Search

Pathologic Technology Use (PTU) has emerged as a prominent public health and educational concern due to the rapid global advancements in technology. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has been extensively studied as a primary approach to mitigate PTU. The objective of this study was to draw a comprehensive conclusion by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies that utilized CBT for PTU, including conditions such as Internet addiction, internet use disorder, and game addiction. Through a literature search, we identified 15 relevant studies for inclusion in our meta-analysis, conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA). A moderator analysis was performed to compare the impact of CBT on different types of PTU and to assess its effectiveness across various age groups. Our analysis revealed the presence of publication bias in the included studies, and we discussed potential reasons for this bias based on existing literature., Author(s): M. Furkan Kurnaz [sup.1] , Nilüfer Koçtürk [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/013s3zh21, grid.411124.3, 0000 0004 1769 6008, Eregli Faculty of Education, Necmettin Erbakan University, , Konya, Turkey (2) https://ror.org/04kwvgz42, [...]

Author(s): Kate Y. Huang [sup.1] , Helene H. Fung [sup.1] , Peifeng Sun [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.10784.3a, 0000 0004 1937 0482, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong [...], Identification, the experience of a psychological merging between the self and a character, is a key mechanism underlying the power of narratives to influence attitudes, beliefs, intentions, and behaviors in story-consistent ways. Similarity between audience members and characters has been intuitively thought to be an antecedent of identification, but experimental studies have yielded inconsistent findings regarding the effectiveness of manipulating similarity on eliciting identification. The current meta-analysis synthesized and quantified the evidence from 39 studies (k = 50, N = 11,077) and investigated several potential causes of heterogeneity at both the narrative and study levels. The data revealed a small but significant and robust overall effect of similarity on identification (g = 0.19, 95% CI [0.10, 0.28], p < .001), with little evidence of publication bias. A notable narrative-level moderator was type of similarity, with manipulations of psychological similarity yielding larger effects than manipulations of objective similarity. In addition, study design emerged as a significant study-level moderator, with the similarity-identification effect being stronger in studies that manipulated similarity using a within-subjects design than those that used a between-subjects design. Insights gained from this meta-analysis can help to address some ill-defined aspects of the similarity-identification hypothesis, contributing to a better understanding of involvement with narrative characters. Practically, the results can inform the design of more effective targeted and tailored narrative messages that are intended to engage and persuade audiences using the tactic of incorporating similar characters.

Author(s): Lara L. Watts [sup.1] , Eid Abo Hamza [sup.2] [sup.3] , Dalia A. Bedewy [sup.4] [sup.5] [sup.6] , Ahmed A. Moustafa [sup.1] [sup.7] [sup.8] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/006jxzx88, grid.1033.1, [...], The extent to which adolescents are influenced by their peers has been the focus of developmental psychological research for over 50 years. That research has yielded contradicting evidence and much debate. This study consists of a systematic review and meta-analysis, with the main aim of quantifying the effect of peer influence on adolescent substance use, as well as investigation into the factors that moderate this effect. Included studies needed to employ longitudinal designs, provide the necessary statistics to calculate cross-lagged regression coefficients controlling for target adolescent&apos;s initial substance use, and comprise participants aged 10-19 years. A search of academic databases and reference lists generated 508 unique reports, which were screened using Covidence. The final inclusion criteria yielded a total of 99 effect sizes from 27 independent studies. A four-level meta-analytic approach with correction to allow the inclusion of multiple effect sizes from a given study was used to estimate an average effect size. Results revealed a significant effect of peer influence ( [Formula omitted] = .147, p < .001), indicating that adolescents changed their substance use behaviour in accordance with their peers&apos; perceived or actual use. Moderation analyses found peer influence effects varied significantly as a function of substance use behaviour (categorised as alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or composite substance use) and peer influence measure (perceived vs. actual peer report); however, no significant effects emerged in the multivariate moderation model simultaneously examining all five main moderators. These results suggest that adolescent substance use is affected by peer influence processes across multiple substance use behaviours and both directly and indirectly through perceived norms. This has significant implications for substance use prevention, including the potential of harnessing peer influence as a positive force and the need to target misperceptions of substance use.

Author(s): Nicole E. Conroy [sup.1] , Claire G. Crowley [sup.2] , Daniel L. DeSanto [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/0155zta11, grid.59062.38, 0000 0004 1936 7689, Human Development and Family Science, University [...], Purpose: To assess the state of empirical research on Johnson&apos;s typology of violence. Method: Using the PRISMA Statement guidelines, we systematically review and critically evaluate peer-reviewed, empirical research studies testing Johnson&apos;s typology, published 1995 to March 31, 2021. Findings: Forty-four studies tested Johnson&apos;s typology using accurate conceptualization and operationalization of the typology. Findings from included studies provided overwhelming support for Johnson&apos;s typology, with only few exceptions. Conclusions: Direct tests of Johnson&apos;s assumptions are necessary for revising and strengthening the utility of the typology. Future research should carefully attend to the conceptual definitions of Johnson&apos;s typology and integrate explicit testing of assumptions throughout study designs.

