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We provide an analysis of apparent survival for Inca Dove (Columbina inca) in Galveston, Texas. We aged and banded 24 hatch-year and 103 after-hatch-year doves during 1980-1990. Our analysis provided evidence for effects of body mass on survival. Inca Dove had lower probabilities of apparent annual survival (0.35, SE = 0.04) relative to estimates we found for other species within Columbidae. The annual probability of recapture was 0.87 [+ or -] 0.07. Our study's geographic inference space is limited, but our results may provide context for the current expansion of Inca Dove to the north. Received I December 2020. Accepted I October 2021. Key words: apparent survival, body mass, Columbidae, mark-recapture. Proveemos un analisis de la sobrevivencia aparente de la tortolita Columbina inca en Galveston, Texas. Determinamos la edad y anillamos 24 tortolitas del ano. y 103 de anos prcvios, durante 1980-1990. Nuestro analisis proveyo evideneia de efectos de masa corporal en la sobrevivencia. La tortolita tuvo menores probabilidades de sobrevivencia anual aparente (0.35, SE--0.04) relativa a estimaciones que encontramos en otras especies dentro de la familia Columbidae. La probabilidad anual de recaptvra fue 0.87 [+ or -] 0.07. El alcance geografico de nuestra inferencia es limitado. si bien nuestros resultados podrian provecr contexto para la expansion actual de la tortolita hacia el none. Palabras clave: Columbidae, marca-recaptura, masa corporal, sobrevivencia aparente., The Inca Dove (Columbina inca), a small dove of the southwestern United States, Mexico, and northern Central America, is a conspicuous urban resident, commonly occurring at bird feeders and on [...]

An acoustic-based index of biomass was developed due to concerns that the existing bottom-trawl index for western component pollock (Pollachius virens) was inaccurate and imprecise. Acoustic data were recorded during annual summer ecosystem surveys. Pollock and other common groundfish could not be readily identified from echo-traces within echograms. Survey catch data were analyzed concurrently with acoustic data to estimate biomass from echo-integrals contributed by the six most commonly caught fish species: pollock, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aegkfinas), redfish (Sebastesfasciatus), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), and spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). A cluster analyses that used a Bayesian conditional probability classified homogeneous regions based on species composition. Species composition, nautical area scatter coefficient, and backscattering cross-section of fishes for regions were used to calculate the biomass of fishes. Acoustic indices were considered as appropriate as bottom-trawl indices for fisheries management advice because the bias and variance were similar between the indices when analyzed using repeated K-fold cross-validation. Un indice de la biomasse base sur des releves acoustiques a ete developpe en raison d'inquietudes quant a l'exactitude et la precision de l'indice existant reposant sur des releves au chalut de fond pour le goberge (Pollachius virens) de la composante ouest. Des donnees acoustiques ont ete enregistrees durant des releves ecosystemiques estivaux annuels. Les goberges et autres poissons de fond courants ne pouvaient etre aisement identifies a partir d'echo-traces dans les echogrammes. Des donnees de prises de releves ont ete analysees parallelement aux donnees acoustiques afin d'estimer la biomasse a partir d'echo- integrales produites par les six especes de poissons capturees le plus ffequemment, soit le goberge, la morue franche (Gadus morhua), l'aiglefin (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), le sebaste acadien (Sebastes fasciatus), le hareng atlantique (Clupea harengus) et l'aiguillat commun (Squalus acanthias). Une analyse typologique utilisant une probabilite conditionnelle bayesienne a permis de classer les regions homogenes sur la base de la composition specifique. La composition specifique, un coefficient de dispersion dans l'espace et des coupes de retrodifiusion de poissons pour les differentes regions ont ete utilises pour calculer la biomasse de poissons. Les indices acoustiques sont juges aussi adequats que les indices de chalut de fond pour la formulation d'avis de gestion des peches puisque le biais et la variance sont semblables pour les deux types d'indices quand la validation croisee par division en fC est utilisee pour l'analyse. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Fisheries resource managers are tasked with balancing ecological, economic, and social objectives when deciding conservation actions (Smith et al. 2007; Fulton et al. 2011). Managers could be less responsive [...]

