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Synaptic transmission is maintained by a delicate, sub-synaptic molecular architecture, and even mild alterations in synapse structure drive functional changes during experience-dependent plasticity and pathological disorders (1,2). Key to this architecture is how the distribution of presynaptic vesicle fusion sites corresponds to the position of receptors in the postsynaptic density. However, while it has long been recognized that this spatial relationship modulates synaptic strength (3), it has not been precisely described, owing in part to the limited resolution of light microscopy. Using localization microscopy, here we show that key proteins mediating vesicle priming and fusion are mutually co-enriched within nanometre-scale subregions of the presynaptic active zone. Through development of a new method to map vesicle fusion positions within single synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, we find that action-potential-evoked fusion is guided by this protein gradient and occurs preferentially in confined areas with higher local density of Rab3-interacting molecule (RIM) within the active zones. These presynaptic RIM nanoclusters closely align with concentrated postsynaptic receptors and scaffolding proteins (4-6), suggesting the existence of a trans-synaptic molecular 'nanocolumn'. Thus, we propose that the nanoarchitecture of the active zone directs action-potential-evoked vesicle fusion to occur preferentially at sites directly opposing postsynaptic receptor-scaffold ensembles. Remarkably, NMDA receptor activation triggered distinct phases of plasticity in which postsynaptic reorganization was followed by trans-synaptic nanoscale realignment. This architecture suggests a simple organizational principle of central nervous system synapses to maintain and modulate synaptic efficiency., The location of vesicle fusion within an active zone is probably dictated by a few key members of the presynaptic proteome, including RIM1/2, Munc13, and bassoon (Bsn)7 (Fig. 1a). To [...]

This article describes the Treehouse Community in western Massachusetts, an innovative, intentional, intergenerational community committed to supporting children and youth who have experienced foster care, the families who are raising them, and the elders who are supporting the community. Interviews with 23 parents, elders, and staff highlighted the importance of dedicated staff and the challenges of meeting the varying needs of the children, parents, and elders. Strengths, challenges, and recommendations for program replication are discussed., Foster care provides a temporary living arrangement for children who have been abused, neglected, and/or are dependent and need a safe place to live when their parents or guardians cannot [...]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly superoxide ([O.sub.2.sup.*-]), have been identified as key signaling intermediates in ANG II-induced neuronal activation and sympathoexcitation associated with cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and heart failure. Studies of the central nervous system have identified NADPH oxidase as a primary source of [O.sub.2.sup.*-] in ANG II-stimulated neurons; however, additional sources of [O.sub.2.sup.*-], including mitochondria, have been mostly overlooked. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ANG II increases mitochondria-produced [O.sub.2.sup.*-] in neurons and that increased scavenging of mitochondria-produced [O.sub.2.sup.*-] attenuates ANG If-dependent intraneuronal signaling. Stimulation of catecholaminergic (CATH.a) neurons with ANG II (100 nM) increased mitochondria-localized [O.sub.2.sup.*-] levels, as measured by MitoSOX Red fluorescence. This response was significantly attenuated in neurons overexpressing the mitochondria-targeted [O.sub.2.sup.*-]-scavenging enzyme Mn-SOD. To examine the biological significance of the ANG II-mediated increase in mitochondria-produced [O.sub.2.sup.*-], we used the whole cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique to record the well-characterized ANG II-induced inhibition of voltage-gated [K.sup.+] current ([I.sub.Kv]) in neurons. Adenovirus-mediated Mn-SOD overexpression or pretreatment with the cell-permeable antioxidant tempol (1 mM) significantly attenuated ANG H-induced inhibition of [I.sub.Kv]. In contrast, pretreatment with extracellular SOD protein (400 U/ml) had no effect. Mn-SOD overexpression also inhibited ANG II-induced activation of [Ca.sup.2+]/calmodulin kinase II, a redox-sensitive protein known to modulate [I.sub.Kv]. These data indicate that ANG II increases mitochondrial [O.sub.2.sup.*-], which mediates, at least in part, ANG II-induced activation of [Ca.sup.2+]/calmodulin kinase II and inhibition of [I.sub.Kv] in neurons. manganese superoxide dismutase; SOD2; calcium/calmodulin kinase II; CATH.a neurons; MitoSOX Red doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00313.2009.

Peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity is enhanced in both clinical and experimental chronic heart failure (CHF). Here we investigated the role of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), the SOD isoform specially targeted to mitochondria, and mitochondrial superoxide levels in the enhanced chemoreceptor activity and function of the carotid body (CB) in CHF rabbits. CHF suppressed MnSOD protein expression and elevated mitochondrial superoxide levels in CB compared with that in sham CB. Adenovirus (Ad) MnSOD (1 x [10.sup.8] plaque-forming units/ml) gene transfer selectively to the CBs normalized mitochondrial superoxide levels in glomus cells from CHF CB. In addition, Ad MnSOD reduced the elevation of superoxide level in CB tissue from CHF rabbits. Ad MnSOD significantly increased MnSOD expression in CHF CBs and normalized the baseline renal sympathetic nerve activity and the response of renal sympathetic nerve activity to hypoxia in CHF rabbits. Ad MnSOD decreased baseline single-fiber discharge from CB chemoreceptors compared with Ad Empty (6.3 [+ or -] 1.5 vs. 12.7 [+ or -] 1.4 imp/s at ~100-Tort [Po.sub.2], P < 0.05) and in response to hypoxia (20.5 [+ or -] 1.8 vs. 32.6 [+ or -] 1.4 imp/s at ~40-Torr [Po.sub.2], P < 0.05) in CHF rabbits. Compared with Ad Empty, Ad MnSOD reversed the blunted [K.sup.+] currents in CB glomus cells from CHF rabbits (385 [+ or -] 11 vs. 551 [+ or -] 20 pA/pF at +70 mV, P < 0.05). The results suggest that decreased MnSOD in the CB and elevated mitochondrial superoxide levels contribute to the enhanced CB chemoreceptor activity and peripheral chemoreflex function in CHF rabbits. superoxide dismutase; mitochondrial superoxide levels; adenoviral vector; carotid body; chronic heart failure doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00629.2009

Objective: This study used event-based analyses to examine how alcohol and drug use are associated with protected sex among women residing in temporary shelters in Los Angeles County. Method: Participants were 445 sexually active women age 18 and older who were sampled from 52 shelters serving homeless individuals. Data were collected through individual computer-assisted face-to-face structured interviews. Both between-subjects analyses (n = 445) and within-subjects analyses (n = 87) were used to examine the association between substance use and protected sex. Results: In both within- and between-subjects analyses, women who drank alcohol before sex were significantly more likely to engage in protected sex compared with women who did not drink alcohol. However, there was no association between women's drug use, or their male partner's alcohol or drug use, and whether they engaged in protected sex. The higher likelihood of protected sex during events when women drank alcohol could be explained by partner choice (both analyses) and discussing condom use before sex (within-subjects analyses only). Conclusions: These findings challenge the common belief that women's alcohol use before sex necessarily increases the likelihood of unprotected sex but are consistent with several previous studies suggesting that alcohol use may be associated with protected sex under certain conditions. Results from this study highlight the need to better understand the complexities of how alcohol use may influence the sexual behavior of impoverished women. (J Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 71, 86-94, 2010), IMPOVERISHED WOMEN OF COLOR are disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, with the leading route of infection being heterosexual sex (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007). Those who are [...]

Angiotensin type 1 receptors ([AT.sub.1]Rs) play a critical role in a variety of physiological functions and pathophysiological states. They have been strongly implicated in the modulation of sympathetic outflow in the brain. An understanding of the mechanisms by which [AT.sub.1]Rs are regulated in a variety of disease states that are characterized by sympathoexcitation is pivotal in development of new strategies for the treatment of these disorders. This review concentrates on several aspects of [AT.sub.1]R regulation in the setting of chronic heart failure (CHF). There is now good evidence that [AT.sub.1]R expression in neurons is mediated by activation of the transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1). This transcription factor and its component proteins are upregulated in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of animals with CHF. Because the increase in [AT.sub.1]R expression and transcription factor activation can be blocked by the [AT.sub.1]R antagonist losartan, a positive feedback mechanism of [AT.sub.1]R expression in CHF is suggested. Oxidative stress has also been implicated in the regulation of receptor expression. Recent data suggest that the newly discovered catabolic enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) may play a role in the modulation of [AT.sub.1]R expression by altering the balance between the octapeptide ANG II and ANG(1-7). Finally, exercise training reduces both central oxidative stress and [AT.sub.1]R expression in animals with CHF. These data strongly suggest that multiple central and peripheral influences dynamically alter [AT.sub.1]R expression in CHF. sympathetic nerve activity; neuronal signaling; oxidative stress doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00073.2009.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2009.03.001 Byline: Reid K. Hester (a), Harold D. Delaney (b), William Campbell (b), Nancy Handmaker (c) Keywords: Moderate drinking; Web application; Software; Self-help group; Moderation; Moderation Management; Heavy drinking Abstract: Eighty-four heavy drinkers who responded to a newspaper recruitment advertisement were randomly assigned to receive either (a) training in a Moderate Drinking protocol via an Internet-based program (www.moderatedrinking.com) and use of the online resources of Moderation Management (MM; www.moderation.org) or (b) use of the online resources of MM alone. Follow-ups are being conducted at 3, 6, and 12 months. Results of the recently completed 3-month follow-up (86% follow-up) indicated both groups significantly reduced their drinking based on these variables: standard drinks per week, percent days abstinent, and mean estimated blood alcohol concentration (BAC) per drinking day. Both groups also significantly reduced their alcohol-related problems. Relative to the control group, the experimental group had better outcomes on percent days abstinent and log drinks per drinking day. These short-term outcome data provide evidence for the effectiveness of both the Moderate Drinking Web application and of the resources available online at MM in helping heavy drinkers reduce their drinking and alcohol-related problems. Author Affiliation: (a) Research Division, Behavior Therapy Associates, LLP, Albuquerque, NM, USA (b) Psychology Department, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA (c) Private Practice, Corrales, NM Article History: Received 15 September 2008; Revised 10 February 2009; Accepted 2 March 2009 Article Note: (footnote) This research was supported by a Small Business Innovative Research grant from the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R44 AA014305) to the senior author.