Author(s): Nicole E. Conroy [sup.1] , Sarah M. Griffin [sup.2] , Claire G. Crowley [sup.2] , Daniel L. DeSanto [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/0155zta11, grid.59062.38, 0000 0004 1936 7689, Department [...], Purpose To systematically review the misrepresentations and misapplications of Johnson&apos;s typology of violence in the empirical research on intimate partner violence (IPV). Method We systematically review and critically evaluate conceptual and methodological errors in the peer-reviewed, empirical IPV research that tests Johnson&apos;s typology, published 1995 to March 31, 2021. Findings Thirty-four studies meeting our inclusion criteria were deemed to be conceptual misrepresentations and/or methodological misapplications in testing Johnson&apos;s typology, to varying degrees. Conclusions Direct tests of Johnson&apos;s typology and related assumptions are necessary for evaluating the validity and utility of the typology. However, errors in conceptualization and/or operationalization ultimately preclude fair testing of the typology, whether study findings refute or support its use. Our review of the literature suggests that a sizeable amount of empirical evidence is flawed, hindering potential theoretical advances, and provides insight to the ongoing impasse between feminist and family violence scholars regarding the validity and utility of Johnson&apos;s typology.

Author(s): Ying Huang [sup.1] , Yujing Li [sup.2] , Markus W. Haun [sup.3] , Rao Xie [sup.4] , Li Yang [sup.4] , Rüdiger Retzlaff [sup.5] , Ying Qian [sup.4] Author [...], This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy and acceptability of systemic therapy in treatment of children and adolescents with depression. Six databases were used to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) applying systemic therapy (ST). Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate efficacy and acceptability of intervention. The primary outcome of efficacy was defined as changes of depressive symptoms. Secondary outcomes of efficacy included response rate and function improvement. Nine RCTs (n = 640) were included. For the immediate efficacy of depressive symptoms, ST was superior to waiting-list (WL) (n = 117, SMD -1.75, 95% CI -2.96 to -0.54), similar to treat as usual (TAU) (n = 146, SMD -0.45, 95% CI -1.14 to 0.24) or supportive psychotherapy (n = 263, SMD -0.04, 95%CI -0.28 to 0.20), superior to psychodynamic psychotherapy (n = 72, SMD -0.66, 95%CI -1.13 to -0.18) and inferior to cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) (n = 72, SMD 0.58, 95%CI 0.11 to 1.05). About response rate, ST (47.7%) was superior to WL, similar to TAU and supportive therapy and dynamic psychotherapy, and inferior to CBT. ST was comparable to CBT, supportive therapy and dynamic therapy on function improvement (SMD 0.18, 95% CI -0.12 to 0.49). As for acceptability, no significant difference was found between ST (11.9%) and controls (OR 0.97, 95%CI 0.61 to 1.56). In treating youths with depression, ST was superior to WL, similar to supportive psychotherapy and TAU, inferior to CBT, similar or superior to dynamic psychotherapy on symptoms relief. ST demonstrated comparable acceptability to TAU and guideline-recommended psychotherapies. Considering small sample size, the conclusion should be treated cautiously.

Author(s): Esmaeil Ramezani [sup.1] , Mojtaba Rahimian Bougar [sup.2] , Siamak Khodarahimi [sup.3] , Mohammad Damavandi Forghani [sup.4] , Nasrollah Mazraeh [sup.5] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/02558wk32, grid.411465.3, 0000 0004 0367 [...], This study investigated the effect of men&apos;s substance use disorders (SUD) to opiate-derived drugs on the psychopathology of their wives in Iran. This study was performed according to known reporting guidelines for the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Information about the study design, participants, sampling method, context, mean, standard deviation, and effect size from each study are extracted and tailored to this review. Also, covidence systematic review software is used in this study. The present study identified 405 records, of which 9 studies with 2533 participants were included for meta-analysis. The results showed that addicted men&apos;s wives in comparison with non-addicted men&apos;s wives had an increased risk of depression, generalized anxiety, specific phobia, interpersonal sensitivity and communication problems, obsessive-compulsive, somatization, hostility and aggression, paranoid thoughts, psychoticism, social dysfunction. Overall, husbands&apos; SUD to opiate-derived drugs results in the incidence of psychopathology in their wives.

Author(s): Natalie Ein [sup.1] [sup.2] , Rachel A. Plouffe [sup.1] [sup.2] , Jenny J. W. Liu [sup.1] [sup.2] , Julia Gervasio [sup.1] , Clara Baker [sup.1] , R. Nicholas Carleton [...], Natural disasters, including floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes, result in devastating consequences at the individual and community levels. To date, much of the research reflecting the consequences of natural disasters focuses heavily on victims, with little attention paid to the personnel responding to such disasters. We conducted a systematic review of the challenges faced by military, medical and public safety personnel supporting natural disaster relief operations. Specifically, we report on the current evidence reflecting challenges faced, as well as positive outcomes experienced by military, medical and public safety personnel following deployment to natural disasters. The review included 382 studies. A large proportion of the studies documented experiences of medical workers, followed by volunteers from humanitarian organizations and military personnel. The most frequently reported challenges across the studies were structural (i.e., interactions with the infrastructure or structural institutions), followed by resource limitations, psychological, physical, and social challenges. Over 60% of the articles reviewed documented positive or transformative outcomes following engagement in relief work (e.g., the provision of additional resources, support, and training), as well as self-growth and fulfillment. The current results emphasize the importance of pre-deployment training to better prepare relief workers to manage expected challenges, as well as post-deployment supportive services to mitigate adverse outcomes and support relief workers&apos; well-being.

