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During antiretroviral therapy (ART), most people living with HIV-1 have undetectable HIV-1 RNA In their plasma. However, they occasionally present with new or progressive neurologic deficits and detectable HIV-1 RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a condition defined as neurosymptomatic HIV-1 CSF escape (NSE). We explored the source of neuropathogenesis and HIV-1 RNA in the CSF during NSE by characterizing HIV-1 populations and inflammatory biomarkers in CSF from 25 individuals with NSE. HIV-1 populations in the CSF were uniformly drug resistant and adapted to replication in [CD4.sup.+] T cells, but differed greatly in genetic diversity, with some having low levels of diversity similar to those observed during untreated primary infection and others having high levels like those during untreated chronic infection. Higher diversity in the CSF during NSE was associated with greater CNS inflammation. Finally, optimization of ART regimen was associated with viral suppression and improvement of neurologic symptoms. These results are consistent with CNS inflammation and neurologic injury during NSE being driven by replication of partially drug-resistant virus in CNS [CD4.sup.+] T cells. This is unlike nonsuppressible viremia in the plasma during ART, which typically lacks clinical consequences and is generated by virus expression without replication., Introduction The CNS is an immune-privileged compartment where inflammation is typically limited due to its potential pathogenic effects. For example, neuroinflammation is known to be a contributor in the development [...]

Melioidosis is a potentially life-threatening infection caused by the soil-dwelling bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei. The clinical spectrum of disease ranges from mild localized lesions to fulminant sepsis (2,2). The disease is [...]

Introduction Various strains of vaccinia virus (VACV), a prototype of the genus Orthopoxvirus, were used around the world in vaccines to eradicate smallpox. (1) The World Health Assembly recommended termination [...]

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-associated mucormycosis (CAM) is an emerging systemic fungal infection caused by Mucorales species. Reports of CAM are increasing, especially in India, where 187 cases have been described (1). [...]

The main obstacle to improving the thermoelectric efficiency of a material arises from the common interdependence of electrical and thermal conductivity, whereas one ideally wants to raise the former while lowering the latter: a simple layered crystalline material -- SnSe -- is now reported that seems to have these qualities built in. Impressive thermoelectric performance from SnSe crystals Thermoelectric materials hold promise as a practical means of converting waste heat into electrical energy, but the energy-conversion efficiency of existing materials tends to be rather low. The main obstacle to improving the thermoelectric efficiency of a material arises from the common interdependence of electrical and thermal conductivity. Thermoelectric efficiency demands high electrical but low thermal conductivity and one route that might provide that combination is nanostructuring. Now Li-Dong Zhao and colleagues describe a simple layered crystalline material, tin selenide (SnSe), that appears to have these qualities built in. The authors identify features in the bonding structure of this material that they believe to be responsible, and suggest that these might help to guide the discovery of other candidate materials for high thermoelectric performance. The thermoelectric effect enables direct and reversible conversion between thermal and electrical energy, and provides a viable route for power generation from waste heat. The efficiency of thermoelectric materials is dictated by the dimensionless figure of merit, ZT (where Z is the figure of merit and T is absolute temperature), which governs the Carnot efficiency for heat conversion. Enhancements above the generally high threshold value of 2.5 have important implications for commercial deployment.sup.1,2, especially for compounds free of Pb and Te. Here we report an unprecedented ZT of 2.6 [plus or minus] 0.3 at 923 K, realized in SnSe single crystals measured along the b axis of the room-temperature orthorhombic unit cell. This material also shows a high ZT of 2.3 [plus or minus] 0.3 along the c axis but a significantly reduced ZT of 0.8 [plus or minus] 0.2 along the a axis. We attribute the remarkably high ZT along the b axis to the intrinsically ultralow lattice thermal conductivity in SnSe. The layered structure of SnSe derives from a distorted rock-salt structure, and features anomalously high Grüneisen parameters, which reflect the anharmonic and anisotropic bonding. We attribute the exceptionally low lattice thermal conductivity (0.23 [plus or minus] 0.03 W m.sup.-1 K.sup.-1 at 973 K) in SnSe to the anharmonicity. These findings highlight alternative strategies to nanostructuring for achieving high thermoelectric performance., Author(s): Li-Dong Zhao [sup.1] , Shih-Han Lo [sup.2] , Yongsheng Zhang [sup.2] , Hui Sun [sup.3] , Gangjian Tan [sup.1] , Ctirad Uher [sup.3] , C. Wolverton [sup.2] , Vinayak [...]