Transcriptional regulatory circuits govern how cis and trans factors transform signals into messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels. With advances in quantitative and high-throughput technologies that allow measurement of gene expression state in different conditions, data that can be used to build and test models of transcriptional regulation is being generated at a rapid pace. Here, we review experimental and computational methods used to derive detailed quantitative circuit models on a small scale and cruder, genome-wide models on a large scale. We discuss the potential of combining small- and large-scale approaches to understand the working and wiring of transcriptional regulatory circuits.

Measurements of the distribution of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in soils are needed due to their potential to improve our understanding of soil C[O.sub.2] emissions and sequestration under varying climatic conditions and land management technologies. Organic carbon and nitrogen isotopic and elemental composition was measured in baseline forest soils as well as in anthropogenically and intermittently flooded soils in the southern Appalachian Mountains. For the undisturbed forest soils, the consistent relationship between elemental and isotopic composition in the soil column, across soil organic matter pools, was supportive of the hypothesis that isotopic signature is reflective of microbial induced carbon turnover and nitrogen decomposition. A climatologic analysis suggested that isotopic indicators of soil organic matter turnover were influenced by mean annual temperature at our study sites, as well as in 10 other regional and global soil carbon and nitrogen isotopic studies. Intermittently flooded soils showed carbon and nitrogen distributions that reflected successive high magnitude events where sediments were deposited upon a developing forest floor. Measurements from soils disturbed by mining, agriculture, and recreation suggest the potential for using carbon and nitrogen isotopes to indicate the degree of soil organic matter turnover induced by different land management scenarios. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000008 CE Database subject headings: Isotopes; Carbon; Nitrogen; Soil dynamics; Carbon dioxide; Organic matter; Soil sampling; Soil analysis; Soil chemistry.

Spirituality is presumed by millions of Americans to be directly relevant to problems of alcohol abuse. We summarize findings regarding the role of religion and spirituality in the prevention and treatment of substance abuse and present a case illustration. We also consider mechanisms responsible for these effects. We offer advice about why, by whom, and how religion and spirituality should be discussed with clients with substance use disorders. In a recent clinical trial, therapists trained in a client-centered approach to facilitate exploration of spirituality fostered clients' use of spiritual practices. We suggest that the therapist's ability to skillfully engage clients in a discussion of spirituality is largely determined by how the therapist balances the dual roles of authoritative expert and evocative facilitator. Keywords: religion; spirituality; client-centered; alcohol abuse; motivational interviewing

Exercise training (ExT) normalizes the increased sympathetic outflow in heart failure (HF), but the mechanisms are not known. We hypothesized that ExT would normalize the augmented glutamatergic mechanisms mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) that occur with HF. Four groups of rats were used: 1) sham-operated (Sham) sedentary (Sed), 2) Sham ExT, 3) HF Sed, and 4) HF ExT. HF was induced by left coronary artery ligation, and ExT consisted of 3 wk of treadmill running. In [alpha]-chloralose-urethane-anesthetized rats, the increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity in response to the highest dose of NMDA (200 pmol) injected into the PVN in the HF Sed group was approximately twice that of the Sham Sed group. In the HF ExT group the response was not different from the Sham Sed and Sham ExT groups. Relative NMDA NR1 receptor subunit mRNA expression was 63% higher in the HF Sed group compared with the Sham Sed group but in the HF ExT group was not different from the Sham Sed and Sham ExT groups. NR1 receptor subunit protein expression was increased 87% in the HF Sed group compared with the Sham Sed group but in the HF ExT group was not significantly different from the Sham Sed and Sham ExT groups. Thus one mechanism by which ExT alleviates elevated sympathetic outflow in HF may be through normalization of glutamatergic mechanisms within the PVN. paraventricular nucleus; N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors; sympathetic nerve activity

A study examining the effects of poverty and malnutrition on dental caries, periodontal disease, oral cancer and tooth loss is presented.