Author(s): Melanie Davis [sup.1] , Graham L. Bradley [sup.2] , Jason I. Racz [sup.1] , Samantha Ferguson [sup.1] , Nicholas J. Buys [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/02sc3r913, grid.1022.1, 0000 0004 [...], Passenger hostility is commonplace in the transit industry. However, research investigating this job stressor is limited in both scope and quality. This systematic review examines three questions regarding passenger hostility: (a) what is its occurrence (incidence and prevalence); (b) what are its consequences; and (c) what factors are related to its occurrence, intensity, or consequences? Six databases were searched for studies published between 2010 and 2020 reporting the occurrence, consequences, or correlates of passenger hostility directed toward transit workers. Risk of bias was categorized using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Results were summarized in tables and narratively synthesized. Nineteen eligible studies (10 quantitative and nine qualitative or mixed methods) were identified. Evidence from 14 studies indicated that passenger hostility occurs frequently, and is often underreported, especially in its less severe forms. Sixteen studies reported correlates of the occurrence, intensity, or consequences of hostility, with these grouped into worker, passenger, organizational, environmental, and event categories. Immediate and long-term impacts were identified in ten studies. This review contributes to understanding the likely antecedents, correlates and consequences of passenger hostility directed at transit industry workers. It also highlights some common methodological limitations in past research and proposes solutions to them. As such, the paper provides suggestions for future explorations and intervention targets aimed at reducing this common workplace stressor.

Author(s): Macarena Paredes-Mealla [sup.1] , Verónica Martínez-Borba [sup.1] , Marta Miragall [sup.2] [sup.3] , Azucena García-Palacios [sup.1] [sup.3] , Rosa Mª Baños [sup.2] [sup.3] [sup.4] , Carlos Suso-Ribera [sup.1] [sup.3] [...], The prevalence of emotional disorders has increased in recent times. Emotional Reasoning (ER), which is a transdiagnostic process, occurs when feelings, rather than objective evidence, are used as a source of information to make judgements about the valence of a situation. Differences in ER may explain the existence and maintenance of emotional disorders. The objective is to systematically review the role of ER in the occurrence and severity of emotional disorders. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched through: PubMed, PsycInfo, Scopus and The Cochrane Library. Search terms were "Emotional Reasoning", "ex-consequentia reasoning", "Affect-as-information"; and "emotional disorders", "anxiety", "depression", "depressive". Nine articles were included. An association was demonstrated between ER and a greater degree of anxious symptomatological severity. In depressive symptomatology, no significant differences were found. One study reported the effect of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy on ER bias, finding no changes after the intervention. Finally, another study evaluated the efficacy of computerised experiential training in reducing ER bias, showing significant differences. There are few studies on ER and its evolution in research has not been uniform over time. Encouragingly, though, research to date suggests that ER is a transdiagnostic process involved in several anxiety disorders. More investigation is needed to dilucidate whether ER also underlies the onset and maintenance of depressive disorders.

Rehabilitation counseling is a specialty area of counseling with a unique emphasis on disability and adjustment. Rehabilitation counselors work collaboratively with consumers to facilitate their effective use of personal and [...], The current systematic review aims to synthesize the Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification (CRCC) role and function studies to better understand the changes in job functions and knowledge requirements in rehabilitation counseling. Seven CRCC role and function studies were collected, and each was evaluated via a methodological quality assessment. Our findings demonstrated that three knowledge domains (disability knowledge, vocational services, and case management) and three job task domains (vocational counseling, assessment, and case management) remained important. Although the names of domains varied across the reviewed studies, the components remained relatively stable. Implications for practice, education, and research are discussed. Keywords: Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification, job task analysis, professional issues, rehabilitation education, role and function studies

Spearman's (1904) conceptualization of intelligence as a general factor (g factor) of performance has been the standard measurement of intelligence. The g factor purports that intelligence remains stable throughout an [...], The current review summarizes the literature on the impact of derived relational responding (DRR) technology on raising intelligence scores. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed studies in PsycINFO, ERIC, and Web of Science between 1985 and 2021. Fourteen publications involving 15 experiments were identified. For studies meeting inclusion criteria, information was extracted on participant characteristics, design, settings, assessments conducted, intervention protocol and trained relations, mean intelligence quotient (IQ) scores before and after training, and outcomes. We assessed risk of bias using a revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB2), the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I), and the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC). Overall, the results suggest that interventions using DRR procedures improve intelligence scores regardless of initial participant ability, diagnosis, or age level. Furthermore, eight of the reviewed studies used the Strengthening Mental Abilities with Relational Training (SMART), whereas two studies implemented the Promoting the Emergence of Advanced Knowledge (PEAK) protocol. Additional training procedures were identified, for example, multiple-exemplar training, fluency training, and relational flexibility training. The quality assessment showed high risk for seven randomized controlled trials, and low to moderate risk for five nonrandomized trials. Three studies used a type of single case design; one study meets standards according to the WWC protocol. The limitations and future directions are discussed. Keywords Intelligence * PEAK * Relational frame theory * Relational reasoning ? SMART training

