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In 1922, the U.S. Department of Commerce issued its first Standard State Zoning Enabling Act, a model law authorizing local governments to engage in land-use regulation. Authored during a period of rapid industrialization in U.S. cities, as well as high rates of European immigration and the Great Migration of Black Americans from the rural South to Northern industrial cities, the Act delegated to local governments the power to regulate and direct growth within their borders. The Act, last updated in 1926, has proven durable in its first century, as its principles and language are, even today, found in the zoning enabling laws of nearly every state. However, the broad power conferred to local governments under the Act--to engage in land use regulation for broad and undefined general welfare purposes such as maintenance of community character and property values--has brought about serious negative consequences for housing affordability, racial equity, and access to opportunity. This essay argues that a twenty-first-century zoning enabling law, focused on ameliorating high housing costs, addressing racial segregation, and providing access to opportunity for all communities, is needed for land use planning and regulation to respond to one of our most urgent social crises. The essay discusses the origins of the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act and its adoption into state laws; explains how zoning has been used to systematically segregate and preclude non-white and low-income communities from accessing economic opportunity; and offers suggestions for how an updated zoning enabling law could direct local governments toward more equitable land use regulations., Abstract 493 Essay 494 I. The Standard State Zoning Enabling Act 494 A. Demographic Shifts in the Early Twentieth Century 494 B. Zoning's Emergence 495 II. Expansion of the Zoning [...]

AT THE TENDER age of 15, Marcus King attempted to sneak into the Orange Peel, a concert venue in Asheville, North Carolina, to deliver his demo to Warren Haynes. A [...]

ANDY TIMMONS HIT the big leagues more than three decades ago when he joined the rock group Danger Danger in the late '80s. Since then, the talented and creative guitarist [...]

LISTENING TO MICHAEL Lee Firkins' highly expressive and thoughtfully structured blues-rock guitar playing is exciting. Firkins is admired for his seemingly effortless way of creating melodies and musical moods, emotions [...]

IF YOU EXPLORE the history of funk guitar, you'll notice distinctive technical elements among artists known for playing this soulful style of music. The godfather of it all was Jimmy [...]

A NUMBER OF things come to mind when you think of Texas--rolling cattle ranches, vast oil fields and porterhouse steaks the size of a Cadillac. But for many guitarists and [...]

METAL LEGEND AND former Megadeth lead guitarist Marty Friedman remains an important source of inspiration for building unusual melodic twists and finding unique directions in music. As a player, Friedman [...]

IN THEIR QUEST for fresh approaches to the instrument, guitarists throughout history have found creative ways to mimic the sounds and phrasing characteristics of other instruments. This includes valiant attempts [...]

WITHIN THE HALLOWED CATALOG of progressive rock music created during the late 1960s and early' 70s, a handful of groups are responsible for a surge of excelled musicianship and composition [...]

LEGENDARY VOCALIST, SONGWRITER, and rock icon Ozzy Osbourne (a.k.a. the Prince of Darkness) began his long, celebrated career fronting the groundbreaking, pioneering heavy-metal band Black Sabbath in the late 1960s [...]

THE GOAL OF BUILDING SINGLE-NOTE playing technique and increasing speed is a popular and passionate one among many improvising guitarists in a variety of musical styles. While there are several [...]

IF THERE'S ONE NAME SYNONYMOUS with bridging the gap between modern rock, blues, and jazz, it's Jimmy Herring. Being able to pinpoint where you first heard his name or music [...]

WHERE CAN YOU catch Larry Carlton, Adrian Belew, Yngwie Malmsteen, Paul Reed Smith, Nita Strauss and many other industry legends, all in one go? They were among the participants at [...]

STYLE LESSON [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] NEAL SCHON'S DISTINGUISHED resume details a 40-plus-year career highlighted by legendary recordings, hit songs, inspired live performances, creative sideprojects and collaborations, and, most recently, [...]

HYBRID PICKING-USING A PICK IN conjunction with your available pick-hand fingers to pluck the strings--is an interesting and often highly useful alternative to traditional plectrum-based guitar playing, one that can [...]

