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More than twenty different models of how forgiveness occurs have been proposed within forgiveness literature. One idea highlighted in many of these models was that forgiveness entails, at some point, a decision to forgive the offender. The Decision to Forgive Scale (DTFS) is a 5-item measure that allows the assessment of this construct. The aim of this study is to translate and validate the DTFS into Spanish (DTFS-S) and to provide evidence of measurement invariance across Spanish and American samples. The scale was translated using the back-translation process. A total of N = 571 participants completed the final version of the DTFS-S. Confirmatory factor analyses were computed to assess dimensionality, test for measurement invariance across populations, and provide evidence differentiating decisional forgiveness from total forgiveness. Reliability and additional validity analyses were performed. Results indicated a unidimensional structure of the scale. Partial metric invariance was achieved between Spanish and American samples. A 4-factor model demonstrated that DTFS-S is different from the Transgression-Related Inventory of Motivations (TRIM)-18-S (i.e., Spanish version) subscales. The results obtained suggested that scores on the Spanish version of the Decision To Forgive Scale are reliable and correlate with theoretically consistent variables. Researchers should consider the differences between cultures when assessing decisional forgiveness., Author(s): Silvia Recoder [sup.1] , María Gámiz [sup.1] , Everett L. Jr Worthington [sup.2] , Don E. Davis [sup.3] , Maria Fernández-Capo [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.410675.1, 0000 0001 2325 [...]

We present two intervention studies designed to promote humility and other virtues. In Study 1, we compared the PROVE Humility workbook (Lavelock, Worthington, & Davis, 2012/2013) to alternative workbooks, each [...]

In three studies, we developed the Experiences of Humility Scale (EHS). In Study 1, we used exploratory factor analysis to determine the factor structure and to reduce items in a [...]

Over the past few years an increasing number of schools and community organizations have developed transformative learning spaces referred to as 'MakerSpaces' for research and training purposes. MakerSpaces are organizations in which members sharing similar interests in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) gather to work on self-selected projects. Proponents of MakerSpaces highlight the implicit benefits arising from participants' increased engagement with complex technical content in a voluntary, authentic context. We extend the MakerSpace concept to applications of training special education teachers to address the needs of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Applied behavior analysis (ABA) has vast empirical support for treating ASD. We believe the MakerSpace model provides a platform for developing a new generation of special education teachers. However, rather than making novel products, the focus is on shaping the behavior-analytic repertoires of special education teachers. In the field of ABA, the term 'shaping' describes the differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior. Accordingly, we propose the name ShaperSpace to describe a novel clinical training approach to developing special education teachers who employ research-validated interventions for individuals with ASD. The supervision model described in this article is provided, not as a recommendation, but as an exemplar that has developed over four years' contingency shaping and continues to be refined. We appeal to the reader to consider the ShaperSpace as a starting point from which skills developed through free-operant field experiences will ultimately be shaped and selected by the naturally occurring contingencies of the environment. Keywords special education, applied behavior analysis, teacher education, field experience, Can you tell me, Socrates, whether virtue is acquired by teaching or by practice? Meno, 380 B.C.E Introduction Field experiences are considered one of the most influential determinants over preservice [...]

Many religious individuals use forgiveness to cope with interpersonal offenses. There has been much work on religion/spirituality and interpersonal forgiveness, but little theory or research has focused on religion/spirituality and [...]

One of religion's psychological functions is to buffer against existential anxieties. This function may be especially pronounced among extrinsically religious individuals, who tend to harness religion for its personal and [...]

Gratitude is seen as a central component of Christian theology, and the extant literature suggests that there is an important relation between gratitude and physical health and well-being. In the [...]

The study of forgiveness has flourished in recent years, but little is known about how transgressors respond when their request for forgiveness is denied. Two studies examined how transgressors react [...]

Intellectual humility (IH) involves an accurate view of one's intellectual strengths and weaknesses as well as the ability to negotiate different ideas in an interpersonally respectful manner. The current study [...]

Previous research has yielded mixed findings regarding the relationship between religion/spirituality (R/S) and forgiveness. This study examined the degree to which victims view forgiveness as spiritually valuable within their R/S [...]

In this conclusion to the special issue, we reflect on the state of the field of humility, religion, and spirituality, and examine three important questions. First, we examine how researchers [...]