Has the disparity in religiosity between clinicians and the general public decreased in recent years? Clinician members of the American Psychological Association (APA) were surveyed regarding their religion and spirituality. The survey was sent to 489 randomly selected members of APA, of whom 258 (53%) replied. Items were drawn from prior surveys to allow this APA sample to be compared with the general U.S. population and with an earlier survey of psychotherapists by A. E. Bergin and J. P. Jensen (1990). Although no less religious than A. E. Bergin and J. P. Jensen's (1990) sample, psychologists remained far less religious than the clients they serve. The vast majority, however, regarded religion as beneficial (82%) rather than harmful (7%) to mental health. Implications for clinical practice and training are considered. Keywords: religiosity, spirituality, clinicians, graduate training, mental health

The detailed mechanism of how the ribosome decodes protein sequence information with an abnormally high accuracy, after 40 years of study, remains elusive. A critical element in selecting correct transfer RNA (tRNA) transferring correct amino acid is 'induced fit' between the ribosome and tRNA. By using single-molecule methods, the induced fit mechanism is shown to position favorably the correct tRNA after initial codon recognition. We provide evidence that this difference in positioning and thermal fluctuations constitutes the primary mechanism for the initial selection of tRNA. This work demonstrates thermal fluctuations playing a critical role in the substrate selection by an enzyme. ribosome dynamics | ribosome selection | single-molecule FRET

Using the framework of social dominance theory, the current investigation tested for the contextual effects of adolescent peer groups on individuals' homophobic and social dominance attitudes. Results from multilevel models indicated that significant differences existed across peer groups on homophobic attitudes. In addition, these differences were accounted for on the basis of the hierarchy-enhancing or -attenuating climate of the group. A group socialization effect on individuals' social dominance attitudes over time was also observed. Furthermore, the social climate of the peer group moderated the stability of individuals' social dominance attitudes. Findings support the need to examine more proximal and informal group affiliations and earlier developmental periods in efforts to build more comprehensive theoretical models explaining when and how prejudiced and dominance attitudes are formed and the way in which they are perpetuated. Keywords: social dominance, homophobia, prejudice, socialization, peer groups

The specific dechlorination pathways for aroclor 1260 which were determined in Baltimore Harbor sediment microcosms demonstrate that the variation in dechlorination patterns of congener mixtures typically observed at different polychlorinated biphenyl impacted sites could potentially be mediated by the synergistic activities of relatively few dechlorinating species.

Author(s): Sotaro Uemura [1]; Magdalena Dorywalska [2]; Tae-Hee Lee [1]; Harold D. Kim [1]; Joseph D. Puglisi (corresponding author) [2]; Steven Chu (corresponding author) [1, 3, 4] The ribosome is [...]

Our previous study demonstrated a contribution of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus in the processing of the carotid body (CB) chemoreflex. Nitric oxide (NO) (within the PVN), known to modulate autonomic function, is altered in rats with heart failure (HF). Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine the influence of endogenous and exogenous NO within the PVN on the sympathoexcitatory component of the peripheral chemoreflex in normal and HF states. We measured mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), and phrenic nerve activity (PNA) in sham-operated and HF rats (6-8 wk after coronary artery ligation) after incremental doses of potassium cyanide (25-100 [micro]g/kg iv). There was potentiation of the reflex responses in HF compared with sham-operated rats. Bilateral microinjection of an inhibitor of NO synthase, [N.sup.G]-monomethyl-L-arginine (50 pmol), into the PVN augmented the RSNA and PNA response to peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation in sham-operated rats but had no effect in HF rats. Conversely, bilateral microinjection of a NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (50 nmol), into the PVN attenuated the RSNA response of the peripheral chemoreflex in sham-operated rats but to a smaller extent in HF rats. These data indicate that 1) NO within the PVN plays an important role in the processing of the CB chemoreflex and 2) there is an impairment of the NO function within the PVN of HF rats, which contributes to an augmented peripheral chemoreflex and subsequent elevation of sympathetic activity in HF. renal sympathetic nerve activity; phrenic nerve activity; hypothalamus

The underlying process in adoptive kinship networks that experienced increases or decreases in levels of openness during the child's adolescent years is studied. The findings suggest that adoptive mothers tended to be more involved in contact with the birth mother than were adoptive fathers or adopted adolescents.

Adoption research commonly uses parents&apos; reports of satisfaction when examining openness in adoption arrangements. This qualitative study aimed to fill a gap in the adoption research by using adolescents&apos; voices to gain a better understanding of their adoption experiences. Adopted adolescents (n = 152) were interviewed concerning their satisfaction with the openness in their adoption arrangements with their birthmothers. Results and implications from this study may affect how adoption agencies work with adopted adolescents and their families, and may influence a broader understanding of the recent trend toward open adoption arrangements.

This study explored the similarity of underlying personality traits of workplace bullying and discrimination. University students self-reported the frequency of bullying others in the workplace and discriminating against African Americans, homosexuals, and the obese. They completed questionnaires measuring prejudice and personality traits. The major findings were that social dominance orientation, low social desirability scores, and being male affected bullying and discrimination. Perspective taking affected bullying: and right-wing authoritarianism, anxiety, and being White affected discrimination. Prejudice influenced relations between personality and discrimination, but not bullying. It was concluded that despite strong behavioral similarities, bullying and discrimination have somewhat different underlying determinants. Certain traits make them distinct, increasing the likelihood of one choosing either a prejudice-based target or a non-prejudice-based target.