The thermoelectric effect enables direct and reversible conversion between thermal and electrical energy, and provides a viable route for power generation from waste heat. The efficiency of thermoelectric materials is dictated by the dimensionless figure of merit, ZT (where Z is the figure of merit and Tis absolute temperature),which governs the Carnot efficiency for heat conversion. Enhancements above the generally high threshold value of 2.5 have important implications for commercial deployment (1,2), especially for compounds free of Pb and Te. Here we report an unprecedented ZT of 2.6 [+ or -] 0.3 at 923 K, realized in SnSe single crystals measured along the b axis of the room-temperature orthorhombic unit cell. This material also shows a high ZT of 2.3 ± 0.3 along the c axis but a significantly reduced ZT of 0.8 ± 0.2 along the a axis. We attribute the remarkably high ZT along the b axis to the intrinsically ultralow lattice thermal conductivity in SnSe. The layered structure of SnSe derives from a distorted rock-salt structure, and features anomalously high Gruneisen parameters, which reflect the anharmonic and anisotropic bonding. We attribute the exceptionally low lattice thermal conductivity (0.23 ± 0.03 W [m.sup.-1] [K.sup.-1] at 973 K) in SnSe to the anharmonicity. These findings highlight alternative strategies to nanostructuring for achieving high thermoelectric performance., The efficiency of thermoelectric materials and devices is determined by the dimensionless figure of merit (ZT), defined as ZT = ([S.sup.2] σ/κ)T, where S, σ and κ are the Seebeck [...]

With about two-thirds of all used energy being lost as waste heat, there is a compelling need for high-performance thermoelectric materials that can directly and reversibly convert heat to electrical [...]

Our understanding of how mesodermal tissue is formed has been limited by the absence of specific and reliable markers of early mesoderm commitment. We report that mesoderm commitment from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is initiated by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as shown by gene expression profiling and by reciprocal changes in expression of the cell surface proteins, EpCAM/CD326 and NCAM/CD56. Molecular and functional assays reveal that the earliest [CD326.sup.-][CD56.sup.+] cells, generated from hESCs in the presence of activin A, BMP4, VEGF, and FGF2, represent a multipotent mesoderm-committed progenitor population. [CD326.sup.-][CD56.sup.+] progenitors are unique in their ability to generate all mesodermal lineages including hematopoietic, endothelial, mesenchymal (bone, cartilage, fat, fibroblast), smooth muscle, and cardiomyocytes, while lacking the pluripotency of hESCs. [CD326.sup.-][CD56.sup.+] cells are the precursors of previously reported, more lineage-restricted mesodermal progenitors. These findings present a unique approach to study how germ layer specification is regulated and offer a promising target for tissue engineering. CD326 | CD56 | epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition | mesenchyme | hematopoiesis doi/ 10.1073/pnas.1002077107

The objective of this study was to develop an experimentally verified computational model that accurately predicts evolution of shear-thinning liquid jets. A secondary objective was to investigate the formation of satellite drops and to determine conditions under which their diameter can be controlled. The model employs the Galerkin finite/ element approach to solve the complete two-dimensional set of axisymmetric governing equations and the corresponding kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions at the free surface. The effect of shear-thinning behavior on breakup was studied in detail for the case of an infinitely long non-Newtonian jet. It was found that shear-thinning behavior may be useful in controlling satellite drop sizes. (We observe that increasing the shear-thinning behavior at Re ~ 5 leads to an initial increase in the satellite drop size, followed by a subsequent decrease.) Comparison of model predictions with experimental data is presented for the case of a shear-thinning non-Newtonian jet. The experimental liquid was pumped through a capillary and drop shapes obtained using a high speed camera. The experimentally obtained shapes were compared to those predicted by the model and found to be in good agreement. [DOI: 10.1115/1.2956612]