THE USE OF NATURAL HARMONICS--harmonics played on open strings--is common in many styles of acoustic and electric guitar music, from classical and jazz to rock and metal. The technique is [...]

IN MANY WAYS, YNGWIE MALMSTEEN sets the bar by which shred guitarists measure themselves. Whether it's his command of exotic scales, extended scale runs, alternate picked phrases, or blinding sweep-picked [...]

IN RECENT YEARS, THERE HAS BEEN an amazing influx of young, ultra-talented modern-metal guitarists. These new lions range from 7- and 8-string players in djent metal bands to traditional 6-stringers [...]

WESTERN SWING, ALSO KNOWN AS Texas swing, is a sub-genre of country music that developed and flourished in the 1930s, reaching its heyday during the early years of World War [...]

THROUGHOUT THE HISTORY OF recorded music, many guitarists have created magic from the dimly lit booths of the studio, from legends like Tommy Tedesco, Jimmy Page, Larry Carlton, and Michael [...]

STEVE VAI, ERIC JOHNSON, Rudy Sarzo and Billy Sheehan were among the stars who headlined Sweetwater's GearFest 2019 this past June. Held in the musical-instrument retailer's home base of Fort [...]

THE USE OF NEIGHBOR TONES IN music can be traced back hundreds of years, to early classical compositions. Neighbor tones are chromatic passing tones performed by approaching a melody, scale, [...]

IN CASE YOU'VE BEEN LIVING IN A cave for the past few decades, Steve Morse is a masterful guitarist who routinely displays outstanding musicianship dating back to his debut in [...]

WATCHING ALLAN HOLDSWORTH perform may leave you with the impression that you've encountered an advanced alien life form who communicates using the electric guitar. His approach to music is abstract [...]

Background Survivors of childhood leukemia and lymphoma experience high risks of second malignant neoplasms. We quantified such risk using a large dataset from 13 population-based cancer registries. Methods The registries provided individual data on cases of leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurring in children aged 0-14 years and on subsequent second malignant neoplasms for different time periods from 1943 to 2000. Risks of second malignant neoplasms were assessed through standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), using the incidence rates in the general populations covered by the registries as a reference. Cumulative absolute risks were also calculated. Results A total of 133 second malignant neoplasms were observed in 16540 patients (12731 leukemias, 1246 Hodgkin lymphomas, and 2563 non-Hodgkin lymphomas) after an average follow-up of 6.5 years. The most frequent second malignancies after leukemia were brain cancer (19 cases, SIR = 8.52, 95% CI = 5.13 to 13.3), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (nine cases, SIR = 9.41, 95% CI = 4.30 to 17.9), and thyroid cancer (nine cases, SIR = 18.8, 95% CI = 8.60 to 35.7); the most frequent after Hodgkin lymphoma were thyroid cancer (nine cases, SIR = 52.5, 95% CI = 24.0 to 99.6), breast cancer (six cases, SIR = 20.9, 95% CI = 7.66 to 45.4), and neoplasms of skin (non-melanoma) (six cases, SIR = 34.0, 95% CI = 12.5 to 74.0); and the most frequent after non-Hodgkin lymphoma were thyroid cancer (six cases, SIR = 40.4, 95% CI = 14.8 to 88.0) and brain cancer (four cases, SIR = 6.97, 95% CI = 1.90 to 17.9). Cumulative incidence of any second malignant neoplasm was 2.43% (95% CI = 1.09 to 3.78), 12.7% (95% CI = 8.29 to 17.2), and 2.50% (95% CI = 1.04 to 3.96) within 30 years from diagnosis of leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, respectively. Conclusions This population-based study provides, to our knowledge, the most precise and up-to-date estimates for relative and absolute risks of second malignant neoplasms after childhood leukemia and lymphoma. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djk180