Empirical interest in virtues and their benefits has increased in recent years. In the present study, we test the efficacy of a workbook intervention to promote humility. Participants (N= 59) [...]

Client perceptions of their therapists' cultural humility have been associated with positive therapy outcomes; however, it is unclear whether these positive effects are consistent across clients. In particular, this study [...]

Little research has explored the role of attachment in predicting virtues. In the present study, we provide an initial investigation testing the theory that virtues develop from having secure attachment [...]

This article focused on how perceptions of intellectual humility (IH)--humility regarding one's knowledge or influence over ideas--affect relationships with religious leaders. We developed an informant report measure of IH perceptions [...]

In this article, we explore the integration of psychology and Christianity in the areas of multicultural counseling and social justice. First, we give a brief overview of the multicultural counseling [...]

[1] The Changgo culmination, one of the North Himalayan domes in south central Tibet, consists of a multiphase granite core surrounded by a deformed metasedimentary carapace. The granitic core records general non-coaxial shear with a top-to-the-south sense shear component. The contact between the core and the carapace is a shear zone, characterized by general non-coaxial shear with a top-to-the-north shear sense, interpreted to be the northern continuation of the South Tibetan detachment system (STDS). The shear zone contains lenses of leucogranite dated at 35.4 Ma. This is interpreted to reflect Eocene crustal thickening, coeval with the earliest shortening event recorded in the carapace. The main phase of the Changgo granite crystallized at 23.5 Ma, while undeformed aplite dikes, the youngest phase observed in the granite, were intruded at 22.1 Ma. Aplite dikes crosscut the main deformation fabric within the Changgo granite; therefore, that deformation and associated south directed shearing must have ended between 23.5 Ma and 22.1 Ma. The dikes are strained within the STDS, indicating that final displacement along the STDS must post-date 22 Ma, yet be older than 18.4 Ma, the cooling age of muscovite in the shear zone. It is proposed that the exhumation of the Changgo culmination is related to tectonically driven erosion in response to crustal thickening and rebuilding of the orogenic critical taper wedge. Subsequently, deformation in the wedge migrated toward the foreland, expanding the orogenic wedge laterally and moving the locus of displacement from the Main Central thrust structurally downward to the Main Boundary thrust. Citation: Larson, K. P., L. Godin, W. J. Davis, and D. W. Davis (2010), Out-of-sequence deformation and expansion of the Himalayan orogenic wedge: insight from the Changgo culmination, south central Tibet, Tectonics, 29, TC4013, doi: 10.1029/2008TC002393.

Research on spirituality and forgiveness has begun to examine the types of dynamic, spiritual experiences that can promote forgiveness. Specifically, we explore how victims may see an offender's humility in [...]

This article evaluated the efficacy status of religious and spiritual (R/S) therapies for mental health problems, including treatments for depression, anxiety, unforgiveness, eating disorders, schizophrenia, alcoholism, anger, and marital issues. Religions represented included Christianity, Islam, Taoism, and Buddhism. Some studies incorporated a generic spirituality. Several R/S therapies were found to be helpful for clients, supporting the further use and research on these therapies. There was limited evidence that R/S therapies outperformed established secular therapies, thus the decision to use an R/S therapy may be an issue of client preference and therapist comfort. Keywords: evidence-based psychotherapy; religion; spirituality DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20626

Teaching parents how to forgive transgressions of parenting partners may reduce negative emotions, increase positive emotions, and, thus, decrease parenting stress. We implemented a waiting-list design to investigate the efficacy of a 9-hour psychoeducational group intervention, Forgiveness and Reconciliation through Experiencing Empathy (FREE), presented to 27 parents and caregivers of children 0-9 years old. Participants receiving FREE exhibited increased forgiveness of a target offense by the parenting partner and increased forgiveness of all parenting offenses. This study offers initial evidence that an intervention to promote forgiveness and reconciliation in parents could be beneficial and might improve parenting relations. DOI: 10.1080/01926180902945723

We describe the development of the Dedication to the Sacred Scale (DS). The measure was created to test a model of relational spirituality and forgiveness. Items from a measure of [...]