Objective: To assess effectiveness and safety of a generic fixed‐dose combination of tenofovir (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC)/efavirenz (EFV) among HIV‐1‐infected patients in Western India. Methods: Antiretroviral (ARV)‐naive and experienced (thymidine analog nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [tNRTI] replaced by TDF) patients were started on a regimen of 1 TDF/FTC/EFV pill once a day. They were followed clinically on a periodic basis, and viral loads and CD4 counts were measured at 6 and 12 months. Creatinine clearance was calculated at baseline and at 6 months and/or as clinically indicated. Effectiveness was defined as not having to discontinue the regimen due to failure or toxicity. Results: One hundred forty‐one patients who started TDF/FTC/EFV before 1 June 2007 were eligible. Of these, 130 (92.2%) and 44 (31.2%) had 6‐ and 12‐months follow‐up, respectively. Thirty‐five percent of the patients were ARV‐naive. Eleven patients discontinued treatment (4 for virologic failure, 1 for grade 3–4 central nervous system disturbances, 4 for grade 3–4 renal toxicity, and 2 for cost). Ninety‐six percent of patients were virologically suppressed at 6 months. Frequency of TDF‐associated grade 3–4 renal toxicity was 2.8%; however, 3 of these patients had comorbid conditions associated with renal dysfunction. Conclusion: A fixed‐dose combination of generic TDF/FTC/EFV is effective in ARV‐naive and experienced patients. Although frequency of severe renal toxicity was higher than has been reported in the literature, it was safe in patients with no comorbid renal conditions., Introduction Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly improved clinical outcomes of HIV‐infected individuals in the developed and developing world.[1,2] Generic fixed‐dose thymidine analog nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (tNRTI)‐based combinations have been [...]

The orphan glutamate-like receptor GluR[delta]2 is predominantly expressed in Purkinje cells of the central nervous system. The classification of GluR[delta]2 to the ionotropic glutamate receptor family is based on sequence similarities, because GluR[delta]2 does not form functional homomeric glutamate-gated ion channels in transfected cells. Studies in GluR[delta][2.sup.-/-] knockout mice as well as in mice with naturally occurring mutations in the GluR[delta]2 gene have demonstrated an essential role of GluR[delta]2 in cerebellar long-term depression, motor learning, motor coordination, and synaptogenesis. However, the lack of a known agonist has hampered investigations on the function of GluR[delta]2. In this study, the ligand-binding core of GluR[delta]2 (GluR[delta]2-S1S2) was found to bind neutral amino acids such as D-serine and glycine, as demonstrated by isothermal titration calorimetry. Direct evidence for binding of D-serine and structural rearrangements in the binding cleft of GluR[delta]2-SIS2 is provided by x-ray structures of GluR[delta]2-SIS2 in its apo form and in complex with D-serine. Functionally, D-serine and glycine were shown to inactivate spontaneous ion-channel conductance in GluR[delta]2 containing the lurcher mutation (E[C.sub.50] values, 182 and [micro]M, respectively). These data demonstrate that the GluR[delta]2 ligand-binding core is capable of binding ligands and that cleft closure of the ligand-binding core can induce conformational changes that alter ion permeation. crystal structure | electrophysiology | isothermal titration calorimetry | ligand-binding core

A study examines the impact of social-cognitive determinants like self-efficacy and social support among other things on physical activity of persons.

Penrose C. Albright, former Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology, Department of Homeland Security (DHS), was lead speaker for the Materials Applications for Homeland Security session at the Materials Science […]

A nondestructive imaging method, scanning near-field ultrasound holography (SNFUH), has been developed that provides depth information as well as spatial resolution at the 10- to 100-nanometer scale. In SNFUH, the phase and amplitude of the scattered specimen ultrasound wave, reflected in perturbation to the surface acoustic standing wave, are mapped with a scanning probe microscopy platform to provide nanoscale-resolution images of the internal substructure of diverse materials. We have used SNFUH to image buried nanostructures, to perform subsurface metrology in microelectronic structures, and to image malaria parasites in red blood cells., Nondestructive real-space imaging of deeply buried or embedded structures and features with lateral resolution below ~100 nm is a formidable challenge (1-5). Conventional imaging with noninvasive radiation, such as light [...]

Detailed synthesis studies of large-scale fabrication of single-crystalline cobalt nanorods using thermally evaporated gold as a conducting electrode on a nanoporous anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template are reported. Results reveal clear evidence for metallic Co nanorods formed inside an array of AAO nanopores.

Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) is used to investigate the 300-nm-wide ZnO nanopatterns fabricated by micromolding in capillary technique using a sol-gel route. The results show that spatially resolved ZnO luminescence features with an optical resolution of

The prevalence of lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia among HIV-infected patients taking long term, first-line, World Health Organization (WHO) recommended generic highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens in western India is determined. The study demonstrates a high prevalence of morphologic and metabolic complications among patients taking WHO-recommended generic HAART regimens.

The clinical and immunologic effectiveness and acute toxicity to nevirapine (NVP)-based fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) in antiretroviral-native HIV-1 infected patients in India is studied. Fixed-dose formulations of NVP-based combination therapy are safe and produced durable clinical and immunologic benefit.

The results are presented of a transmission electron microscopy study of hydrogen-annealed and oxygen recovery annealed strontium bismuth tantalate thin films.

Research was conducted to examine La4Cu3MoO12, a novel cuprate with mixed B-cations having a ratio of 1:3. Its synthesis was observed under ambient pressure phase which is fascinating due to its striking resemblances and differences with other cuprate systems. Its magnetism was calculated from 2 to 800 K. The La4Cu3MoO12 structure is the most unprecedented of the analogous lanthanide phases since lanthanum is the largest and because it forms at all.

The impact of annealing on the structure and magnetic characteristics of graphite-coated nickel and cobalt nanocrystals was examined. Graphite-encapsulated metal nanocrystal samples were synthesized using the tungsten arc method and x-ray diffraction experiments were performed using copper K alpha radiation in a Scintag x-ray diffractometer. Results showed that the magnetization of nanocrystals at all temperature after every heating and cooling was enhanced due to the particle size growth within the superparamagnetic domain or from superparamagnetic to ferromagnetic domain.

Stock prices in a domestic market are the result of a rational analysis of financial information and their incorporation into the price determination mechanism. This conclusion is derived from an analysis of Nikkei index-based derivative securities in the US and a comparison between the former and those that are traded overnight in Japan. Such perceived linkage belies the validity of theories that expound on the irrationality of stock market behavior.

Use of low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition to examine the electrical properties of InAs(0. 3)Sb(0.7) layers grown on GaAs substrates reveals that Hall mobility degradation at low temperatures depends on trimethylindium flow rate. Dislocation scattering for layer thickness below a critical epilayer thickness, approximately 1 micrometer, limits surface electron mobility. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal that deceptive Hall measurements are due to combined effects of dislocation and formation of a surface electron layer.

A closed-form European option pricing formula for cross-rate call and put warrants is examined. The issue of volatility estimation is addressed. The study revealed a notable difference between the pricing and hedging of US cross-currency warrants. The analysis is applied to the prices of the New York Stock Exchange trade US yen/deutsche mark cross-currency warrant issued by AT&T Capital Corp.

To facilitate protection system studies on the space station electric power system, there is a need to develop a model that can accurately and conveniently simulate both the power system and the protection system. Models for two major protective devices, the remote bus isolater and the remote power controller, are described. These models have been installed in a power system model resembling one channel of the space station power system. The usefulness of these models in protection system studies is demonstrated.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of graphite tubules (buckytubes) and their derivatives have revealed not only the previously reported buckytube geometries but also additional shapes of the buckytube derivatives. Detailed cross-sectional TEM images reveal the cylindrical cross section of buckytubes and the growth pattern of buckytubes as well as their derivatives. These observations of frozen growth stages of buckytubes and derivatives suggest a helical growth mechanism analogous to that of crystal growth via screw dislocations. The helicacy at buckytubes is analyzed by electron diffraction whereas the anisotropy of electronic structure is revealed by momentum transfer resolved electron energy loss spectrometry. Based on the TEM observations, it is proposed that buckytubes act as precursors to closed-shell fullerene (buckyball) formation and the possible steps in buckyball formation are outlined. In arc evaporation experiments in which residue rods (containing various amounts of buckytubes) were used as the starting anode for fullerene production, the amount of buckytubes in the rod was correlated with fullerene yield, The synthesis, characterization, and properties of various all-carbon molecules, the fullerene family (buckyballs), have been on the research forefront since the large-scale production scheme developed by Kratschmer et al. (1). [...]

