Search

INTRODUCTION Cyber War is diplomacy by other means. (1) It is the use by a nation-state of computers and telecommunications networks to harm an opponent. It has been described as [...]

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 284 II. FIFA's INFLUENCE AND ORGANIZATION 286 A. FIFA's Stature in World Soccer 286 B. Understanding FIFA's Power and the Appeal of FIFA Membership 290 [...], Few associate the Federation Internationale de Football Association, or FIFA, with its legal regime. Rather, and understandably so, sports fans and commentators tend to focus on World Cups, corruption, or even the FIFA video game. Yet, FIFA's role in the sport of soccer extends well beyond what receives the most commercial attention. FIFA shoulders the burden of regulating soccer's member associations, national teams, clubs, players, and countless other personnel through its FIFA Statutes. This is a considerable undertaking, which FIFA achieves through its comprehensive system of alternative dispute resolution. Soccer is now a global business, largely due to the economic might of the transfer market. This marketplace is the forum where clubs swap players and money in sometimes-complicated transnational business transactions. FIFA's internal institutions and the Court of Arbitration for Sport serve to resolve legal disputes resulting from dealings in the transfer market. FIFA's legal regime mostly functions as intended, though it is also subject to criticism as it supplants domestic court systems and their jurisdiction over potential contract and labor law disputes. This Note maintains that FIFA's legal regime should continue to exist in its current structure, but also argues that moderate reforms would improve the efficacy and legitimacy of its institutions and relationship with the Court of Arbitration for Sport. More specifically, this Note proposes the adoption of a Players' Bill of Rights and two amendments to the FIFA Statutes concerning arbitration. Not only would such reforms strengthen the stature of FIFA's legal regime, but they would also better inform soccer-related actors of their rights and obligations under FIFA's governance. While FIFA rightly prides itself on the success of its legal regime, there is room to improve. This Note's proposals do not constitute an overhaul, but rather an acknowledgement that FIFA must continue to adapt as soccer flourishes in terms of popularity and wealth.

Haycocknema perplexum is an enigmatic nematode ii that is a rare cause of human parasitic myositis (2-4). Twelve cases have been reported since its initial description in 1998, all in [...]

IN AN ARTICLE PUBLISHED IN 1999, Hilton Kelliher showed that the late-seventeenth-century Harley MS 6054 contains a previously undocumented Latin epigram that the manuscripts compiler attributes to John Dryden. The [...]

Reading Robert Greene: Recovering Shakespeare's Rival by Darren Freebury-Jones. New York: Routledge, 2022. Pp. ix + 217. Poor Robert Greene. To most academics, he's little more than a footnote, a [...]

Introduction 1204 I. Some Opportunity Zone Basics 1206 A. Basics of the Program 1206 B. Concerns with OZs 1208 C. The Complexities of OZs 1210 II. Agency Coordination for Opportunity [...], The Opportunity Zone (OZ) program, which is designed to provide place-based equity investments into certain low-income communities, has potential upsides and pitfalls. The program is complicated, and it implicates numerous spheres of policy expertise. But currently, it is mostly administered by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) as a tax program. This Essay seeks to find a technical-managerial solution to some of the problems of the OZ program, and that is agency coordination. It would have the IRS and the Office of Tax Policy (OTP) work with other agencies with expertise in place-based investment programs to administer the OZ program. It outlines the benefits and potential problems of coordination and discusses what tools could help improve this endea vor. It also proposes that the coordinated effort attempt to engage communities that live in OZs further in guiding the program.

In 1945, Orwell penned these words: 'All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others'. If we substitute the word peoples for animals, the statement then reads, [...]

