and then by simulation using 0.35-[micro]m, 0.18-[micro]m, and 90-nm CMOS process data. After discussing nonideal behavior of the weak inversion memory cell, the following two practical designs are described: a cascoded class AB memory at 1.25-V supply in the 3.3-V 0.35-[micro]m process and a two-step sampling class AB memory at 0.6-V supply in the 1.8-V 0.18-[micro]m process, and each demonstrates good performance. Index Terms--Class AB circuits, sampled-data circuits, sub-threshold CMOS circuits, switched-current (SI) technique.

This naturalistic telephone survey study compared perceptions of withdrawal severity in 67 daily cannabis users and 54 daily tobacco cigarette smokers who made quit attempts during the prior 30 days. A Withdrawal Symptom Checklist assessed the severity of abstinence symptoms and a Likert scale assessed perceived relations between abstinence symptoms and relapse. A composite Withdrawal Discomfort Score did not differ significantly between groups (M = 13.0 for cannabis, vs. M = 13.2 for tobacco). Individual symptom severity ratings were also of similar magnitude, except craving and sweating were slightly higher for tobacco. Both groups reported that withdrawal contributed substantially to relapse, and the strength of these ratings was similar across groups. The diverse convenience sample examined in this study adds external validity and generalizability to prior studies that included only users not planning to quit or excluded many common types of cannabis users. The comparable withdrawal experience from these heterogeneous cannabis and tobacco users supports previous findings from controlled laboratory studies and indicates that real-world, frequent cannabis users perceive that withdrawal symptoms negatively affect their desire and ability to quit. Keywords: Cannabis; Marijuana; Withdrawal; Dependence; Tobacco; Smoking cessation; Nicotine

The atomic arrangements of two natural samples of whitlockite, a synthetic whitlockite specimen, a synthetic whitlockite specimen heated at 500[degrees]C, and a synthetic merrillite specimen (formed through dehydrogenation of synthetic whitlockite by heating at 1050[degrees]C for 24 h) have been determined in space group R3c by X-ray diffraction methods; the high-quality structure refinements yielded R < 0.019. Whitlockite, ideally [Ca.sub.18][Mg.sub.2][(P[O.sub.4]).sub.12][[P[O.sub.3](OH)].sub.2] and merrillite, ideally [Ca.sub.18][Na.sub.2][Mg.sub.2][(P[O.sub.4]).sub.14], are similar phases that differ by the lack of hydrogen and the concomitant addition of charge-balancing sodium (or calcium) in merrillite. The atomic arrangements of whitlockite and merrillite contain a structural unit consisting of a [[(Mg,Fe)[(P[O.sub.4]).sub.6]].sup.16-.sub.2] complex anion that forms a 'bracelet-and-pinwheel' arrangement. The central octahedral cation and the six coordinating phosphate tetrahedra form a pinwheel, and in whitlockite and merrillite the pinwheels are not polymerized; the structural units are linked by interstitial complexes. In unsubstituted merrillite (assuming no Na or REE substituents for Ca), the interstitial complex has a formula of [[[Ca.sub.19][(P[O.sub.4]).sub.2].sup.32+], and in whitlockite, the terrestrial phase in which hydrogen is accommodated, the interstitial unit has the formula [[[Ca.sub.18][(P[O.sub.3][OH]).sub.2]].sup.32+], yielding the charge-balancing relationship [[[H.sub.(wit)] [left and right arrow] [Ca.sub.0.5(merr)]].sub.2]. Whitlockite and merrillite are perhaps the only phases that form a solid solution with terrestrial and extra-terrestrial end-members that differ by structural adjustments that result from the accommodation of hydrogen in the terrestrial phase. The results of the study also suggest that in terrestrial samples of whitlockite, a merrillite component of the solid solution is common, but that extraterrestrial samples of merrillite are devoid of any whitlockite component. Keywords: Whitlockite, merrillite, structures, dehydrogenation

Currently, there are nine validated medications, four validated psychosocial strategies, and three validated ways to deliver psychosocial treatments for smoking cessation. This article presents an algorithm based on a literature review and the author's clinical experience. The algorithm integrates the recommendations of the major guidelines and meta-analyses and provides rationales for its treatment decisions. The algorithm suggests a brief assessment followed by use of one to two medications and counseling in most smokers. Because all treatments appear equally effective and have few adverse events, the algorithm suggests clinicians inform smokers of the pros and cons of the different treatments, and recommend use of one or more of each. If a smoker fails to quit, the algorithm suggests an assessment of why relapse occurred and then a more intense treatment, a new treatment, or both. Keywords: Adaptive treatment; Algorithm; Smoking; Smoking cessation: Tobacco use disorder

Author(s): Hitomi Collaboration; Felix Aharonian [1, 2, 3]; Hiroki Akamatsu [4]; Fumie Akimoto [5]; Steven W. Allen [6, 7, 8]; Lorella Angelini [9]; Marc Audard [10]; Hisamitsu Awaki [11]; Magnus [...]