U-Pb baddeleyite ages and paleomagnetic poles obtained for dykes on Devon Island and Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic and the Thule region of Greenland show that they are associated with the Franklin magmatic event. This study is the only one devoted to Franklin igneous rocks where a primary paleomagnetic remanente and U-Pb age have been obtained from the same rocks. Ages from this study range from 721 to 712 Ma, but paleomagnetic directional data show no clear age progression. The paleomagnetic poles from each of the two regional subsets are significantly different at the 95% confidence level from paleomagnetic results previously published for the Franklin event in the CanadianShield. The difference in the pole locations can be accounted for, to first approximation, by a simple model of early Cenozoic block rotations among the North American plate, Greenland, and a hypothesized ancient microplate comprising Ellesmere, Devon, Cornwallis, and perhaps Somerset islands. A new grand-mean paleopole for the Franklin event, including restoration of Greenland and the proposed 'Ellesmere microplate' to North America, is located at (8.4°N, 163.8°E, [A.sub.95] = 2.8°, N = 78 sites) and is a key pole for Neoproterozoic supercontinent reconstructions. Des ages U-Pb, determines sur de la baddeleyite, et des poles paleomagnetiques obtenus de dykes des files de Devon et d'Ellesmere, dans fArctique canadien, et de la region de Thule au Groenland, montrent que ces dykes sont associes a fevenement magmatique de Franklin. La presente etude est la seine consacree aux roches ignees de Franklin ou une remanente paleomagnetique primaire et des ages U-Pb ont ete obtenus des memes roches. Les ages dans cette etude varient de 721 a 712 Ma, mais les donnees sur les directions paleomagnetiques ne montrent aucune progression Claire de l'age. Les poles paleomagnetiques de chacun des deux sous-ensembles regionaux different de maniere significative, au niveau de confdance 95 %, des resultats paleomagnetiques publies anterieurement pour l'evenement de Franklin dans le Bouclier canadien. La difference d'emplacement des poles peut etre expliquee, en une premiere approximation, par un modele simple de rotations de blocs, au Cenozoique precoce, entre la plaque Nord-americaine, le Groenland et une ancienne plaque hypothetique qui comprenait les files d'Ellesmere, de Devon, de Cornwallis et peut-etre de Somerset. Un nouveau paleopole de grande moyenne pour l'evenement Franklin, incluant la restoration du Groenland et de la << microplaque d'Ellesmere >> proposee a l'Amerique du Nord, est situe a (8,4[degre]N, 163,8[degre]E, [A.sub.95] = 2,8[degre], N = 78 sites) et constitue le pole cle pour les reconstructions du super continent au Neoproterozoique. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Precisely dated rocks with well-defined paleomagnetic poles are scarce in the Proterozoic record, yet are critical for reconstructing the past positions of continents and correlating what are today the [...]

The north-south-trending Clarence Head dyke swarm, located on Devon and Ellesmere Islands in the Canadian High Arctic, has a trend orthogonal to that of the Neoproterozoic Franklin swarm that surrounds it. The Clarence Head dykes are dated by the U-Pb method on baddeleyite to between 716 ± 1 and 713 ± 1 Ma, ages apparently younger than, but within the published age range of, the Franklin dykes. Alpha recoil in baddeleyite is considered as a possible explanation for the difference in ages, but a comparison of the U-Pb ages of grains of equal size from both swarms suggests that recoil distances in baddeleyite are lower than those in zircon and that the Clarence Head dykes are indeed a distinctly younger event within the period of Franklin magmatism. The Clarence Head dykes represent a large swarm tangential to, and cogenetic with, a giant radiating dyke swarm ~800 km from the indicated source. The preferred mechanism for the emplacement of the Clarence Head dykes is the exploitation of concentric zones of extension around a depleting and collapsing plume source. While the paleomagnetism of most Clarence Head dykes agrees with that of the Franklin dykes, two dykes have anomalous remanence directions, interpreted to be a chemical remanent magnetization carried by pyrrhotite. The pyrrhotite was likely deposited from fluids mobilized southward from the Devonian Ellesmerian Orogeny to the north that used the interiors of the dykes as conduits and precipitated pyrrhotite en route. L'essaim de dykes Clarence Head, a tendance nord-sud, situe sur les iles Devon et Ellesmere dans le Grand Nord canadien, a une tendance orthogonale a l'essaim Franklin (Neoproterozoique) qui l'entoure. Les dykes Clarence Head ont ete dates par methode U-Pb sur de la baddeleyite et ils seraient ages entre 716 ± 1 et 713 ± 1 Ma, des ages apparemment plus jeunes que la plage d'age des dykes Franklin, mais a l'interieur des dates publiees pour ces derniers. Le recul alpha dans la baddeleyite pourrait constituer une explication possible pour les differences d'age, mais une comparaison des ages U-Pb sur des grains de taille semblable des deux essaims suggere que les distances de recul dans la baddeleyite soient inferieures a celles dans le zircon et que les dykes de Clarence Head constituent en effet un evenement plus jeune a l'interieur de la periode de magnetisme Franklin. Les dykes Clarence Head representent un vaste essaim qui est coge netique avec, et tangent a, un gigantesque essaim de dykes qui rayonne sur une distance d'environ 800 km de la source indiquee. Le mecanisme preferentiel pour la mise en place des dykes Clarence Head est l'exploitation de zones concentriques d'extension autour d'un panache source qui s'appauvrit et qui s'effondre. Bien que le paleomagnetisme de la plupart des dykes Clarence Head concorde avec celui des dykes Franklin, deux dykes ont des directions remanentes anomales, interpre tees comme une magnetisation chimique remanente portee par la pyrrhotite. La pyrrhotite a probablement ete depose e a partir de fluides mobilises vers le sud a partir de l'orogene ellesmerien (Devonien) au nord; ces fluides auraient utilise l'interieur des dykes comme conduits et auraient precipite la pyrrhotite en chemin. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Giant mafic dyke swarms are common worldwide (Ernst et al. 1995), and many have radiating patterns of emplacement that appear to indicate their source at the focus, often considered [...]

