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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2005.09.002 Byline: Stephen B. Fountain, Don M. Benson Abstract: Nonhuman animals, like humans, appear sensitive to the structure of the elements of sequences, perhaps even when the structure relates nonadjacent elements. In the present study, we examined the contribution of chunking, rule learning, and item memory when rats learned serial patterns composed of two interleaved subpatterns. In one group, the first interleaved subpattern was a formally simple sequence, whereas in two other groups the first subpattern was formally more complex, containing 2 or 4 violation elements, respectively. In all groups, the second interleaved subpattern encountered was formally simple. Evidence from the study suggests that rats chunked their interleaved patterns into component subpatterns, that is, they cognitively sorted pattern elements to form chunks based on nonadjacent structural relationships that can be characterized as rules. They also learned interitem associations via traditional discrimination learning to use adjacent elements as compound or configural cues for later events in the sequence. Thus, the evidence suggests that rats used chunking, rule learning, and interitem association learning concurrently to master these complex patterns. Author Affiliation: Department of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA Article History: Received 9 October 2001; Revised 26 August 2005 Article Note: (footnote) [star] This work was supported in part by the National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH48402 to Stephen B. Fountain. We thank Peggy Ruyak for assistance in conducting surgery and collecting data, and Denise Smith for help with data analysis.

The contribution of chunking, rule learning and item memory when rats learned serial patterns composed of two interleaved subpatterns is examined. Evidence suggests that rats cognitively sorted pattern elements to form chunks based on nonadjacent structural relationships that can be characterized as rules and they also learned interitem associations via traditional discrimination learning to use adjacent elements as compound or configural cues for later events in the sequence.

To the Editor: Fatal fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) associated with thalidomide (Thalomid, Celgene Corp, Warren, NJ) therapy has not been reported previously, to our knowledge. We describe a case in [...]