We developed aging criteria for 7 species of manakins (Pipridae) from the Mann Biosphere Reserve, Peru, based on patterns of plumage maturation and wing-feather replacement following their prefonnative molt, and summarize information on their morphological characteristics. Each species underwent a partial prefonnative molt, which could be identified using the presence of molt limits in the greater coverts. Some male Band-tailed Manakin (Pipra fasciicauda), Round-tailed Manakin (Ceratopipra chloromeros). Cerulean-capped Manakin (Lepidothrix coendeocapilla), and Yungas Manakin (Chiroxiphia boliviana) showed evidence of delayed plumage maturation, allowing for age classification up to the third annual cycle, whereas Blue-crowned Manakin (L. coronata caeieslipileata). Fiery-capped Manakin {Machaeropterus pyrocephalus), and Green Manakin (Cryptopipo holochlora viridor) appeared to attain definitive plumage after their second molt cycle. Morphometries showed strong overlap and were less useful for separation of age and sex classes. Our findings add to the growing list of studies that suggest many tropical passerines can be aged using primarily molt limits. Data on molt and plumage maturation are still needed for the vast majority of tropical birds in order to infonn conservation-based research and studies of avian life history. Received 8 November 2020. Accepted I October 2021. Key words: annual cycle, Manu Biosphere Reserve, molt limit, Peru, Pipridae, South America, tropical birds. Desarrollamos criterios dc edad para 7 especies de pipridos en la Reserva dc Biosfera del Manu. Peru, basados en los patroncs de maduracion del plumaje y el reempla/.o dc las plumas dc ala despues la muda preformativa. Tambicn rcsumimos informacion sobre sus caractcristicas morfologicas. Cada espeeic tuvo una muda preformativa parcial, que podria identifiearse usando la presencia dc limites de muda en las cobertcras mayores. Algunos machos de Pipra fasciicauda, Ceratopipra chloromeros, Lepidothrix coeruleocapilla y Chiroxiphia boliviano mostraron evidencia de maduracion tardia del plumaje. lo que pcrmitc la clasificacion por edades hasta tcrccr ciclo anual. micntras que L. coronata caeiestipileata. Machaeropterus pyrocephalus y Cryptopipo holochlora viridor parecieron alcan/ar cl plumaje definitivo despues de su segundo ciclo dc muda. Las mcdiciones morfometricas mostraron una fucrte superposicion y fueron menos utiles para la separacion dc clases de edad y sexo. Nuestros hallazgos se suman a la creciente lista dc cstudios que sugieren que se puede determiner la edad de las aves de primer ciclo dc los tropicos de la misma manera que las que se encuentran en las regioncs templadas. Aim se neecsitan datos sobre la muda y la maduracion del plumaje para la gran mayoria de las aves tropicales con cl fin de informal- la investigacion basada en la conservacion y los estudios de la historia de vida de las aves. Palabras clave: aves tropicales, ciclo anual, limitc dc muda. Peril, Reserva de Biosfera del Manu. Sudamerica., Important behavioral and ecological differences exist between young and adult birds, as well as males and females. For example, vital rates such as survival and reproductive success often increase with [...]