Tennyson, we know, was buried with a copy of Cymbeline (as well as various wreaths, and roses from Emily), and in the days before his death on October 5, 1892, [...]

Switched-current (SI) techniques for modern short-range wireless filters are described. The cascoded Class-AB SI is employed for improved memory accuracy with minimum loss of overall performance. With emphasis on low power, a multirate SI scheme that features order reduction and simple interfacing of the continuous-time anti-alias filter to the sampled data SI filter is introduced. Implemented using a 3-V 0.35-[micro]m digital CMOS process, the fifth-order complex bandpass SI filter was designed and optimized at 2.0-V supply voltage for Bluetooth application with 1-MHz center frequency and 1.2-MHz bandwidth. It has a voltage gain of 20.5 dB and achieves an image rejection of 45 dB, a spurious-free dynamic range of 64 dB and the signal-to-noise ratio of 67 dB. Index Terms--Class-AB technique, switched-current (SI) filter, SI technique.

Four colorless tourmalines of the liddicoatite-elbaite series from pegmatites from Anjanabonoina, Madagascar, have been characterized by crystal-structure determination and by chemical analyses. Optimized formulae range from [sup.X]([Ca.sub.0.57][Na.sub.0.29][??]0.14) [sup.Y]([Al.sub.1.41][Li.sub.1.33][Mn.sup.2+.sub.0.07][??]0.19) [sup.Z][Al.sub.6][sup.T]([Si.sub.5.86][B.sub.0.14])[O.sub.18] [(B[O.sub.3]).sub.3][sup.V][(OH).sub.3.00] [sup.W][F.sub.0.76] [(OH).sub.0.24]] [a = 15.8322(3), c = 7.1034(3) [Angstrom]] to [sup.X]([Na.sub.0.46][Ca.sub.0.30[??]0.24) [sup.Y]([Al.sup.1.82][Li.sub.0.89][Fe.sup.2+.sub.0.01] [Mn.sup.2+.sub.0.01[??]0.27) [sup.Z][Al.sub.6] [sup.T]([Si.sub.5.56] [B.sub.0.44])[O.sub.18] [(B[O.sub.3]).sub.3] [sup.V][(OH).sub.3.00] [sup.W][[(OH).sub.0.50][F.sub.0.50]] [a = 15.8095(9), c = 7.0941 (8) [Angstrom]] (R = 1.3-1.7%). There is a high negative correlation ([r.sup.2] = 0.984) between the bond-lengths (~1.618-1.614 [Angstrom]) and the amount of [sup.IV]B (from the optimized formulae). Similar to the olenites (from Koralpe, Austria) the liddicoatite-elbalte samples show a positive correlation between the Al occupancy at the Y site and [sup.IV]B ([r.sup.2] = 0.988). Short-range order configurations show that the presence of [sup.IV]B is coupled with the occupancy of ([Al.sub.2]Li) and ([Al.sub.2][??]) at the Y site. The structural formulae of the Al-rich tourmalines from Anjanabonoina, Madagascar, show ~[[??].sub.0.2] (vacancies) on the Y site. We believe that short-range order configurations with [sup.Y]([Al.sub.2][??]) are responsible for these vacancies. Hence, an oft-used calculation of the Li content by difference on the Y site may be problematic for Al-rich tourmalines (olenite, elbaite, rossmanite). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were recorded from the most [sup.IV]B-rich tourmaline sample. The bands around 5195 and 5380 [cm.sup.-1] can be assigned to [H.sub.2]O. Because these bands still could be observed in FFIR spectra at temperatures from -150 to +600 [degrees]C, it seems unlikely that they result from [H.sub.2]O in fluid inclusions. Interestingly, another FTIR spectrum from a dravite in which the X site is filled completely with Na, does not show bands at ~5200 and ~5400 [cm.sup.-1]. Although not definitive, the resulting spectra are consistent with small amounts of [H.sub.2]O at the X site of the elbalte. The rare-earth element (REE) pattern of the B-rich elbaite ([summation]REE: ~150 ppm) demonstrates that this sample is strongly enriched in LREEs compared to HREEs and exhibits a negative Eu anomaly. This sample shows the strongest enrichment of LREEs and a high [La.sub.N]/[Yb.sub.N] ratio of ~351, which seems to confirm an important role of the fractional crystallization process. Keywords: Liddicoatite-elbaite, tetrahedrally coordinated boron, Madagascar, structure, chemistry