This study tested the hypothesis that during treatment of kwashiorkor (including marasmic kwashiorkor) with infection there is a lower rate of amino acid oxidation when the dietary intake of amino acids resembles the amino acid composition of acute phase proteins (APPs). Twenty-two children in Blantyre, Malawi, with kwashiorkor and acute infection were fed an isoenergetic, isonitrogenous diet with either egg white or milk as a protein source. The whole-body amino acid oxidation rate was measured after 24 h by determining the plasma urea rate of appearance, and whole-body protein breakdown and synthesis rates were determined from the plasma leucine rate of appearance. Plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein, [alpha.sub.1]-antitrypsin, tumor necrosis factor [alpha] (TNF-[alpha]), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were determined on admission and at 24 and 48 h. The 11 children who received milk had a lower rate of amino acid oxidation than the children who received egg white (x [+ or -] SD: 137 [+ or -] 65 compared with 195 [+ or -] 66 [mu]mol urea [cdot] kg body [wt.sup.-1] [cdot] [h.sup.-1], P [less than] 0.05). No significant differences were found between the two groups in the rate of whole-body protein breakdown or protein synthesis. The TNF-[alpha] concentration correlated inversely with whole-body protein breakdown and synthesis rates, and the IL-6 concentration correlated directly with C-reactive protein. We conclude that by making the amino acid composition of the diet resemble that of APPs in the treatment of acute kwashiorkor, the rate of amino acid oxidation can be decreased.

This study tested the hypothesis that whole-body protein kinetics remain low in children with edematous malnutrition and acute infection. Thirteen children with edematous malnutrition and acute infection (subjects) were compared with 14 uninfected children with edematous malnutrition early in recovery (control children). Protein kinetics were determined by using a primed, constant intravenous infusion of [[.sup.13]C]leucine and [[.sup.15][N.sub.2]]urea in the postabsorptive state. Calculations of rates of whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown were based on the rate of leucine appearance, the rate of leucine oxidation was estimated from the rate of urea appearance. Protein synthesis and breakdown rates were lower in subjects than in control children (97 [+ or -] 30 compared with 153 [+ or -] 67, P [is less than] 0.01, and 103 [+ or -] 30 compared with 160 [+ or -] 67 [mu]mol leucine.[kg.sup.-1] .[h.sup.-1], P [is less than] 0.01). No difference was found between the two groups in the rate of urea appearance, but this analysis only had a statistical power of 54%. The absence of the expected increase in the rate of protein turnover during acute infection in edematous malnutrition implies that acute phase proteins are made with a corresponding depletion of muscle, hepatic, and other body proteins such as albumin, and that there may also be a blunting of the acute phase response.

Popliteal artery embolism (obstruction by a blood clot of the leg artery below the knee which supplies blood to the lower leg and foot) is associated with acute onset of symptoms and a high risk of loss of the leg. A review is presented of 10 years of treatment of 58 patients with 60 popliteal artery embolisms; two distinct patterns of onset are identified. Forty-one patients (68 percent) had acute onset; symptoms were present for less than a week, the median duration of symptoms was 12 hours. Eighty percent of these patients had immediate threat to their leg (loss of sensation or movement or evidence of muscle compromise) and 90 percent were treated with embolectomy (surgical removal of the embolism) alone. There were 19 patients (32 percent) who had delayed symptoms; median symptom duration was 30 days, with a range of 7 to 120 days. Typically, these patients with delayed onset had a history of sudden onset of claudication (weakness and cramps of the legs) and leg pain at rest. Two thirds of the 19 patients underwent embolectomy alone, whereas four patients required bypass graft. Results of treatment in the delayed-symptom group revealed no deaths and 95 percent success (salvage of the leg); the acute-symptom group had 10 percent mortality and 90 percent success. These results indicate an improvement in outcome in surgical treatment of popliteal artery embolism. As many as one third of the patients may have delayed presentation with chronic symptoms; most of these patients can be successfully treated with embolectomy. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