We studied plumages and molt patterns of Yellow-bellied (Empidonax flaviventris), Least (E. minimus). and Alder (E. alnorum) flycatchers, primarily on the breeding grounds but with additional data from wintering grounds and a migration stopover site, in order to clarify our knowledge of molt strategies in these species. We detennined that these 3 species have a similar overall molt strategy: (1) a partial-to-incomplete preformative molt begun on the breeding grounds, suspended over migration, and completed on the wintering grounds; (2) a limited-to-partial first prealternate molt on the wintering grounds that can overlap the final stages of the preformative molt; (3) a complete definitive prebasic molt begun on summer grounds and completed on wintering grounds; and (4) a limited-to-partial definitive prealternate molt that may overlap with the final stages of the prebasic molt. Our study clarifies previous terminologies and allows these molts to be interpreted in an evolutionary framework. We suggest that observed differences in molt extents among species may be linked to differences in wintering latitude and habitat. The broadleaf forest preferred by Yellow-bellied Flycatcher likely retains insect biomass later into the winter season than the scrub habitat preferred by Least Flycatcher, and this may promote more extensive preformative feather replacement in that species. The much more extensive prefopnative molt of Alder Flycatcher may be due to its wintering farther south, where there is greater annual solar exposure, perhaps resulting in higher rates of feather degradation. Our data also suggest that the extent of prealternate molt in these species may vary with proximate factors on the winter grounds affecting individuals, rather than body condition at the beginning of winter. Received 11 September 2020. Accepted IS May 2021. Key words: molt strategy, molt suspension, Neotropical migrants, prealternate, preformative. Estudiamos el plumaje y los patrones de muda en los mosqueros Empidonax flavivcntris. E. minimus y E. alnorum. principalmente en las areas de reproduction pcro con datos addicionales de las areas de invernada y un sitio de migracion, para aclarar nuestro conocimiento de las estrategias de muda en estas especies. Determinamos que estas 3 especies ticnen una estrategia de muda general similar: 1) una muda preformativa de parcial a incompleta comenzada en las zonas de reproduccion, suspendida durante la migracion y completada en las zonas de invernada; 2) una muda prealternativa primera limitada a pareial en las zonas de invernada que puede superponerse a las etapas finales de la muda preformativa; 3) una muda prebasica definitiva complete iniciada en zonas de vcrano y completada en zonas de invernada; y 4) una muda prealtemaliva definitiva limitada a parcial que ocasionalmente puede superponersc a las etapas finales de la muda prebasica. Nuestro estudio aclara terntinologias anteriorcs y permite interprctar estas mudas en un marco evolutivo. Sugerimos que las diferencias observadas en la extension de la muda entre las espeeies pueden estar relacionadas con diferencias en la latitud y el habitat de invernada. El bosque de hoja ancha preferido por E. ftaviventris probablementc retiene la biomasa de insectos mas tarde en la temporada de inviemo que el habitat de matorrales preferido por E. minimus, y esto puede promovcr un reemplazo de plumas preformativo mas extenso en esa especie. La muda preformativa mucho mas extensa de E. alnorum puede debeisc a su invernada mas al sur. donde hay una mayor exposicion solar anual, lo que tal vez resulte en tasas mas altas de degradation de las plumas. Nuestros datos tambiin sugieren que la extension de la muda prealtcrna en estas espeeies puede variar con factores pro.ximos en los terrenos invernalcs que afectan a los individuos, mas que la condici?n corporal al comienzo del inviemo. Palabras clave: estrategia de muda. migratorias Neotropicales, prealtcrnativa, preformativa, suspension de muda., Molt cycles and their relationship to plumage differences may have an underappreciated role in explaining patterns of avian behavior (Greenberg and Gradwohl 1997), post-breeding ecology (Vitz and Rodewald 2006, Pyle [...]

Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions are one of the pillars of the chemical industry, with applications from bulk chemicals to pharmaceuticals manufacturing. The ability to selectively add hydrogen across double and (or) triple bonds is key in the chemist's toolbox and the enabling component in the development of sustainable processes. Traditional solution-based approaches to these reactions are tainted by significant consumption of energy and production of solvent waste. This review highlights the development and applications of recently emerged solvent-free approaches to conduct the hydrogenation of organic molecules using mechanochemistry, i.e., chemical transformations induced or sustained by mechanical force. In particular, we will show mechanochemical techniques such as ball-milling enabled catalytic or stoichiometric metal-mediated hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions that are simple, fast, and conducted under significantly milder conditions compared with traditional solution routes. Importantly, we highlight the current challenges and opportunities in this field, while also identifying exciting cases in which mechanochemical hydrogenation strategies lead to new, unique targets and reactivity. Key words: ball-milling, solvent-free, organic synthesis, catalysis, green chemistry. Les reactions d'hydrogenation et de deshydrogenation sont l'un des piliers de l'industrie chimique, avec des applications allant des produits chimiques de base a la fabrication de produits pharmaceutiques. La capacite d'effectuer selectivement l'addition d'hydrogene sur des liaisons doubles ou triples est un outil essentiel dans l'arsenal du chimiste et la pierre angulaire dans le developpement de processus durables. Les approches traditionnelles fondees sur ces reactions en solution souffrent d'une consommation importante d'energie et d'une production substantielle de rejets de solvants. Dans cet article de synthese, nous mettons en evidence le developpement et les applications des plus recentes approches sans solvant pour effectuer l'hydrogenation de molecules organiques a l'aide de la mecanochimie, c.-a-d. les transformations chimiques induites ou entretenues par une force mecanique. En particulier, nous montrons comment les techniques mecanochimiques, comme le broyage a boulets, activent les reactions d'hydrogenation et de deshydrogenation catalytiques ou stoechiometriques assurees par un metal, et comment ces techniques sont simples, rapides et s'effectuent dans des conditions beaucoup plus douces que les approches traditionnelles en solution. Fait important, nous soulignons les difficultes et les possibilites actuelles dans ce domaine, tout en relevant des cas interessants dans lesquels des strategies mecanochimiques d'hydrogenation ont mene a la decouverte de nouvelles molecules-cibles et de reactivites singulieres. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : broyage a boulets, sans solvant, synthese organique, catalyse, chimie verte., 1. Introduction Hydrogenation reactions have long been a staple of the chemical industry, ranging from the bulk chemical manufacturing to the pharmaceutical and agrochemical sectors. (1) The scope of bond [...]