Author(s): Karen Schucan Bird [sup.1], Nicola Stokes [sup.2], Martha Tomlinson [sup.2], Carol Rivas [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.83440.3b, 0000000121901201, Social Research Institute, University College London, , 10 Woburn Sq, WC1H [...], Purpose Systematic reviews have an important, and growing, role to play in the global evidence eco-system of domestic violence and abuse. Alongside substantive contributions to knowledge, such reviews stimulate debates about ethical reviewing practices and the importance of tailoring methods to the nuances of the field. This paper aims to pinpoint a set of ethical and methodological priorities to guide and enhance review practices specifically in the field of domestic abuse. Method The five Pillars of the Research Integrity Framework (ethical guidelines for domestic abuse research) are used to interrogate the systematic review process. To do so, the Framework is retrospectively applied to a recently completed systematic review in domestic abuse. The review included a rapid systematic map and in-depth analysis of interventions aimed at creating or enhancing informal support and social networks for victim-survivors of abuse. Results Ethical and methodological priorities for systematic reviews in domestic abuse include (1) Safety and wellbeing: maintaining the wellbeing of researchers and stakeholders, and appraising the ethics of included studies, (2) Transparency/ accountability: transparent reporting of research funding, aims and methods together with explicit consideration of authorship of outputs, (3) Equality, human rights and social justice: developing diverse review teams/ Advisory groups, and review methods that aim to search for, and report, diverse perspectives. Considering researcher positionality/ reflexivity in the review, (4) Engagement: collaboration with non-academic stakeholders and individuals with lived experience throughout the review process, (5) Research Ethics: independent ethical scrutiny of systematic review proposals with input from researchers with expertise in systematic reviews and domestic abuse. Conclusion Additional research is required to comprehensively examine the ethics of each stage of the review process. In the meantime, attention should be given to the underpinning ethical framework for our systematic review practices and the wider research infrastructure that governs reviews.

Author(s): Mariah Montoya [sup.1] , Bert N. Uchino [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.223827.e, 0000 0001 2193 0096, Department of Psychology, University of Utah, , Salt Lake City, USA (2) grid.223827.e, [...], Previous studies have shown that lower social support is associated with higher all-cause mortality (Holt-Lunstad et al. in PLoS ONE Medicine 7:e1000316, 2010). While social support has been associated with system-specific biological measures (e.g., cardiovascular), there is the need to elucidate more general biological mechanisms linking social support to health risk across a number of diseases. In this meta-analytic review, the link between social support and telomere length (Cawthon et al. in Lancet 361:393-395, 2003) was conducted based on the updated PRISMA guidelines (Page et al., 2021 (See CR100)). Across 17 studies, higher social support was not significantly related to longer telomere length (Zr = 0.010, 95% CI [- 0.028, 0.047], p > 0.05). The confidence interval indicated that the bulk of plausible values were small to null associations. Little evidence for bias was found as shown by funnel plots and Kendall&apos;s Tau. Moderator analyses focusing on the measure of support, health of sample, age, type of assay specimen, and gender were not significant. In conclusion, this review showed no significant relationship between social support and telomere length and highlights important future directions.

A literature review was carried out after selecting 107 manuscripts published in or after 1993 to determine the state of academic research on the sexual exploitation of children in travel [...]

Author(s): Sanaa A. Alsubheen [sup.1] , Ana Oliveira [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] [sup.4] , Razanne Habash [sup.2] , Roger Goldstein [sup.2] [sup.5] , Dina Brooks [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.6] Author Affiliations: (1) [...], This systematic review assessed the psychometric properties and the cross-cultural adaptation of the University of California and Los Angeles Loneliness scale (UCLA-LS) in adults. A systematic search of four electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and PsycINFO) was conducted from inception until March 2021. We followed the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) guidelines for data extraction and evidence synthesis. Eighty-one studies assessed the validity and reliability of the UCLA-LS, translated into many languages, and applied across several countries/societies. Three versions of the 20-item and nine short versions of the UCLA-LS with 3 to 20 questions were identified. High-quality evidence supported the internal structure of the UCLAs: 4, 6, 7 and 10, while low-to moderate-quality evidence supported the construct validity of the UCLAs: 3, 4, 6, 8, 16 and 20. Moderate-quality evidence supported the test-retest reliability of version 3 UCLA-20 with excellent interclass coefficients values of 0.76-0.93. The UCLAs: 4, 6, 7 and 10 had the most robust internal structure and may therefore be the most useful for informing clinicians and social psychologists engaged in assisting those with loneliness.

Neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) in the treatment of breast cancer involves the administration of chemotherapy (NCT) or endocrine therapy prior to definitive surgery. Initially, NCT was implemented as a standard [...], * Context.--Neoadjuvant systemic therapy refers to the use of systemic agent(s) for malignancy prior to surgical treatment and has recently emerged as an option for most breast cancer patients eligible for adjuvant systemic therapy. Consequently, treated breast carcinomas have become routine specimens in pathology practices. A standard protocol has not yet been universally adopted for the evaluation and reporting of these specimens. The American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system recognizes the challenges in staging breast carcinomas after neoadjuvant treatment and provides important data points but does not currently provide detailed guidance in estimating the residual tumor burden in the breast and lymph nodes. The Residual Cancer Burden system is the only Web-based system that quantifies treatment response as a continuous variable using residual tumor burden in the breast and the lymph nodes. Objective.--To provide clarifications and guidance for evaluation and reporting of postneoadjuvant breast specimens, discuss issues with the current staging and reporting systems, and provide specific suggestions for future modifications to the American Joint Committee on Cancer system and the Residual Cancer Burden calculator. Data Sources.--English-language literature on the subject and the data from the I-SPy 2, a multicenter, adaptive randomization phase 2 neoadjuvant platform trial for early-stage, high-risk breast cancer patients. Conclusions.--This article highlights challenges in the pathologic evaluation and reporting of treated breast carcinomas and provides recommendations and clarifications for pathologists and clinicians. It also provides specific recommendations for staging and discusses future directions. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0021-EP

Author(s): Leanne Dijkstra-de Neijs [sup.1] [sup.2] , Chanel Tisseur [sup.1] , Laura A. Kluwen [sup.1] , Ina A. van Berckelaer-Onnes [sup.1] [sup.2] , Hanna Swaab [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Wietske [...], Evidence of the effectivity of play-based interventions in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was evaluated by PRISMA-based literature study and a Risk of Bias (RoB) assessment. Many of the 32 eligible randomized controlled trials (RCT) reported improved social interaction, communication, daily functioning and play behaviour. They also reported decreased problem behaviour, better parental attunement and parent-child interaction. We assessed 25/32 of the RCTs with high RoB, mainly related to homogeneity of the study population, lack of power, and performance bias. We concluded with due care that the effectivity of play-based interventions differed across RCTs, most reported improvements are found in ASD symptoms, everyday functioning, and parental attunement. In future research, findings should be replicated, taking account of the RoB.