The aortic balloon pump catheter is a counterpulsation device that is inserted into the aorta (the main systemic artery) via an artery; insertion into the artery is through either a puncture in the skin or surgical incision. This device is used to treat heart pump failure or cardiac ischemia, (insufficient blood supply to the heart). Use of this procedure has been advised against for patients who have had a bypass graft of the lower aorta and groin or leg vessels. A report is presented of the safety of intra-aortic balloon pump catheter placement in patients with suprainguinal (above the groin area) prosthetic bypass grafts. Nineteen balloon pumps were used in 17 patients. Fourteen of these pumps were placed through vascular grafts that had been placed from two to 13 years before; five pumps were placed during the same hospitalization as the bypass graft. One patient died during emergency balloon pump placement for cardiogenic shock; all other patients had prompt improvement in blood flow to the heart. Three patients experienced decreased blood supply to the leg during balloon pump insertion. Of the five patients who had balloon placement following a recent graft, only one survived. Of the twelve patients who had balloon placement following graft performed in the past, seven survived. These survivors have been followed for an average of two years. No patient had bleeding complications, graft disruption or infection of the groin or graft. These results suggest that patients with life-threatening heart disease who have undergone vascular bypass graft of the lower aorta can have intra-aortic balloon pump catheters inserted with relative safety. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

An arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein. The main cause of such a fistula involving the abdominal aorta (main trunk of the body's arterial system) or iliac artery (in the groin) is spontaneous rupture of an aneurysm (localized thinning of the artery wall) into the nearby venous system. This complication occurs in only about 1 percent of all aneurysms and 3 to 4 percent of all ruptured aneurysms. Often, the diagnosis of these arteriovenous fistulas is overlooked or delayed, due to the wide range of symptoms they produce. A review was undertaken of 30 years of experience (a total of 20 fistulas) to identify factors that help in making a timely diagnosis. Causes of the fistulas included erosion of the aneurysm (14 cases), injury during spinal surgery (four), and gunshot wound of the abdomen (two). Diagnosis was made from three hours to eight years after occurrence of the fistula. The most common symptom was back pain (70 percent of patients). The most reliable physical finding was the presence of a characteristic bruit (a specific type of sound) in the abdomen; this occurred in 80 percent of the patients. Seven patients (35 percent) had congestive heart failure, and eight had severe leg edema which was confused with venous thrombosis (clots in the leg veins). The average blood loss was 5,960 milliliters; this supports the use of intraoperative autotransfusion (transfusion with the patient's own blood). There were two deaths at surgery (10 percent); both patients had been diagnosed prior to surgery. It is concluded that if recognized and treated appropriately with surgery, these arteriovenous fistulas can be repaired successfully. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Recommendations for the use of a retroperitoneal rather than a transperitoneal approach for reconstruction of the aorta are usually based on clinical observations of morbidity and mortality. The traditional transperitoneal approach uses an incision down the middle of the abdomen; the retroperitoneal approach is made across the lower abdomen to the tip of the eleventh rib at the side of the body. A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate and compare these two different approaches; 59 patients had the transperitoneal procedure and 54 had the retroperitoneal procedure. A second group was evaluated retrospectively; these patients underwent aortic reconstruction using the transperitoneal approach three years earlier. The randomized patients were similar in age, male/female ratio, smoking history, incidence and severity of heart-lung disease, indications for operation, and past history of anesthetic use. Respiratory impairment and other aspects of postoperative recovery, including recovery of bowel function, need for narcotics, complications, duration of hospital stay, were similar in the two randomized groups. Compared with the early group of patients, there was significant reduction in need for mechanical respiration, blood transfusions, and length of hospitalization in patients who had either procedure. Overall, no important advantages were demonstrated for the retroperitoneal approach to aortic reconstructive surgery. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

'The Trade Practices Act is an essential component of Australia's regulatory framework, and this bill enhances existing measures in the Act to provide greater accountability, transparency, timeliness and efficiency.' With [...]

FEW WOULD ARGUE THAT GUTHRIE Govan is an inspiring musical guru. His ability to easily incorporate many advanced techniques is beyond impressive, not to mention his phrasing, feel, tone, and [...]

The newly introduced curfew system of the Phoenix Police Department for controlling juvenile crimes such as using the city's gymnasiums for keeping offenders in custody has considerably reduced the work of patrol officers while ensuring proper custody for the youngsters. With the implementation of the system, the speed of processing juveniles has increased remarkably, while the number of crimes committed has decreased. Apart from providing a better method of handling gang crimes, this method has also helped reduce the member of escapades from custody to zero.