Author(s): Lisa E. Wagar [sup.1] [sup.15] , Ameen Salahudeen [sup.2] [sup.16] , Christian M. Constantz [sup.3] , Ben S. Wendel [sup.1] , Michael M. Lyons [sup.1] , Vamsee Mallajosyula [sup.3] [...], Most of what we know about adaptive immunity has come from inbred mouse studies, using methods that are often difficult or impossible to confirm in humans. In addition, vaccine responses in mice are often poorly predictive of responses to those same vaccines in humans. Here we use human tonsils, readily available lymphoid organs, to develop a functional organotypic system that recapitulates key germinal center features in vitro, including the production of antigen-specific antibodies, somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation, plasmablast differentiation and class-switch recombination. We use this system to define the essential cellular components necessary to produce an influenza vaccine response. We also show that it can be used to evaluate humoral immune responses to two priming antigens, rabies vaccine and an adenovirus-based severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine, and to assess the effects of different adjuvants. This system should prove useful for studying critical mechanisms underlying adaptive immunity in much greater depth than previously possible and to rapidly test vaccine candidates and adjuvants in an entirely human system. An in vitro human tonsil tissue-based system captures key features of a functional germinal center and can be used to study humoral immune responses to vaccines, new antigens and adjuvants.

Abstract: Ceratocystis lukuohia is one of two newly described pathogens of Metrosiderospolymorpha ('ohi'a) causing Rapid 'Ohi'a Death, a phenomenon that is devastating sections of native forest across the state of [...]

Author(s): Emaan N. Lehardy [sup.1], Blaine J. Fowers [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.26790.3a, 0000 0004 1936 8606, Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of Miami, , 5205 Memorial Drive, [...], About a century ago, there was a shift from humans contracting and dying from infectious diseases to living with non-infectious chronic diseases. Through advancements in medicine, chronic diseases are manageable, however, they are life-long and often debilitating. When chronically ill individuals struggle to adjust, and make sense of their disease, they are likely to benefit from participating in illness support groups. The benefits of support groups are usually explained by proximal factors such as social support. We explore three sets of evolutionary adaptations to provide ultimate explanations for the value of social support: attachment, group membership, and collective identity. These three concepts suggest that support groups assist with regulating emotions, belonging, and integrating chronic illness into one's identity. Although attachment theory highlights important aspects of coping with chronic illness, it is framed in dyadic terms, which is ill-fitting for support groups. Support groups are beneficial because they capitalize on the ancient adaptations of belonging and collective identity. Practical applications of these evolutionary concepts for chronic illness support groups are discussed.

