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The dispersal of early humans from Africa by 1.75 Myr ago led to a marked expansion of their range, from the island of Flores in the east to the Iberian peninsula in the west (1-5). This range encompassed tropical forest, savannah and Mediterranean habitats, but has hitherto not been demonstrated beyond 45° N. Until recently, early colonization in Europe was thought to be confined to the area south of the Pyrenees and Alps. However, evidence from Pakefield (Suffolk, UK) at ~0.7 Myr indicated that humans occupied northern European latitudes when a Mediterranean-type climate prevailed (6). This provided the basis for an 'ebb and flow' model, where human populations were thought to survive in southern refugia during cold stages, only expanding northwards during fully temperate climates (5). Here we present new evidence from Happisburgh (Norfolk, UK) demonstrating that Early Pleistocene hominins were present in northern Europe >0.78 Myr ago when they were able to survive at the southern edge of the boreal zone. This has significant implications for our understanding of early human behaviour, adaptation and survival, as well as the tempo and mode of colonization after their first dispersal out of Africa., At Happisburgh Site 3 (Fig. 1) an assemblage of 78 flint artefacts has been excavated from fluvial gravels and laminated estuarine sands and silts that fill a series of stacked, [...]

Noted Piccadilly bookseller James Toovey brought a collection of Aldines, including a First Folio, which was later bought by financier J. Pierpont Morgan in 1901 to add to the remarkable library he was accumulating. The 1623 Folio was not only a Shakespeare First Folio, but it was also associated with a family of great renown in English literature and history. Victorian readers were deeply interested in the famous story of the heroic death of Sir Philip and in the penalty for alleged high treason.

Early medieval churches in southern and central England are broadly in alignment with east. A new study shows that this orientation can only have been accomplished using astronomical means.