A study on significance of contemplative studies with relation to existing models of teaching is presented.

Whole plant defoliation studies were performed using dark red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to compare the effect of cyclanilide [1-(2,4-dichlorophenylaminocarbonyl)-cyclopropane carboxylic acid], ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), auxin transport inhibitors, and temperature on leaf abscission. Ethephon induced bean leaf defoliation, but ethephon combined with cyclanilide induced greater defoliation than ethephon alone. The response was dose dependent, as 0.067 kg/ha ethephon alone did not induce defoliation, but when combined with an equal rate of cyclanilide induced 63% defoliation five days after treatment (DAT). In addition, combining auxin transport inhibitors at 0.140 kg a.i./ha with 0.067 kg a.i/ha ethephon induced 50 to 52% defoliation, 5 DAT. Ethephon-induced defoliation was more temperature sensitive than the combination of cyclanilide with ethephon. Ethephon alone (0.067 kg a.i/ha) induced 26% defoliation 5 DAT at the highest tested temperature (30/26[degrees]C, day/night), but cyclanilide combined with ethephon induced 75 to 85% defoliation at all tested temperatures (except at 16/14[degrees]C, the lowest). These results indicate that cyclanilide is an ethephon synergist because it enhanced ethephon activity, even at low temperatures. These results support the model that ethylene released by ethephon induces abscission, and suggests that inhibition of auxin transport or auxin signaling will increase the effect of ethylene on the process of leaf abscission. Because of the similarities to the activity to 1-N-naphthyiphthalamic acid (NPA) and 2,3,4-truodobenzoic acid (TIBA) in vivo, cyclanilide may act as an auxin transport inhibitor.

Mordecai: An Early American Family, by Emily Bingham. New York: Hill and Wang, 2003. 346 pp. $26.00. Unlike most Jewish immigrants to the United States, who arrived in the mid- [...]

Assays for both quantitative and qualitative analyses are developed to assess sediment microcosm enrichments that reductively dechlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The results indicate that individual species within Chloroflexi displays a limited range of congener specificities and that a relatively diverse community of species within a deeply branching group of Chloroflexi with complementary congener specificities is likely required for the reductive dechlorination of different PCBs congeners in the environment.

In the present study we investigated the involvement of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the modulation of sympathoexcitatory reflex activated by peripheral and central chemoreceptors. We measured mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), and phrenic nerve activity (PNA) before and after blocking neurotransmission within the PVN by bilateral microinjection of 2% lidocaine (100 nl) during specific stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors by potassium cyanide (KCN, 75 [micro]g/kg iv, bolus dose) or stimulation of central chemoreceptors with hypercapnia (10% C[O.sub.2]). Typically stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors evoked a reflex response characterized by an increase in MAP, RSNA, and PNA and a decrease in HR. Bilateral microinjection of 2% lidocaine into the PVN had no effect on basal sympathetic and cardiorespiratory variables; however, the RSNA and PNA responses evoked by peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation were attenuated (P < 0.05). Bilateral microinjection of bicuculline (50 pmol/50 nl, n = 5) into the PVN augmented the RSNA and PNA response to peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation (P < 0.05). Conversely, the GABA agonist muscimol (0.2 nmol/50 nl, n = 5) injected into the PVN attenuated these reflex responses (P < 0.05). Blocking neurotransmission within the PVN had no effect on the hypercapnia-induced central chemoreflex responses in carotid body denervated animals. These results suggest a selective role of the PVN in processing the sympathoexcitatory and ventilatory component of the peripheral, but not central, chemoreflex. renal sympathetic nerve activity; phrenic nerve activity; carotid body; chemoreceptors

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) accumulate and persist in sediments posing a risk to human health and the environment. Highly chlorinated PCBs are reductively dechlorinated in anaerobic sediments and two bacteria, designated o-1 7 and DF-1, from a novel phylogenetic group that reductively dechlorinate PCBs have recently been identified. However, there is a paucity of knowledge about the distribution, diversity and ecology of PCB-dechlorinating bacteria due to difficulty in obtaining pure cultures and the lack of detection by universal PCR 1 6S rRNA gene primer sets in sediments. A specific PCR primer was developed and optimized for detection of o-1 7/DF-1 and other closely related bacteria in the environment. Using this primer set it was determined that bacteria of this group were enriched in sediment microcosms from Baltimore Harbour concurrent with active dechlorination of 2,2',3,4,4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl. Additional 1 6S rRNA gene sequences that had high levels of similarity to described PCB dechlorinators were detected in sediments from the Elizabeth River tributary of Chesapeake Bay, which had confirmed PCB-dechlorinating activities. Phylogenetic comparison of these detected 1 6S rRNA gene sequences revealed a relatively diverse group of organisms within the dehalogenating Chloroflexi that are distinct from the Dehalococcoides spp. Results from this study indicate that reductive PCB dechlorination activity may be catalysed by a previously undescribed group of micro-organisms that appear to be prevalent in PCB-impacted sites.