Since the decriminalization of abortion in Canada in 1988, there have been no legal restrictions on when in pregnancy an abortion can take place. However, abortion care is only consistently [...]

Introduction According to the American Psychological Association (2013), autism is a neurodevelopmental condition that main diagnostic criteria are 'persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction' and 'restricted, repetitive patterns [...], Stereotypic behaviours have been widely linked to a blocking effect, which affects the ability to learn and interact with peers, and can also have effects on everyday activities and long-term musculoskeletal problems. The objectives of this systematic review were to analyse the lasting effects of different aerobic intensity exercise interventions on the frequency and duration of stereotypic behaviours shown by subjects with ASD and suggest an optimal aerobic intensity intervention according to the results of the studies. Searches were conducted in relevant databases using the descriptors 'ASD' and 'exercise' in combination with the keyword 'stereotypy.' All the articles that met the eligibility criteria were included in this review (n = 10). To meet the criteria, articles must include individuals with ASD as participants, stereotypic behaviours as the dependent variable, exercise as the independent variable, and enough information so the aerobic intensity could be calculated. The 10 studies included a total of 70 participants. All the studies found aerobic exercise effective to reduce the number of stereotypic behaviours from 30 to 120 minutes after the exercise intervention. Nine out of 10 of the studies found these effects to be significant. Evidence from this review suggests that 10 to 15 minutes of light to moderate aerobic intensity exercise is effective in decreasing stereotypic behaviours in individuals with ASD with lasting effects of 30 to 120 minutes. Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder, stereotypy, aerobic exercise, physical exercise, systematic review

Author(s): Zachary J. Williams [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] [sup.4] [sup.5] , Evan Suzman [sup.6] , Samantha L. Bordman [sup.7] , Jennifer E. Markfeld [sup.2] , Sophia M. Kaiser [sup.8] , Kacie [...], Interoception, the body&apos;s perception of its own internal states, is thought to be altered in autism, though results of empirical studies have been inconsistent. The current study systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed the extant literature comparing interoceptive outcomes between autistic (AUT) and neurotypical (NT) individuals, determining which domains of interoception demonstrate robust between-group differences. A three-level Bayesian meta-analysis compared heartbeat counting performance, heartbeat discrimination performance, heartbeat counting confidence ratings, and self-reported interoceptive attention between AUT and NT groups (15 studies; n.sub.AUT = 467, n.sub.NT = 478). Autistic participants showed significantly reduced heartbeat counting performance [g = - 0.333, CrI.sub.95% (- 0.535, - 0.138)] and higher confidence in their heartbeat counting abilities [g = 0.430, CrI.sub.95% (0.123, 0.750)], but groups were equivalent on other meta-analyzed outcomes. Implications for future interoception research in autism are discussed.

The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) stems from an unprecedented effort to provide standards for evidence-based reporting of the pathologic diagnosis of different types of cancers, including all parameters [...], * Context.--The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR), supported by major pathology and cancer organizations, aims at the standardization of evidence-based pathology reporting of different types of cancers, with the inclusion of all parameters deemed to be relevant for best patient care and future data collection. Lymph node metastasis is one of the most important prognostic factors in breast cancer. Objective.--To produce a histopathology reporting guide by a panel of recognized experts from the fields of pathology and surgery with elements deemed to be core (required) and noncore (recommended) to report when assessing regional lymph nodes of patients with breast cancer. Data Sources.--Published literature, previous guidelines/recommendations, and current cancer staging principles were the basis of the data set drafted by the expert panel. This was discussed in a series of teleconferences and email communications. The draft data set was then made available for public consultation through the ICCR Web site. After this consultation and ICCR ratification, the data set was finalized. Conclusions.--The ICCR has published a data set for the reporting of surgically removed lymph nodes (including sentinel lymph node biopsy, axillary lymph node dissection, targeted axillary surgery, and lymph node sampling specimens) for breast tumors. This is part of a series of 4 ICCR breast cancer-related data sets. It includes 10 core elements along with 2 noncore elements. This should allow for synoptic reporting, which is more precise, uniform, and complete than nonsynoptic reporting, and leads to improved patient outcomes. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0060-RA

