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The stromal compartment is increasingly recognized to play a role in cancer. However, its role in the transition from preinvasive to invasive disease is unknown. Most gastrointestinal tumors have clearly defined premalignant stages, and Barrett's esophagus (BE) is an ideal research model. Supervised clustering of gene expression profiles from microdissected stroma identified a gene signature that could distinguish between BE metaplasia, dysplasia, and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). EAC patients overexpressing any of the five genes (TMEPAI, JMY, TSP1, FAP[alpha], and BCL6) identified from this stromal signature had a significantly poorer outcome. Gene ontology analysis identified a strong inflammatory component in BE disease progression, and key pathways included cytokine--cytokine receptor interactions and TGF-[beta]. Increased protein levels of inflammatory-related genes significantly up-regulated in EAC compared with preinvasive stages were confirmed in the stroma of independent samples, and in vitro assays confirmed functional relevance of these genes. Gene set enrichment analysis of external datasets demonstrated that the stromal signature was also relevant in the preinvasive to invasive transition of the stomach, colon, and pancreas. These data implicate inflammatory pathways in the genesis of gastrointestinal tract cancers, which can affect prognosis. Barrett's esophagus | gene set enrichment | intraepithelial neoplasia | inflammation | microarray doi/10.1073/pnas.0909797107

In common active magnetic levitation systems, a floating object is controlled stably by an electromagnet with a narrow air-gap, which reduces the leakage flux. However, in order to move a floating object dynamically, it is necessary to arrange electromagnets for horizontal motion and to make the air-gap wide for vertical motion at the expense of leakage flux. In this paper, we propose a novel magnetic levitation system having a compact electromagnet composed of four I-shaped electromagnets. We report constructional features, control techniques, and three-dimensional motion of the floating object. Index Terms--Bias-magnetic force, electromagnetic forces, magnetic levitation, permanent magnets, position control.

We discuss the shifting magnetic field generated by a two-phase modulated wave composed of a basic wave of 60 Hz and a higher harmonic wave in terms of its use in a magnetic levitation induction linear motor. In addition, we present measurements of the propulsive and levitation forces generated by the modulated wave. When the order of the higher harmonic wave is 4, the basic wave mainly generates a propulsive force, while the higher harmonic wave generates a levitation force alone. Thus, the propulsive and levitation forces can be easily and almost independently controlled by changing the amplitude of the basic wave and that of the higher harmonic wave, respectively. When the order of the higher harmonic wave is 3 or 5, the forces can also be easily controlled, if the phase of the higher harmonic wave is the same between two phases. Index Terms--Higher harmonic wave, levitation force, linear motor, modulated wave, open core, propulsive force, two-phase electric source.

A study examines how cultural differences can have severe, even murderous, consequences, as of misreading that can result when viewers encounter works made by immigrant artists. As immigrant artists turn what is called a 'contrapuntal' awareness, the viewer needs to focus clearly on each side, glimpsed in context of the changing background of the entire field.

We have built and evaluated a repulsive-force magnetic levitation induction linear motor having a two-phase open core. The motor uses a double file stator and a bilayer liner to provide guidance force. We investigated the energy balance of the two phases for two types of winding connections and found that the power consumptions of the two phases were nearly equal to each other in one of the windings while they were much different from each other in the other connection. This result is discussed here with the help of an equivalent circuit. We further found that increasing the frequency led to a high impedance of the exciting circuit and caused a large levitation force and high levitation efficiency. Index Terms--Bilayer liner, double file stator, guidance force, levitation force, linear motor, open core, propulsive force.

Conceptual art in the form of installation, photography, video and combine is reemerging. AbstractionEs renaissance has everything to do with the insatiable appetite of artists to make new arguments on painting's behalf in a period pervaded by conceptualism and digital art.

With the increased availability of power MOSFET's and insulated gate bipolar transistors, a new generation of simple choppers for ac inductive loads is foreseen. These new power semiconductors ease the use of forced commutations of thyristor switches to improve the supply power factor, even with highly inductive loads. The ac controllers with thyristor technology can be replaced by pulsewidth modulation (PWM) ac chopper controllers which have important advantages. In this paper, a symmetrical PWM ac chopper designed to operate with single-phase inductive loads with a reduced number of controlled switches is described. The operation as a variable voltage source of this converter is evaluated. This includes the conversion characteristics, harmonic generation, harmonic distortion factor, and input power factor. By digital simulation, these characteristics are investigated theoretically, and to correlate the measurements with theory, an experimental setup is presented to confirm the analytical analysis. Index Terms: AC chopper, duty cycle, harmonic distortion, switching function, symmetrical pulsewidth modulation, voltage controller

Various applications of a single-axis controlled repulsive-type magnetic bearing have been proposed earlier. However, most conventional systems are equipped with a set of passive magnetic bearings and an active magnetic bearing. In this paper a new repulsive-type conveyor system with many passive magnetic bearing pairs is proposed. This system enables an easy rotation with negligible friction and soft conveyance by radial stiffness between the rotor and the stator permanent magnets. This paper also reports a conveyance test using ellipse motion of each shaft. Index Terms--Conveyor, magnetic levitation, natural frequency, permanent magnets, repulsive force.

Sculptor and installation artist Ann Hamilton speaks about her ability to engage the senses of smell, touch, sight and sound through her works, and also the significance of religious symbols in her iconography.

In this paper, a dual-beam normal incidence polarization interferometer is presented to measure the flying height or head-disk spacing. It has the advantages of both the intensity interferometry method and the oblique incidence polarization interferometry method. With this polarization interferometer, not only can the flying height be measured down to contact without losing accuracy, but also the pitch and roll of the head-slider can be detected dynamically. The optical parameters of the head-slider can also be determined. Design details and experimental results are given. Index Terms--Flying height, head--disk-interface, polarization interferometry, slider dynamics.

In this paper, we propose a new type of phase converter that has a new configuration with a core, shading ring, a single-phase ac winding and two output windings. The induced voltages in the output windings are proportional to the fluxes that link the windings and are similar in principle to those of in a transformer. But the phase angle between the induced voltages is not equal as the flux that links each output winding is not equal due to a shading effect which makes the lag. By setting the proper shading ring, 2-phase and 3-phase output voltages are obtained from the single-phase source. This new type of converter makes the induced voltages with good sine waveform because it does not contain switching elements and is not based on ferro-resonance. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed structure. Index Terms--Phase converter, shading coil effect, single-phase to 2-phase, single-phase to 3-phase.