Chronic heart failure is often associated with sympathoexcitation and blunted arterial baroreflex function. These phenomena have been causally linked to elevated central ANG II mechanisms. Recent studies have shown that NAD(P)H oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important mediators of ANG II signaling and therefore might play an essential role in these interactions. The aims of this study were to determine whether central subchronic infusion of ANG II in normal animals has effects on [O.sup.-.sub.2] production and expression of NAD(P)H oxidase subunits as well as ANG II type 1 (A[T.sub.1]) receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Twenty-four male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into four groups and separately received a subchronic intracerebroventricular infusion of saline alone, ANG II alone, ANG II with losartan, and losartan alone for 1 wk. On day 7 of intracerebroventricular infusion, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) values were recorded, and arterial baroreflex sensitivity was evaluated while animals were in the conscious state. We found that ANG II significantly increased baseline RSNA (161.9%; P < 0.05), mRNA and protein expression of A[T.sub.1] receptors (mRNA, 66.7%; P < 0.05; protein, 85.1%; P < 0.05), NAD(P)H oxidase subunits (mRNA, 120.0-200.0%: P < 0.05; protein, 90.9-197.0%; P < 0.05), and [O.sup.-.sub.2] production (83.2%; P < 0.05) in the RVLM. In addition, impaired baroreflex control of HR ([Gain.sub.max] reduced by 48.2%: P < 0.05) and RSNA ([Gain.sub.max] reduced by 53.6%; P < 0.05) by ANG II was completely abolished by losartan. Losartan significantly decreased baseline RSNA (-49.5%; P < 0.05) and increased baroreflex control of HR ([Gain.sub.max] increased by 64.8%: P < 0.05) and RSNA ([Gain.sub.max] increased by 67.9%; P < 0.05), but had no significant effects on mRNA and protein expression of A[T.sub.1] receptor and NAD(P)H oxidase subunits and [O.sup.-.sub.2] production in the RVLM. These data suggest that in normal rabbits, NAD(P)H oxidase-derived ROS play an important role in the modulation of sympathetic activity and arterial baroreflex function by subchronic central treatment of exogenous ANG II via A[T.sub.1] receptors. baroreflex; renal sympathetic nerve activity; free radicals; angiotensin II type 1 receptor; rostral ventrolateral medulla; reactive oxygen species

The mechanical and physical properties of silicon nitride thin films have been characterized, particularly for their application in load-bearing MEMS applications. Both stoichiometric (high-stress) and silicon-rich (low-stress) films deposited by LPCVD have been studied. Young's modulus, E, has been determined using conventional lateral resonators and by bulge testing of membranes, and tensile strength has been determined using a specially designed microtensile specimen. All microdevices have been fabricated using standard micromachining. We have also measured the thermal expansion coefficient of stoichiometric silicon nitride. Our best estimate of E is 325 [+ or -] 30 GPa for stoichiometric and 295 [+ or -] 30 GPa for silicon-rich silicon nitride. The average tensile strength for the stoichiometric material is 6.4 [+ or -] 0.6 GPa, while that for the silicon-rich material is 5.5 [+ or -] 0.8 GPa; the burst strength of membranes of the stoichiometric material is 7.1 [+ or -] 0.2 GPa. Index Terms--Bulge, modulus, silicon nitride, strength.

Sixty-one problem drinkers were randomly assigned to either immediate treatment or a 4-week wait-list control group. Treatment consisted of a computer-based brief motivational intervention, the Drinker's Check-up (DCU). Outcomes strongly support the experimental hypotheses and long-term effectiveness of the treatment. Overall, participants reduced the quantity and frequency of drinking by 50%, and had similar reductions in alcohol-related problems that were sustained through 12-month follow-up. The DCU seems to be effective in enhancing problem drinkers' motivation for change. Keywords: Brief motivational intervention; Software: Problem drinking

A novel digitally-actuated shaped micromirror for on-off optical switch applications is described. Reflective static spherical mirrors were designed and fabricated using conventional surface micromachining and the MultiPoly process, a technique for depositing multilayers of LPCVD polysilicon in order to control the overall stress and stress gradient. The resulting mirrors were measured to have radii of curvature of approximately 9 mm in agreement with design predictions. Based upon these static mirrors, an actuatable micromirror (diameter = 500 [micro]m, static radius of curvature = 6.4 mm) was designed for snap action. This mirror was simulated using an electromechanical coupled-field model and fabricated using the MultiPoly process. Its performance was measured dynamically using an interferometer. A curved-to-flat digital actuation of the mirror was successfully achieved with a pull-in voltage of 38 V. [1211] Index Terms--Curvature modulation, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), micromirror, multilayer, optical switch.