Developmental language disorder (DLD) is a common neurodevelopmental communication disorder characterized by significant deficits in language learning, comprehension, and expression that impacts approximately 7.5% of children, or two school-age students [...], Purpose: Narrative assessment is one potentially underutilized and inconsistent method speech-language pathologists may use when considering a diagnosis of developmental language disorder (DLD). However, narration research encompasses many varied methodologies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to (a) investigate how various narrative assessment types (e.g., macrostructure, microstructure, and internal state language) differentiate children with typical development (TD) from children with DLD, (b) identify specific narrative assessment measures that result in greater group differences, and (c) evaluate participant and sample characteristics that may influence performance differences. Method: Electronic databases (PsycINFO, ERIC, and PubMed) and ASHAWire were searched on July 30, 2019, to locate studies that reported oral narrative language measures for both DLD and TD groups between ages 4 and 12 years; studies focusing on written narration or other developmental disorders only were excluded. We extracted data related to sample participants, narrative task(s) and assessment measures, and research design. Group differences were quantified using standardized mean differences. Analyses used mixed-effects meta- regression with robust variance estimation to account for effect size dependencies. Results: Searches identified 37 eligible studies published between 1987 and 2019, including 382 effect sizes. Overall meta-analysis showed that children with DLD had decreased narrative performance relative to TD peers, with an overall average effect of -0.82 SD, 95% confidence interval [-0.99, -0.66]. Effect sizes showed significant heterogeneity both between and within studies, even after accounting for effect size-, sample-, and study-level predictors. Across model specifications, grammatical accuracy (microstructure) and story grammar (macrostructure) yielded the most consistent evidence of TD-DLD group differences. Conclusions: Present findings suggest some narrative assessment measures yield significantly different performance between children with and without DLD. However, researchers need to improve consistency of inclusionary criteria, descriptions of sample characteristics, and reporting of correlations between measures to determine which assessment measures reliably distinguish between groups. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21200380

Survival sex is commonly defined as the exchange of sex for material goods required for survival (i.e., shelter, food, drugs) and, therefore, is often studied among populations experiencing material deprivation [...], Survival sex is the exchange of sex for material goods required for survival (i.e., shelter, food, drugs). Because this exchange occurs under conditions of deprivation, there is a power imbalance that limits the ability to freely consent to sex or to exercise sexual agency. This review aimed to examine the consent and sexual agency implications of survival sex and to identify which factors push people into greater levels of deprivation and vulnerability to engage in survival sex. We searched six databases and included 21 articles that discussed the sexual consent or sexual agency implications of survival sex and synthesized the study findings via qualitative analysis. We identified three themes as they relate to the consent or sexual agency implications of survival sex--power, coercion, and sexual agency--and five themes we called push factors into greater vulnerability to survival sex--hunger, patriarchy, poverty, substance use, and insecure housing. Each factor has the effect of limiting peoples capacity to consent to sex by creating a coercive environment that limits their power to exercise sexual agency. We found that women are at particular risk to be coerced into survival sex by other people or circumstances of deprivation. Our findings suggest that survival sex is often nonconsensual sex. In contrast to traditional approaches that consider survival sex a risk factor for sexual health, we discuss policy and advocacy efforts and apply a human rights perspective that considers how survival sex is a violation of personhood and autonomy. KEYWORDS: Sexual agency, sexual consent, scoping review, survival sex, transactional sex

Malgre le statut du Canada et des Etats-Unis en tant que destinations majeures pour les refugies du monde entier, les enfants refugies d'age scolaire de la maternelle a la 12e annee continuent de faire face a des defis importants. Afin de mieux comprendre les obstacles et les elements facilitants pour les eleves refugies apres leur reinstallation, nous avons realise une meta-synthese de 34 articles evalues par des pairs qui mettent en lumiere les experiences educatives des eleves refugies dans ce contexte geographique. Notre analyse montre que les eleves refugies se heurtent a des obstacles comme un classement scolaire inadequat, une comprehension lacunaire de leur situation de la part des enseignants, des barrieres linguistiques, l'absence de services de soutien psychologique adaptes aux traumatismes, et des malentendus entre la famille et l'ecole lors des communications. Neanmoins, les eleves refugies beneficient d'un programme d'etudes et d'une pedagogie adaptes a leur culture, ainsi que de la presence d'intermediaires et d'agents de liaison culturels. La principale implication theorique et politique de cette meta-synthese est la necessite de ne plus se focaliser sur le type de programmes destines aux refugies (integres ou separes), mais sur la presence de facteurs facilitant la reussite scolaire et l'integration sociale des eleves refugies. Mots cles : education des refugies, immigration, meta-synthese, pedagogie culturellement pertinente, education de la maternelle a la 12e annee Despite the status of Canada and the United States as major destinations for refugees worldwide, school-age refugee children in their K-12 schools continue to face significant challenges. To better understand barriers and facilitators for refugee students after resettlement, we carried out a meta-synthesis of 34 peer-reviewed articles that shed light on the educational experiences of refugee students in this geographic context. Our analysis shows that refugee students face such barriers as inappropriate grade placement, deficit thinking of teachers, language barriers, lack of trauma-specific counselling, and misunderstandings in family-school communication. Nevertheless, refugee students benefit from culturally relevant curriculum and pedagogy and the availability of cultural brokers and liaisons. The key theoretical and policy implication of this meta-synthesis is the need to shift the focus from the type of refugee programs (integrated or separate) to the presence of facilitating factors that enhance the academic success and social integration of refugee students. Keywords: refugee education, immigration, meta-synthesis, culturally relevant pedagogy, K-12 education, Introduction Increased international conflict and the devastating consequences of climate change over the last decade have led to a significant rise in the number of refugees, asylum seekers, and internally [...]