The atomic arrangement of lunar merrillite has been refined to R = 0.0452 in R3c using X-ray diffraction data recorded on a CCD detector; previous attempts at structure solution using a point detector were not successful because of the poorly crystallized nature of the lunar material. The atomic arrangement of merrillite has a structural unit of [[(Mg,Fe)[(P[O.sub.4]).sub.6]].sup.16-.sub.2] that forms a 'bracelet-and-pinwheel' unit that is common in hexagonal-closest-packed layers. The individual structural units are not polymerized and exist in layers at z = 1/6, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, and 5/6. In lunar merrillite, the [[(Mg,Fe)[(P[O.sub.4]).sub.6]].sup.16-.sub.2] structural units are linked by a [[[(Ca,REE).sub.18][Na.sub.2][(P[O.sub.4]).sub.2]].sup.32+] interstitial complex, formed of Cal[O.sub.8], Ca2[O.sub.8], Ca3[O.sub.8], Na[O.sub.6], and Pl[O.sub.4] polyhedra. There has long been speculation regarding the relationship between merrillite and terrestrial whitlockite, and the solution of the Fra Mauro merrillite atomic arrangement allows the characterization of the lunar phase. Lunar merrillite and terrestrial whitlockite have largely similar atomic arrangements, but the phases differ due to the presence or absence of hydrogen. In whitlockite, H is an essential element and allows the charge balance. Hydrogen is incorporated into the whitlockite atomic arrangement by disordering one of the phosphate tetrahedra and forming a P[O.sub.3](OH) group. Lunar merrillite is devoid of hydrogen, and thus no disordered tetrahedral groups exist. Charge balance for substituents Y and REE (for Ca) is maintained by Si [left and right arrow] P tetrahedral substitution and [] [left and right arrow] Na at the Na site. The structure solution demonstrates the effectiveness of the CCD detector in unraveling previously intractable diffraction data and urges that previously analyzed lunar material be reexamined using this instrumentation. Keywords: Merrillite, Moon, atomic arrangement, chemistry

Merrillite, also known as 'whitlockite,' is one of the main phosphate minerals, along with apatite, that occur in lunar rocks, martian meteorites, and in many other groups of meteorites. Significant structural differences between terrestrial whitlockite and lunar (and meteoritic) varieties warrant the use of 'merrillite' for the H-free extraterrestrial material, and the systematic enrichment of REE in lunar merrillite warrants the use of 'RE-merrillite.' Laser Raman spectroscopy of extraterrestrial merrillite and terrestrial whitlockite confirms the absence of H in the former and presence of H in the latter. Lunar merrillite, ideally [(Mg, [Fe.sup.2+], [Mn.sup.2+]).sub.2][[Ca.sub.18-x] [(Y, REE).sub.x]][([Na.sub.2-x])(P, Si).sub.14][O.sub.56], contains high concentrations of Y+REE, reaching just over 3 atoms per 56 O atoms, or up to ~18 wt% as [(Y, RE).sub.2][O.sub.3]. In the absence of extensive Si [left and right arrow] P substitution, the 'availability' of the Na site limits Y+REE substitution to ~2 atoms per 56 O atoms. Higher concentrations of Y+REE, with coupled substitution of Si for P to balance charge are possible, but rare in lunar material. Intrinsically low Na concentrations in lunar rocks, combined with the typical formation of merrillite in late-stage basaltic mesostasis or residual, intercumulus melt pockets, produce these high REE concentrations. Lunar merrillite typically contains 0.1-0.4 Na atoms per 56 O atoms. For comparison, martian merrillite contains significantly higher Na concentrations (up to 1.7 Na atoms per 56 O atoms) and much lower REE concentrations. Meteoritic merrillite has relatively low REE contents, but exists in both Ca-rich and Na-rich varieties. Concentrations of Fe and Mg in all varieties sum to near 2 atoms per 56 O atoms. Merrillite in lunar crustal lithologies typically has Mg >> Fe; however, Fe-rich mare basalts contain up to 1.8 [Fe.sup.2+] per 56 O. The structure of merrillite accommodates a variety of substitutions, and the compositional characteristics reflect conditions and processes specific to the parent planet. Keywords: Merrillite, whitlockite, Moon, Mars, electron microprobe, ion microprobe, Raman spectroscopy, rare earth elements