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 453 II. BACKGROUND ON LIHTC 456 A. History of the Federal Government and Low-Income Housing 456 B. Legislative History of LIHTC 457 C. The Mechanics [...], The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) is the largest federal program focused on increasing the supply of affordable housing. The credit is designed as a collaboration among the federal government, states, localities, developers, and investors. But it is not meeting its goals. Budget hawks have noted that costs have increased while units have fallen and that there is waste and fraud. Civil rights and equity advocates focus on how LIHTC exacerbates segregation and traps children in poverty. But the solutions proposed are atomized and disparate. This Article seeks the root cause of these disparate problems. It draws on the concept of collaborative governance from public administration and administrative law as a framework for analysis. This analysis reveals that there are divergent preferences between the parties and the federal government. These divergent preferences are poorly managed and ineffectively monitored as-is, and the incentives indeed exacerbate these different preferences. The Article then proposes a series of reforms based on these insights. It first suggests some internal reforms to the program, mainly directed at better aligning party incentives with federal goals and at having IRS improve its financial monitoring of the projects. But, most importantly, the proposal seeks to draw in the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to assist IRS in the management and administration of LIHTC. It provides a detailed framework as to how to achieve an effective interagency effort that can improve monitoring on other dimensions where IRS lacks expertise. This use of interagency efforts and the collaborative governance framework in LIHTC also serves as a case study of how to analyze and manage other social policy related tax expenditures.

'A border poll on Irish unity has progressed from possible, to likely, to certain. ' WORDS YOU MIGHT EXPECT to have been said with some relish by a Sinn Fein [...]

Paulo Freire (1997) referred to an active relational quest for learning as the 'critical quest' highly dependent upon a 'dialogic relationship' or genuine communication among and between the teacher, the [...]

De novo variation in SCN2A can give rise to severe childhood disorders. Biophysical gain of function in SCN2A is seen in some patients with early seizure onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). In these cases, targeted reduction in SCN2A expression could substantially improve clinical outcomes. We tested this theory by central administration of a gapmer antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting Scn2a mRNA in a mouse model of Scn2a early seizure onset DEE (Q/+ mice). Untreated Q/+ mice presented with spontaneous seizures at P1 and did not survive beyond P30. Administration of the ASO to Q/+ mice reduced spontaneous seizures and significantly extended life span. Across a range of behavioral tests, Scn2a ASO-treated Q/+ mice were largely indistinguishable from WT mice, suggesting treatment is well tolerated. A human SCN2A gapmer ASO could likewise impact the lives of patients with SCN2A gain-of-function DEE., Introduction Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are devastating neurological disorders presenting during infancy and early childhood (1). The affected children have ongoing, refractory seizures in addition to profound global developmental [...]

L'article examine l'importance de l'imagination dans des profils d'enfant dans l'apprentissage du xxie siècle où ICE est un acronyme pour l'imagination la créativité l'éducation. Il explore par le biais de phénoméologie herméneutique l'impact de l'imagination dans la vie-expérience de trois enfants d'âge scolaire qui vivent le me demande de bricolage; le brillant d'une lumière nouvelle sur l'autisme ; et, l'effet dévastateur de l'imagination débridée. L'expérience de vie est reconnu comme un principe fondamental de l'imagination et l'imagination est reconnu comme le catalyseur de creative inquiry. L'article traite de la voix chez les enfants que vocatif appelle dans sa vulnérabilité aux éducateurs d'agir avec préméditation, et approprié, responsable relations pédagogiques. L'article conclut en soulignant l'impact que l'imagination est potentiellement pour l'avenir de l'éducation. Mots-clés: l'imagination, le biais de phénoméologie herméneutique, la créativité de l'Imagination de l'éducation, la créativité, la vie-expérience(s), voix, le vocatif pathic The article examines the importance of imagination in adult-child relationships in 21st-century experiential learning, where ICE is an acronym for Imagination Creativity Education. It explores, through hermeneutic phenomenology, the impact of imagination in the life-experiences of three school-aged children through the wonder of toying, through shining new light on the autism spectrum, and through the debilitating effect of unbridled imagination. Life-experience is recognized as a foundational principle of imagination, and imagination is recognized as the catalyst for creative inquiry. The article discusses the vocative voice in children that calls out in its vulnerability to educators to act with appropriate, intentional, and responsible pedagogical relationality. The article concludes by highlighting the impact that imagination potentially holds for the future of education. Keywords: imagination, hermeneutic phenomenology, ICE (Imagination Creativity Education), creativity, life-experience(s), vocative voice, the pathic, Imagine a glacier covering what we now call North America. Imagine its inexorable move from west to east until it finally slides into the Atlantic Ocean. Imagine the weight, the [...]