Total laryngectomy (TL) is a surgical therapy often reserved for advanced stage tumors of the larynx or hypopharynx. Removal of the larynx and/or hypopharynx causes disconnection of the upper and [...], Purpose: The purpose of this study was to (a) review methods used to assess quality of life (QOL) in caregivers, partners, and spouses of those who have undergone total laryngectomy (TL); (b) identify patterns in caregiver QOL changes postoperatively; and (c) review previously proposed interventions for caregivers. Method: PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL Complete were searched using the Medical Subject Heading terms laryngectomy, spouse, caregiver, and partner. Two reviewers independently screened and identified records meeting inclusion criteria. This scoping review adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Results: Initial search returned 143 results and 12 met inclusion criteria. Eight studies assessed postoperative QOL changes in categories such as psychological health, physical health, sexuality, and interpersonal relationships. Four studies proposed interventions for caregivers perioperatively. There were no consistently used inventories, and only one intervention was formally tested. Conclusions: The literature available on TL caregiver QOL contains inconsistent inventories and study design. There are few interventions available, and it would be beneficial to develop a standardized QOL inventory for this population to better target caregiver needs. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.19287887

Author(s): Julio Vaquerizo-Serrano [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Gonzalo Salazar de Pablo [sup.1] [sup.3] [sup.4] , Jatinder Singh [sup.1] [sup.2] , Paramala Santosh [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.13097.3c, 0000 0001 [...], Psychotic experiences can occur in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Some of the ASD individuals with these experiences may fulfil Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis (CHR-P) criteria. A systematic literature search was performed to review the information on ASD and CHR-P. A meta-analysis of the proportion of CHR-P in ASD was conducted. The systematic review included 13 studies. The mean age of ASD individuals across the included studies was 11.09 years. The Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome subgroup was the most frequently reported. Four studies were meta-analysed, showing that 11.6% of CHR-P individuals have an ASD diagnosis. Symptoms of prodromal psychosis may be present in individuals with ASD. The transition from CHR-P to psychosis is not affected by ASD.

Neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) is becoming increasingly common in the first-line management of early-stage breast cancer. Although it was initially intended to improve the resectability of locally advanced tumors, NAT has [...], * Context.--The use of neoadjuvant therapy in the management of early-stage invasive breast cancer is increasing. Residual Cancer Burden and other similar tools use pathologic characteristics of post-neoadjuvant therapy breast tumors to determine long-term outcome. However, there are no standardized guidelines for the pathologic evaluation of these specimens in the routine clinical setting. Objective.--To assess current practices among Canadian pathologists and pathology assistants with regard to the processing and reporting of post-neoadjuvant therapy breast specimens. Design.--An electronic survey was distributed to pathologists and pathology assistants across Canada. Results.--Sixty-three responses were obtained. A total of 48% (15 of 31) of surveyed pathologists reported familiarity with the Residual Cancer Burden tool. A total of 40% (25 of 63) of respondents reported a lack of routine use of specimen photography, and 35% (22 of 63) reported a lack of routine use of grossing diagrams. There was significant variation with respect to tumor bed sampling; the most common method was to submit 1 block per centimeter of tumor (20 of 63; 32%). There was also significant variation in the method of measuring residual tumor; the most common method was to measure the largest cross-section of residual tumor (16 of 32; 50%). Conclusions.--There is a need for standardization of the evaluation of post-neoadjuvant therapy breast specimens in the routine clinical setting in Canada. We recommend the routine use of specimen mapping, submitting the largest cross section of tumor bed in toto, reporting tumor size as per American Joint Committee on Cancer and Residual Cancer Burden guidelines, and routinely including measurements of residual tumor cellularity and in situ disease in the final pathology report as per Residual Cancer Burden guidelines.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies, with a 5-year survival rate of 8.5%. (1) The prognosis and survival for patients with PDAC have not changed [...], * Context.--Preoperative neoadjuvant therapy has been increasingly used to treat patients with potentially resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Neoadjuvant therapy often induces extensive fibrosis in tumor, adjacent pancreatic parenchyma, and peripancreatic tissue. Histopathologic evaluations and histologic tumor response grading (HTRG) of posttherapy pancreatectomy specimens are very difficult and challenging. Studies on prognostic significance of posttherapy pathologic staging, optimal system for HTRG, and other pathologic parameters in treated PDAC patients are limited. Objective.--This review is to provide a timely update of the prognostic values of posttherapy pathologic staging, HTRG, and other pathologic parameters in PDAC patients who received neoadjuvant therapy and pancreas resection. Data Sources.--Systemic review of major studies on pathologic evaluation and its clinicopathologic implications in treated PDAC patients. Conclusions.--Systemic pathologic examination, histologic tumor regression grading, pathologic evaluation of the margins, tumor involvement of superior mesenteric vein/portal vein, accurate pathologic staging, and reporting of posttherapy pancreatectomy specimens provide highly valuable prognostic information for postoperative patient care. Our findings suggest for the first time that tumor size of 1.0 cm, instead of 2.0 cm, is a better cutoff for ypT2 in PDAC patients. The newly proposed 3-tier MD Anderson HTRG system not only has proved to be an independent prognostic marker for PDAC patients who received neoadjuvant therapy and pancreatectomy, but also improves interobserver agreement among pathologists in evaluation of tumor response. This grading system should be considered in future editions of the College of American Pathologists protocol for PDAC. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2020;144:838-845; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0477-RA)