Ag-rich tourmaline crystals were synthesized at 750 [degrees]C, 200 MPa [H.sub.2]O, and [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] = log (NNO) - 0.5, starting with an oxide mix of dravite composition to which various reagents, including AgF and AgCl, were added. Tourmaline containing up to 7.65 wt% [Ag.sub.2]O was synthesized, and this is the first time a tourmaline is described that contains significant amounts of Ag at the ninefold-coordinated X site. Crystal structure refinement and chemical analysis (EMPA) give the optimized formula [sup.X]([Na.sub.0.58][Ag.sub.0.18] [[??].sub.0.24]) [sup.Y]([Al.sub.1.54][Mg.sub.1.46]) [sup.Z]([Al.sub.5.34] [Mg.sub.0.66]) [sup.T]([Si.sub.5.90] [Al.sub.0.10])[O.sub.18] [(B[O.sub.3]).sub.3] [sup.V][(OH).sub.3][sup.W] ([O.sub.0.53][F.sub.0.47]), with a = 15.8995(4) and c = 7.1577(4) [Angstrom], and R = 0.036 for a crystal (~20 x 100 [micro]m) with approximately 2.2 wt% [Ag.sub.2]O. Refining Na [left and right arrow] Ag at the X site clearly indicates that Ag occupies this site. The X-O2 distance of ~2.52 [Angstrom] is slightly longer than tourmaline with ~([Na.sub.0.6][[??].sub.0.4]), reflecting the slightly larger ionic radius of Ag compared to Na. Releasing the occupancy at the Y site gives ~[Al.sub.0.98] (~12.7 [e.sup.-]), which can be explained by occupation of Mg and Al. On a bond-angle distortion vs. distance diagram, the Ag-rich olenite-dravite lies approximately on the V site = 3 (OH) line in the figure, defining the relation between bond-angle distortion ([[sigma].sub.oct.sup.2]) of the Z[O.sub.6] octahedron and the distance. No H could be found at the O1 site by refinement, in agreement with the Mg-Al disorder between the Y site and the Z site. Synthetic tourmaline contains no Ag when only AgCl is added; the compatibility of Ag in tourmaline, therefore, is largely a function of the F/Cl ratio of the fluid medium. A positive association of Ag at the X site with Al at the Y site and with F suggests that tourmaline might be useful for exploration in Cornwall-type polymetallic ore deposits associated with F-rich peraluminous granites or at other Ag-, F-, and B-enriched deposits such as Broken Hill, Australia. Preliminary electron microprobe analyses of tourmaline from Cornwall and Broken Hill, however, failed to detect Ag at the 3[sigma] detection level of 0.08 wt% [Ag.sub.2]O. Keywords: Tourmaline, silver, crystal synthesis, crystal structure

Basil Hume: The Monk Cardinal. By Anthony Howard. (London: Headline Book Publishing. 2005. Pp. 342. £29.) In February, 1976, Pope Paul VI reached over the heads of all his bishops [...]

This paper models management consultants' decisions about the order of client engagements when the consultant reduces clients' costs. The consultant can either immediately spread the innovation to all clients or sequentially spread the innovation to one client at a time. Licensing agreements, along with learning by doing, enhance the appeal of sequential engagements that delay the dissemination of innovation. However, concurrent engagements, or immediate dissemination, yield more clients who gain cost reductions for more periods. Whether the consultant finds that sequential or concurrent engagements optimal depends on her bargaining power and the magnitude of learning by doing. (JEL: O 31, L 84, L 13)

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.08.011 Byline: John R. Hughes (a), Josue P. Keely (a), Karl O. Fagerstrom (b), Peter W. Callas (c) Abstract: To assess the stability of intention to quit smoking, 115 US and Swedish smokers were randomized to complete Stage of Change (SOC) or ladder scales of intentions to quit at either 0, 7, 14 and 30 days or at 0 and 30 days in the absence of intervention. The four-assessment group had more progression in intention to quit than the two-assessment group. Depending on the measure, 12-17% of smokers changed their intention to quit over 7 days, 15-25% changed over 14 days and 17-34% changed over 30 days. Results were similar in Swedish and US participants and replicate the results of prior studies. We conclude intention to quit often spontaneously changes over short periods of time, especially with repeated testing. Author Affiliation: (a) Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology and Family Practice, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States (b) Fagerstrom Consulting, Helsingborg, Sweden (c) Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States