The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of a content analysis of ten historical documents related to the teaching of literature, attempting to answer the following research [...]

Amazonian bird species often have patchy spatial distributions, and previous work has attributed this pattern to habitat specialization and dispersal limitation; however, we know comparatively little about the origins and maintenance of the isolated populations that constitute a patchy distribution. In this study, we ask whether patchy populations are interconnected by dispersal. We formulated 2 alternative hypotheses: (1) patchy populations are relicts of ancient connectivity or dispersal; and (2) patchy populations are centers of local abundance embedded in a matrix of contemporary dispersal or diffuse intervening populations. We confronted these hypotheses with circumstantial evidence derived from a unique suite of noteworthy bird records and geological observations from northeastern Peru. We found support for both hypotheses in different species, and sometimes within single species at different spatial scales. Phenotypically differentiated populations in relictual habitat patches provide strong support for the first hypothesis, whereas populations in recently created, ephemeral habitat patches provide strong support for the second. Colonizations of anthropogenic habitats are further examples of the second process, and they indicate ongoing changes in the porous connectivity of upper Amazonia. These results highlight the need for a conservation approach that accounts for metapopulation dynamics across patchy species ranges. Received 27 May 2016. Accepted 7 February 2017. Key words: Amazon, avian biogeography, connectivity, dispersal, peatlands, relictual distribution. En la Amazonia, especies de aves amazónicas a menudo tienen distribuciones espaciales irregulares en parches. Estudios previos han atribuido este patrón a la especialización del habitat y la limitación de la dispersión, pero se sabe comparativamente poco sobre los orígenes y el mantenimiento de las poblaciones aisladas que constituyen una distribución en parches. En este estudio, preguntamos si las poblaciones en parches están interconectadas por dispersión. Formulamos dos hipótesis alternativas: (1) las poblaciones fragmentadas son relictos de conectividad o dispersión antigua; y (2) las poblaciones fragmentadas son centros de abundancia local integrados en una matriz de dispersión contemporánea o poblaciones intermedias difusas. Evaluamos estas hipótesis usando evidencia circunstancial derivada de un conjunto de registros de aves y observaciones geológicas del noreste de Perú. Encontramos apoyo para ambas hipótesis en diferentes especies, y algunas veces dentro de especies individuales a diferentes escalas espaciales. Poblaciones diferenciadas fenotípicamente en parches de habitat rclictual apoyan la primera hipótesis, mientras que las poblaciones en parches de habitat efímeros de reciente creación apoyan la segunda. Las colonizaciones de hábitats antropogénicos también son ejemplos de segundo proceso, e indican que la conectividad porosa de la alta Amazonia está cambiando. Estos resultados resaltan la necesidad de un enfoque de conservación que tenga en cuenta las dinámicas de metapoblaciones de especies con rangos en parches. Palabras clave: Amazonia, biogeografía aviar, conectividad, dispersión, distribución rclictual, turberas., More than 40 years ago, James Karr and Jared Diamond independently observed that tropical birds often have patchy distribution patterns (Karr 1971, Diamond 1973) resulting from a variety of factors. [...]

This paper examined self-efficacy and self-regulatory skills and their influence on achievement in an online learning environment. This study utilized the Online Academic Success Indicators Scale (OASIS). The results of the scale were compared to previous tests measuring the predictive nature of self-efficacy and self-regulatory skills on academic success for the purpose of applying these skills to an online environment. Statistical analyses indicate strong correlations between self-efficacy and self-regulatory scores for both online learning environments and traditional learning environments. These findings suggest that high self-efficacy and positive self-regulatory behaviors are reliable predictors of academic success in online courses. Additionally, these findings validate the OASIS as an effective tool for measuring self-efficacy and self-regulation in online instruction. Keywords: self-efficacy, self-regulation, online learning, Measuring Self-Efficacy and Self-Regulation in Online Courses In response to the current advancement in technology, there is no question that methods of online instruction are becoming an academic staple. Flexibility [...]