Abstract: A combined U-Pb and field mapping study of the Island Lake greenstone belt has led to the recognition of three distinct supracrustal assemblages. These assemblages record magmatic episodes at [...]

A 25-70-cm-thick, laterally correlative layer near the contact between the Paleoproterozoic sedimentary Gunflint Iron Formation and overlying Rove Formation and between the Biwabik Iron Formation and overlying Virginia Formation, western Lake Superior region, contains shocked quartz and feldspar grains found within accretionary lapilli, accreted grain clusters, and spherule masses, demonstrating that the layer contains hypervelocity impact ejecta. Zircon geochronologic data from tuffaceous horizons bracketing the layer reveal that it formed between ca. 1878 Ma and 1836 Ma. The Sudbury impact event, which occurred 650-875 km to the east at 1850 [+ or -] 1 Ma, is therefore the likely ejecta source, making these the oldest ejecta linked to a specific impact. Shock features, particularly planar deformation features, are remarkably well preserved in localized zones within the ejecta, whereas in other zones, mineral replacement, primarily carbonate, has significantly altered or destroyed ejecta features. Keywords: Sudbury impactite, distal ejecta, precise U-Pb dates, Gunflint and Biwabik Formations, Ontario, Minnesota.

Gondwanan Neoproterozoic tectonothermal events (Pan-African and Brasiliano) are represented in northern mainland of Nova Scotia by volcanic and sedimentary rocks assigned to the Jeffers and Georgeville groups and by gabbroic to granitoid plutons. These rocks comprise part of Avalonia, an exotic terrane in the Appalachian orogen that was deposited in an arc-related environment along the periphery of Gondwana prior to accretion to Laurentia. Lavas sampled in the basal units of the Jeffers and Georgeville groups yielded slightly discordant U-Pb zircon and monazite data that fall on chords with upper intercept ages of 628 Ma and 617.7 [+ or -] 1.6 Ma, respectively. Syn-tectonic to late syntectonic plutons intruded into these groups yielded U-Pb zircon ages of 606.6 [+ or -] 1.6 Ma and [Mathematical Expression Omitted] Ma. The former intrusion also yielded a concordant titanite age of 607 [+ or -] 3 Ma. When combined with previously published ages, these data indicate that the back-arc deposition recorded in these groups lasted 10-15 million years (628-613 Ma) and was closely followed by c. 613-595 Ma metamorphism, intrusion and heterogeneous strike-slip related deformation. Assuming no significant shuffling of fault blocks, the relative locations of the Cobequid-Antigonish back-arc basin and the southern Cape Breton Island volcanic arc are consistent with their genesis above a north-west-dipping subduction zone. The age range of arc-related magmatism in Nova Scotia is similar to that of Avalonian rocks in southeastern Newfoundland and Britain, lending support to hypotheses of Neoproterozoic linkages.