This paper provides evidence that firms signal their private information about future earnings by their choice of split factor. Split factors are increasing in earnings forecast errors, after controlling for differences in pre-split price and firm size. Furthermore, price changes at stock dividend and split announcements are significantly correlated with split factors, holding other factors constant, and with earnings forecast errors. These correlations suggest that management's choice of split factor signals private information about future earnings and that investors revise their beliefs about firm value accordingly. The analysis also suggests, however, that announcement returns are significantly correlated with split factors after controlling for earnings forecasts errors. This suggests that earnings forecasts errors measure management's private information about future earnings with error, that split factors signal other valuation-relevant attributes, or that a signaling explanation is incomplete. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

Introduction: Bone mineral density (BMD) assessment in HIV patients is sparsely done in resource limited settings. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross‐sectional study of BMD amongst HIV patients following up in our clinic from 1 June to 1 December 2013 by performing dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scan (Lunar Prodigy Advanced DXA System, GE Healthcare) of lumbar spine and hip. Patients on long term (≥12 months), virologically suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) were included. Patients who were ART naïve were included as control population. Virologic failures were excluded. Low BMD was defined by WHO T‐score criteria (normal: T score ≥−1;osteopenia: T score between −1 and −2.5 SD; osteoporosis: T score ≤−2.5 SD). Baseline risk factors associated with low BMD like age, low BMI, lipoatrophy, diabetes mellitus, current smoking, current alcohol intake, steroid exposure and menopause were recorded. ART‐related factors associated with low BMD like ART duration, exposure to tenofovir and exposure to protease inhibitors (PI) were studied. Results: A total of 536 patients (66% males, 496 ART experienced and 40 ART naïve) were included in this analysis. Median age was 42 years, mean BMI 23.35 kg/m[sup.2] and median CD4 count 146 cells/mm[sup.3]. All ART experienced patients had plasma viral load Prevalence of low BMD amongst ART naive and ART experienced patients was 67% (osteopenia: 70.4%, osteoporosis: 29.6%) and 80.4% (osteopenia: 63.4%, osteoporosis: 36.6%), respectively (p=0.05). Mean T scores at lumbar spine and hip for ART naive and ART experienced patients were −1.37 and −0.9 versus −1.56 and −1.48 (p=0.05), respectively. Age, low BMI, current smoking, menopause, baseline CD4 count and exposure to ART were factors significantly associated with low overall BMD on univariate regression analysis. On multivariable logistic regression analysis age (p Conclusions: Extremely high prevalence of accelerated BMD loss amongst ART naïve and ART experienced patients in our cohort is a matter of deep concern due to its association with pathological fractures. Bone mineral loss was seen irrespective of ART used. Association of low BMD with low baseline CD4 count strengthens the case for early ART., Table 1: Baseline characteristic of patients with normal and low BMD Characteristic Overall Normal BMD Low BMD P value Age (median, IQR) 42 (37–48) 39 (35–44) 44 (38–49) P BMI [...]

Author(s): Li-Dong Zhao [1]; Shih-Han Lo [2]; Yongsheng Zhang [2]; Hui Sun [3]; Gangjian Tan [1]; Ctirad Uher [4]; C. Wolverton [2]; Vinayak P. Dravid [2]; Mercouri G. Kanatzidis (corresponding [...]

Magnetic studies of graphite-coated nanocrystals of nickel and cobalt (5 - 50 nm) synthesized in a special fullerene arc chamber are reported. Magnetization measurements as a function of temperature in the range 20 - 900 [degrees] C indicate the ferromagnetic nature of the nanocrystals. Upon heating and recooling of the nanocrystals a larger magnetization was measured. The dependence of room temperature [M.sub.s], [M.sub.r], and [H.sub.c] of the nanocrystals on annealing temperature is reported. The data are consistent with increase in size of single domain particles, or transition of the nanocrystals from single domain to multi-domain due to particle size growth in the annealing process. Index Terms - ferromagnets, Graphite-coated nanocrystals, single domain particles.

An atomic structure model for a 25 ° [001] symmetric tilt grain boundary in [SrTiO.sub.3] has been determined directly from experimental data with the use of high-resolution Z-contrast imaging coupled with electron energy loss spectroscopy. The derived model of the grain boundary was refined by bond-valence sum calculations and reveals candidate sites for dopant atoms in the boundary plane. These results show how the combined techniques can be used to deduce the atomic structure of defects and interfaces without recourse to preconceived structural models or image simulations., Internal interfaces, such as grain boundaries, have a pervasive influence on a variety of macroscopic properties and phenomena[1]. Although it is well accepted that the atomic structure of interfaces does [...]

