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The various correlations occurring between the national culture and the psychological contracts of the individuals are analyzed. The different ways in which people from different countries explain their contracts are also explained.

A study investigates the relationship between national culture and individuals psychological contracts based on national-level cultural values of vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism among participants from four countries. Results indicate that French participants (vertical individualist) describe their psychological contracts as mainly exploitive, Canadians (horizontal individualist) as mainly instrumental, Chinese (vertical collectivist) as mainly custodial and Norwegians (horizontal collectivist) describe their psychological contracts as mainly communitarian.

This paper examines the formation of the initial capital structure of Chinese start-up firms. Contrary to the predominant view of Chinese family business, this study found that family funding is [...]

The findings on the interactive effect of interactional justice and social comparison information in evaluation of outcome are discussed. The discussion concludes that functional quality effect helps to influences interactional justice and outcome evaluation regardless of the social comparison information present.

To assess how culture influences the behavior of people, multilevel models are an immediate choice for modeling the relationship at the levels of the individual and culture. The authors propose structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the universality of psychological processes at the individual and culture levels. Specifically, the structural equivalence of the measurement (where the instrument is measuring the same construct across countries) is first tested with meta-analytic SEM. If the measurement is structurally equivalent, cross-level equivalence (where the instrument is measuring similar constructs at different levels) will then be tested with multilevel SEM. A large data set on social axioms with 7,590 university students from 40 cultural groups was used to illustrate the procedures. The results showed that the structural equivalence of the social axioms was well supported at the individual level across 40 cultural groups, whereas the cross-level equivalence was partially supported. The superiority of the SEM approach and the theoretical meaning of its solution are discussed. Keywords: social axioms; multilevel models; structural equation models; structural equivalence; crosslevel equivalence

Secondary data from 42 countries was studied to explain the theoretical importance of intra-cultural variation (ICV) of job autonomy at the societal level. It is shown that the ICV of job autonomy influences the social and organizational outcomes beyond the cultural mean of job autonomy.

A cross-cultural variation in employee reactions to a customer's special request that was at odds with an organizational rule is examined. The results could be attributed to the cultural difference between the United States and People's Republic of China, along with the dimension of individualism-collectivism.

The article examines cross-national differences in Canadian and Chinese consumer perceptions of dissatisfying service encounters, positing that economic development variations and cultural aspects of short-term versus long-term orientation affect these perceptions. Different attribution dimensions are examined for both groups; implications are discussed.

A new study compares the affects of compensation, apology and voice on customers' justice perceptions across China and Canada.