This paper presents a semi-empirical procedure for determining the through-the-thickness variation of the eigenstrain (eigenstrain is a generic term ['or any inelastic strain, including plastic strain, free thermal expansion, phase transformation, etc.) that develops during the growth of thin polysilicon films formed using low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). This variation is assumed to depend on the polysilicon microstructure and deposition conditions, but not on the characteristics of the (single crystal silicon) substrate. The procedure involves the use of an elastic laminated plate model to determine the eigenstrain distribution that predicts the experimentally measured substrate curvatures. In comparison to the 'shaving method' presented by Ni et al., which relies on incremental etching of a single specimen, an alternative experimental procedure is followed to measure the substrate curvatures of a series of different thickness films. While being significantly more time-consuming, the alternative procedure was expected to lead to improved predictions of the eigenstrain distribution, as it avoids the nonuniform film thicknesses produced by the etching procedure. However, a comparison of the curvature histories measured using the two approaches demonstrates that, as long as sufficiently small increments are used in the shaving method, then the improvement is insignificant. This suggests that the plasma etching dues not alter the polysilicon's intrinsic growth strain, and that the etch rate nonuniformities across the substrate are small. The eigenstrain distributions could be used, in conjunction with structural mechanics models, to design multilayered polysilicon devices with prescribed curvatures. [1175] Index Terms--Growth strain, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), polysilicon, residual stress, stress gradient.

This article briefly summarizes three evidence-based community intervention trials sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Designed to reduce alcohol use among youth and young adults, [...]

The attitudes of 111 ninth and eleventh graders and both of their biological parents were independently assessed for prejudice against people with HIV/ AIDS, homosexuals, Blacks, and fat people, as well as for male and female sex role stereotyping. This study corrected for two shortcomings in previous research: neglecting to assess both parents and assessing only a single domain of prejudice. We addressed the intergenerational transmission of prejudice and stereotyping using three competing models: same-sex, parent equivalent, and differential effects. Using multiple regressions in which parents' scores were entered separately, along with control variables, different maternal and paternal influences were detected. Mothers were the primary influence for prejudice regarding HIV/AIDS, fatness, and race, and fathers were the primary influence for male and female stereotyping and prejudice against homosexuals, supporting the differential effects model. We also established that prejudice and stereotyping in specific domains reflected a more general proclivity to be intolerant. In contrast to prejudice and stereotyping in specific domains, fathers and mothers about equally shaped the adolescents' intolerance, supporting the parent equivalent model., Traditional research indicates that parents and families are the primary social influences that model and communicate values to children (Benson, Donahue, & Erickson, 1989; Steinberg, 2001). This belief is explicit [...]

Using single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, time-resolved conformational changes between fluorescently labeled tRNA have been characterized within surface-immobilized ribosomes proceeding through a complete cycle of translation elongation. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer was used to observe aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) stably accommodating into the aminoacyl site (A site) of the ribosome via a multistep, elongation factor-Tu dependent process. Subsequently, tRNA molecules, bound at the peptidyl site and A site, fluctuate between two configurations assigned as classical and hybrid states. The lifetime of classical and hybrid states, measured for complexes carrying aa-tRNA and peptidyl-tRNA at the A site, shows that peptide bond formation decreases the lifetime of the classical-state tRNA configuration by [approximately equal to] 6-fold. These data suggest that the growing peptide chain plays a role in modulating fluctuations between hybrid and classical states. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer was also used to observe aa-tRNA accommodation coupled with elongation factor G-mediated translocation. Dynamic rearrangements in tRNA configuration are also observed subsequent to the translocation reaction. This work underscores the importance of dynamics in ribosome function and demonstrates single-particle enzymology in a system of more than two components.

The unrestrained growth of tumor cells is generally attributed to mutations in essential growth control genes, but tumor cells are also influenced by signals from the environment. In multiple myeloma (MM), the factors and signals coming from the bone marrow microenvironment are possibly even essential for the growth of the tumor cells. As targets for intervention, these signals may be equally important as mutated oncogenes. Given their oncogenic potential, WNT signals form a class of paracrine growth factors that could act to influence MM cell growth. In this paper, we report that MM cells have hallmarks of active WNT signaling, whereas the cells have not undergone detectable mutations in WNT signaling genes such as adenomatous polyposis coil and [beta]-catenin (CTNNB1). We show that the malignant MM plasma cells overexpress [beta]-catenin, including its N-terminally unphosphorylated form, suggesting active [beta]-catenin/T cell factor-mediated transcription. Further accumulation and nuclear localization of [beta]-catenin, and/or increased cell proliferation, was achieved by stimulation of WNT signaling with either Wnt3a, LiCI, or the constitutively active S33Y mutant of [beta]-catenin. In contrast, by blocking WNT signaling by dominant-negative T cell factor, we can interfere with the growth of MM cells. We therefore suggest that MM cells are dependent on an active WNT signal, which may have important implications for the management of this incurable form of cancer. [beta]-catenin | T cell factor | lymphoma | plasma cell

The current investigation drew from the second wave of data collected from the Minnesota-Texas Adoption Research Project (MTARP). Adolescents involved in adoptive arrangements in which there is contact with birth parents were compared to adolescents who do not have contact with their birth parents in terms of satisfaction with adoption openness. ANOVA results indicated that adolescents who have contact with their birthmothers maintain higher satisfaction with contact status than those who do not have contact. No effects for gender or age were noted. In terms of contact with birthfathers, adolescents with contact maintained higher satisfaction with contact status than those who do not have contact. Significant effects for age were also noted, insofar as satisfaction with contact increases with age. Implications of these findings for adoption professionals are put forth, as well as directions for further research. KEY WORDS: Adoption; Adolescence; Contact; Birth Parents.