ACuO2 is the simplified form of a superconducting layer of copper oxides in which A is a cation such as strontium or calcium. An infinite-layer structure of ACuO2 synthesized at high oxygen pressure exhibits planar defects marked by superconductivity in the compound. These planar defects are due to the replacement of Sr-CuO2-Sr blocks by Sr-O layers and result in the accumulation of apical oxygen atoms in the CuO2 planes and increased superconductivity, which varies according to the synthesis atmosphere.

The design, synthesis, processing and dielectric properties of novel cross-linked inorganic/organic hybrid blend (CHB) dielectric films which allow low-voltage organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) operation are reported. The findings for the morphologies and microstructures of representative semiconductor films grown on CHB dielectrics prepared with incrementally varied compositions and processing conditions are found to correlate closely with the OTFT response.

The possible mechanisms of phonon scattering by nanostructures and defects in PbTe-X (X = 2%Sb, Bi, or Pb) thermoelectric materials systems are examined. The particle-induced local elastic perturbations have interfered with the phonon propagation pathway, thereby contributing to the reduction in lattice thermal conductivity and increasing the overall thermoelectric figure of merit.

The effect of Cd substitution on the thermoelectric properties of PbTe is examined in order to test if Cd atoms on Pb sites of the rock salt lattice can increase the Seebeck coefficient via the formation of a resonance level in the density of states near the Fermi energy. The studies have shown that samples have followed the Pisarenko relationship and a maximum thermoelectric figure of merit ZT is achieved for the PbTe-CdTe-Pb[I.sub.2] sample arising from a high power factor and a very low lattice thermal conductivity.

Several studies are conducted to explain the impact of the deposition temperature on the surface morphology, as well as the magnetic properties of the different epitaxial Co[Fe.sub.2][O.sub.4] thin films. A decrease in the deposition temperatures is shown to lead to a significant change in the size, as well as the density of the crystal nuclei.

Kisor K. Chakrabarti's confusion of presupposition and implication mars his analysis of contraposition in Indian logic. Chakrabarti describes the existential proposition ('Men exist') as an implication of the general proposition ('All men are mortal'), when actually it is a presupposition. The contrapositive ('All non-mortals are non-men') is implied by the affirmative only if the presupposed existential proposition ('Non-mortals exist') is true.

The advanced transmission electron microscopy technique is employed to explain the composition, as well as the structure and properties of different thermoelectric materials. The impact of nanostructuring and lattice strain on the photon transport taking place in the [NaPb.sub.18-x][Sn.sub.x][BiTe.sub.20] thermoelectric materials is also explained.

The synthesis, microstructure, and transport properties of composite thermoelectric materials based on the eutectic phase relationship between PbTe and Ge is reported. The results showed that the electrical transport and thermoelectric properties of the composites could be tuned and optimized through the use of hypereutectic compositions and alloying of Ge with Si.

The time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) is applied to investigate the nature of gold in Au/gamma-Al2O3 and Au/TiO2 catalysts prepared by the deposition-precipitation method. The results indicate direct evidence for oxidized gold on supported gold catalysts.

The design, synthesis and structural characterization of a series of low-melting and thermally stable cadmium metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOVCD) precursors are discussed. The epitaxial growth of CdO films provides an approach to extremely high performance thin-film transparent conducting oxide (TCO) materials for high-end applications utilizing an efficient and scalable deposition technique.

Materials with high electrical conductivity and optical transparency are needed for future flat panel display, solar energy, and other opto-electronic technologies. [In.sub.x][Cd.sub.1-x]O films having a simple cubic microstructure have been grown on amorphous glass substrates by a straightforward chemical vapor deposition process. The x = 0.05 film conductivity of 17,000 S/cm, carrier mobility of 70 [cm.sup.2]/Vs, and visible region optical transparency window considerably exceed the corresponding parameters for commercial indium-tin oxide. Ab initio electronic structure calculations reveal small conduction electron effective masses, a dramatic shift of the CdO band gap with doping, and a conduction band hybridization gap caused by extensive Cd 5s + In 5s mixing.