Pink, Mn-bearing 'oxy-rossmanite' from a pegmatite in a quarry near Eibenstein an der Thaya, Lower Austria, has been characterized by crystal structure determination, chemical analyses (EMPA, SIMS), and optical absorption and infrared spectroscopy. Crystal structure refinements in combination with the chemical analyses give the optimized formulae [sup.x]([[??].sub.0.53][Na.sub.0.46][Ca.sub.0.01]) [sup.Y]([Al.sub.2.37][Mn.sup.2+.sub.0.25][Fe.sup.2+.sub.0.04] [Ti.sup.4+.sub.0.01]) [sup.Z][Al.sub.6] [sup.T]([Si.sub.5.47] [Al.sub.0.28][B.sub.0.25])[O.sub.18][(B[O.sub.3]).sub.3] [sup.v][[(OH).sub.2.85][O.sub.0.15]][sup.W][[O.sub.0.86] [(OH).sub.0.10][F.sub.0.04]], with a = 15.8031 (3), c= 7.0877(3) [Angstrom], and R = 0.017 for the sample with 2.05 wt% MnO, and [sup.x]([[??].sub.0.53][Na.sub.0.46][Ca.sub.0.01]) [sup.Y]([Al.sub.2.35][Li.sub.0.32][Mn.sup.2+.sub.0.28][Fe.sup.2+.sub.0.04] [Ti.sup.4+.sub.0.01])[sup.Z][Al.sub.6] [sup.T]([Si.sub.5.51][Al.sub.0.25][B.sub.0.24])[O.sub.18][(B[O.sub.3]).sub.3] [sup.v][[(OH).sub.2.80][O.sub.0.20]] [sup.w][[O.sub.0.86][(OH).sub.0.10][F.sub.0.04]] for a sample with a = 15.8171 (3), c = 7.0935(2) [Angstrom], R = 0.017, and 2.19 wt% MnO. Although the structure refinements show significant amounts of [sup.[4]]B, the bond-lengths (~ 1.620 [Angstrom]) mask the incorporation of [sup.[4]B because of the incorporation of [sup.[4]]Al. The distances, calculated using the optimized T site occupancies, are consistent with the measured distances. This 'oxy-rossmanite' shows that it is possible to have significant amounts of [sup.[4]]B and [sup.[4]]Al in an Al-rich tourmaline. The 'oxy-rossmanite' from Eibenstein has the highest known Al content of all natural tourmalines (-47 wt% [Al.sub.2][O.sub.3]; ~8.6 apfu Al). The near-infrared spectrum confirms both that hydroxyl groups are present in the Eibenstein tourmaline and that they are present at a lower concentration than commonly found in other lithian tourmalines. The integrated intensity (850 [cm.sup.2]) of the OH bands in the single-crystal spectrum of 'oxy-rossmanite' from Eibenstein is distinctly lower than for other Li-bearing tourmaline samples (970-1260 [cm.sup.-2]) with OH contents >3.0 pfu. These samples fall on the V site = 3 (OH) line in the figure defining covariance of the relationship between the bond-angle distortion ([[sigma].sub.oct.sup.2]) of the Z[O.sub.6] octahedron and the distance. On a bond-angle distortion- distance diagram 'oxy-rossmanite' from Eibenstein lies between the tourmalines that contain 3 (OH) at the V site, and natural buergerite, which contains 0.3 (OH) and 2.7 O at the V site. No H could be found at the O1 site by refinement, and the spherical electron density in the difference-Fourier map around the O1 site supports the conclusion that this site is mainly occupied by O. The pink color comes from the band at 555 nm that is associated with [Mn.sup.3+] produced by natural irradiation of [Mn.sup.2+]. This is the first time a tourmaline is described that has a composition that falls in the field of the previously proposed hypothetical species 'oxy-rossmanite'.

Smokers not currently interested in quitting (N = 616) were randomized to receive telephone-based (a) reduction counseling plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) plus brief advice to quit, (b) motivational advice plus brief advice, or (c) no treatment. More smokers in the reduction (43%) and motivational (51%) conditions made a 24-hr quit attempt over 6 months than smokers in the no-treatment condition (16%; p < .01), but the 2 active conditions did not differ (p > .05). Similarly, 18%, 23%, and 4% of each condition were abstinent (7-day point prevalence) at 6 months (p < .01). Results indicate smoking reduction using NRT does not undermine cessation but rather increases the likelihood of quitting to a degree similar to motivational advice.