The current investigation drew from the second wave of data collected from the Minnesota-Texas Adoption Research Project (MTARP). Adolescents involved in adoptive arrangements in which there is contact with birth parents were compared to adolescents who do not have contact with their birth parents in terms of satisfaction with adoption openness. ANOVA results indicated that adolescents who have contact with their birthmothers maintain higher satisfaction with contact status than those who do not have contact. No effects for gender or age were noted. In terms of contact with birthfathers, adolescents with contact maintained higher satisfaction with contact status than those who do not have contact. Significant effects for age were also noted, insofar as satisfaction with contact increases with age. Implications of these findings for adoption professionals are put forth, as well as directions for further research. KEY WORDS: Adoption; Adolescence; Contact; Birth Parents.

A significant part of the work of an environmental health professional is the communication of information to clients, customers, and the public in the context of safety and health promotion or as an adjunct to enforcement activities. While a wide range of communication methods are available today, printed material still forms an important aspect of the communications methodology of environmental health departments. This paper raises a number of questions about the effectiveness of environmental health promotion brochures in common use in the United Kingdom and the problems that could arise from simply assuming that the brochures are conveying the intended message to the target audience. Through a series of case studies conducted in environmental health departments, evaluative data on a range of brochures were gathered in two interlinked stages: a readability test and a target-audience questionnaire survey. The sources of the brochures included the central government, charities, trade unions, and commercial enterprises; some brochures were produced "in house." Results indicated a common mismatch between the estimated reading age of the target audience and the reading age determined by the readability test; concern about the efficacy of using commercially sourced brochures carrying advertising that may conflict with advice on other environmental health&apos; issues; "in-house" brochures that appeared to optimize self-promotion rather than the conveyance of topic information; ineffective brochures used as an adjunct to enforcement activity; and the possibility that the latter could be introduced as defense evidence in related legal proceedings. Overall, the study showed that a well-structured method for brochure choice and ongoing evaluation are essential tools for environmental health departments seeking to maximize their resources and effectiveness., Introduction A significant part of the work of an environmental health professional is the communication of information to clients, customers, and the public. The information may be conveyed in the [...]

Particular major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II alleles clearly contribute to T cell-mediated autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) in both humans and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. However, studies in NOD mice indicate MHC class I-restricted T cell responses are also essential to T1D development. In humans, epidemiological studies have suggested that some common class I alleles, including HLA-A2.1 (A*02011), may confer increased susceptibility to T1D when expressed in conjunction with certain class II alleles. We show here that when HLA-A2.1 molecules are transgenically expressed in NOD mice, A2-restricted T cell responses arise against pancreatic [beta] cells, leading to an earlier onset of T1D. The accelerated onset of T1D in the NOD.HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice is not due to nonspecific effects of expressing a third class I molecule, because a stock of NOD mice transgenically expressing HLA-B27 class I molecules showed no such acceleration of T1D, but rather were significantly protected from disease. These findings provide the first functional evidence that certain human MHC class I molecules can contribute to the development of T1D.

Research has been conducted on the bis- and tetra-O- and C-glycosyl calixarenes. The preparation of these calixarenes by tethering carbohydrate moieties to the tetrapropoxycalix[4]arene scaffold via alkyl chains is described.

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) of fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) on immobilized individual fluorophores was used to study the [Mg.sup.2+]-facilitated conformational change of an RNA three-helix junction, a structural element that initiates the folding of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Transitions of the RNA junction between open and folded conformations resulted in fluctuations in fluorescence by FRET. Fluorescence fluctuations occurring between two FRET states on the millisecond time scale were found to be dependent on [Mg.sup.2+] and [Na.sup.+] concentrations. Correlation functions of the fluctuations were used to determine transition rates between the two conformations as a function of [Mg.sup.2+] or [Na.sup.+] concentration. Both the opening and folding rates were found to vary with changing salt conditions. Assuming specific binding of divalent ions to RNA, the [Mg.sup.2+] dependence of the observed rates cannot be explained by conformational change induced by [Mg.sup.2+] binding/unbinding, but is consistent with a model in which the intrinsic conformational change of the RNA junction is altered by uptake of [Mg.sup.2+] ion(s). This version of FCS/FRET on immobilized single molecules is demonstrated to be a powerful technique in the study of conformational dynamics of biomolecules over time scales ranging from microseconds to seconds.