Author(s): Aashna Uppal 1,2,3, Samiha Rahman 1,2,3, Jonathon R. Campbell 1,2,3, Olivia Oxlade 3, Dick Menzies 1,2,3,* Background Until 2020, tuberculosis (TB) was the leading cause of death due to [...], Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the strongest known risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) through its impairment of T-cell immunity. Tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) is recommended for people living with HIV (PLHIV) by the World Health Organization, as it significantly reduces the risk of developing TB disease. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of modeling studies to summarize projected costs, risks, benefits, and impacts of TPT use among PLHIV on TB-related outcomes. Methods and findings We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science from inception until December 31, 2020. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts; extracted data; and assessed quality. Extracted data were summarized using descriptive analysis. We performed quantile regression and random effects meta-analysis to describe trends in cost, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness outcomes across studies and identified key determinants of these outcomes. Our search identified 6,615 titles; 61 full texts were included in the final review. Of the 61 included studies, 31 reported both cost and effectiveness outcomes. A total of 41 were set in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), while 12 were set in high-income countries (HICs); 2 were set in both. Most studies considered isoniazid (INH)-based regimens 6 to 2 months long (n = 45), or longer than 12 months (n = 11). Model parameters and assumptions varied widely between studies. Despite this, all studies found that providing TPT to PLHIV was predicted to be effective at averting TB disease. No TPT regimen was substantially more effective at averting TB disease than any other. The cost of providing TPT and subsequent downstream costs (e.g. post-TPT health systems costs) were estimated to be less than $1,500 (2020 USD) per person in 85% of studies that reported cost outcomes (n = 36), regardless of study setting. All cost-effectiveness analyses concluded that providing TPT to PLHIV was potentially cost-effective compared to not providing TPT. In quantitative analyses, country income classification, consideration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) use, and TPT regimen use significantly impacted cost-effectiveness. Studies evaluating TPT in HICs suggested that TPT may be more effective at preventing TB disease than studies evaluating TPT in LMICs; pooled incremental net monetary benefit, given a willingness-to-pay threshold of country-level per capita gross domestic product (GDP), was $271 in LMICs (95% confidence interval [CI] -$81 to $622, p = 0.12) and was $2,568 in HICs (-$32,115 to $37,251, p = 0.52). Similarly, TPT appeared to be more effective at averting TB disease in HICs; pooled percent reduction in active TB incidence was 20% (13% to 27%, p < 0.001) in LMICs and 37% (-34% to 100%, p = 0.13) in HICs. Key limitations of this review included the heterogeneity of input parameters and assumptions from included studies, which limited pooling of effect estimates, inconsistent reporting of model parameters, which limited sample sizes of quantitative analyses, and database bias toward English publications. Conclusions The body of literature related to modeling TPT among PLHIV is large and heterogeneous, making comparisons across studies difficult. Despite this variability, all studies in all settings concluded that providing TPT to PLHIV is potentially effective and cost-effective for preventing TB disease.

Many studies show large discrepancies between the potential (studied in the greenhouse) and realized (studied in the field) effects of endozoochory. The influence of environmental conditions on the fate of endozoochorically dispersed seeds and subsequent plant establishment is still not well understood. We addressed this issue by studying the viable seed content of the dung of European bison (Bison bonasus L.) by means of seedling germination in the greenhouse and in two forest habitats in Bialowieza Primeval Forest. The number of seedlings and the number of plant species that emerged from 1 L of feces were positively correlated with dung longevity. Generative shoots were produced by plants only in coniferous forest. Their number was positively correlated with dung longevity and with light availability. Germination of seeds from bison feces was higher in coniferous forest than in deciduous forest but did not differ between open- and closed-canopy plots within the same habitat. We conclude that (i) seed germination and plant establishment after endozoochorous dispersal is influenced by dung longevity; (ii) the number of generative shoots produced by endozoochorously dispersed plants is influenced by dung longevity and light availability; (iii) seeds of some plant species, present in dung, stay viable for at least 3 years. Key words: European bison, Bison bonasus, Bialowieza Forest, plant establishment, generative success. Plusieurs etudes montrent de grands ecarts entre les effets potentiels de l'endozoochorie (etudes en serres) et realises (etudes sur le terrain). On ne comprend pas toujours tres bien l'influence des conditions environnementales sur le sort des graines dispersees par endozoochorie et l'etablissement subsequent des plantes. L'auteur a examine cette question en etudiant le contenu en graines viables de feces de bison europeen (Bison bonasus L.), en faisant germer les graines en serre et dans deux habitats forestiers de la foret primitive de Bialowieza. Le nombre de plantules et le nombre de plantes qui ont emerge a partir de 1 litre de feces montrent une correlation positive avec la longevite des feces. Ce n'est que dans la foret de coniferes qu'il y a eu production de tiges generatives. On observe une correlation positive entre leur nombre et la longevite des feces ainsi que la disponibilite de la lumiere. Une plus forte germination des graines a partir des feces de bison survient dans la foret de coniferes que dans la foret feuillue, mais ne differe pas entre les parcelles sous une canopee ouverte ou fermee, dans le meme habitat. L'auteur conclut que (i) la longevite des feces influence la germination des graines et l'etablissement des plantes, suite a la dispersion par endozoochorie; (ii) la longevite des feces et la disponibilite de la lumiere influencent le nombre de tiges generatives produites par les plantes dispersees par endozoochorie; (iii) les graines de certaines especes de plantes presentes dans les feces demeurent viables pendant au moins 3 ans. Mots-cles: bison europeen, Bison bonasus, foret de Bialowieza, etablissement des plantes, succes generatif. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Viable seeds of many grassland (e.g., Malo and Suarez 1995a; Eycott et al. 2007) and forest (e.g., Schmidt et al. 2004; Eycott et al. 2007; Jaroszewicz et al. 2009) [...]

Abstract: We studied the process of change in plant species composition in a pine-spruce forest influenced by endozoochorous seed dispersal by the European bison Bison bonasus L. The intensity of [...]