Background and Objectives Indigenous Respiratory Outreach Care (IROC) is a culturally appropriate specialist respiratory service established to deliver multidisciplinary respiratory care to regional and remote Queensland communities. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of an outreach specialist respiratory service on the spirometry of children attending IROC clinics, particularly Indigenous children with asthma and bronchiectasis. Methods Retrospective single-arm cohort study of 189 children who performed spirometry at twelve sites across regional and remote Queensland between October 2010 and December 2017. Each child's baseline spirometry was compared to their best spirometry at follow-up visit occurring within (1) 12 months of their most recent visit with at least 12 months of specialist care and; (2) each year of their first 3 years of care. Results Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV.sub.1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) z-scores improved significantly across the whole group from baseline to follow-up (change in z-scores ([DELTA]z) of FEV.sub.1 = 0.38, 95% CI 0.22, 0.53; [DELTA]zFVC = 0.36, 95% CI 0.21, 0.51). In subgroup analyses, lung function significantly improved in Indigenous children (n = 141, [DELTA]zFEV.sub.1 = 0.37, 95% CI 0.17, 0.57; [DELTA]zFVC = 0.36, 95% CI 0.17, 0.55) including those with asthma (n = 117, [DELTA]zFEV.sub.1 = 0.41, 95% CI 0.19, 0.64; [DELTA]zFVC = 0.46, 95% CI 0.24, 0.68) and bronchiectasis (n = 38, [DELTA]zFEV.sub.1 = 0.33, 95% CI 0.07, 0.59; [DELTA]zFVC = 0.26, 95% CI - 0.03, 0.53). Significant improvements in FEV.sub.1 and FVC were observed within the first and second year of follow-up for Indigenous children, but not for non-Indigenous children. Conclusion The IROC model of care in regional and remote settings leads to significant lung function improvement in Indigenous children with asthma and bronchiectasis., Author(s): Andrew J. Collaro [sup.1] [sup.2] , Anne B. Chang [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] [sup.4] , Julie M. Marchant [sup.1] [sup.2] , Ian B. Masters [sup.1] [sup.2] , Leanne T. Rodwell [...]

Even though Decompressive Hemicraniectomy has been utilized already for a few decades, currently no consensus about its indications or the clinical conditions in which it should be done has been reached. An attempt has been made here to bring the knowledge on these issues up to date together with a description of its surgical technique. Keywords: Craniectomy, intracranial pressure, brain edema, outcome. Si bien es cierto que la hemicraniectomia descompresiva se ha venido utilizando ya por algunas décadas, en la actualidad aún no se ha llegado a un acuerdo sobre sus indicaciones ni en qué condiciones clínicas este procedimiento debiera llevarse a cabo. Aquí se ha intentado exponer el estado actual del conocimiento en ese ámbito y se ha descrito su técnica quirúrgica. Palabras clave: Craniectomia, presión intracraneana, edema cerebral, estado funcional., Introduction Different types of cerebral insults, be it traumatic, hemorrhagic or ischemic, may cause brain edema, which, depending on its intensity, can lead to an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) [...]

Este trabajo describe brevemente la Neurocirugía a mediados del siglo XX, en cuanto a Instrumental disponible y a los elementos de apoyo diagnóstico entonces existentes. Luego evalúa el impacto progresivo que la neurocirugía ha experimentado durante este período como resultado de la revolución tecnológica, destacando el hecho de que a pesar de estas sucesivas innovaciones, la selección del mejor abordaje quirúrgico en cada caso individual, basado en la neuroanatomía relacionada ha retenido una gran importancia. Palabras clave: Tecnología, progreso, abordaje quirúrgico. Following a brief description of the state of Neurosurgery in the mid XX Century, regarding both the instrumentation as well as the means of diagnosis existent at that time, an evaluation is made of the progressive impact that Neurosurgery has experienced as a consequence of the technological revolution, stressing the fact that, despite of the successive innovations experienced during this period, the selection of the surgical approach in each particular case has retained a great importance. Key words: Technology, progress, surgical approach., The technological explosion which has evolved during the past fifty years has clearly changed dramatically our specialty. These advances have emerged both based on the accumulating knowledge in neuroanatomy (21) [...]

Author(s): Nicholas A. Bosch [sup.1], Bijan Teja [sup.2], Hannah Wunsch [sup.3] [sup.4], Allan J. Walkey [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.475010.7, 0000 0004 0367 5222, Department of Medicine, The Pulmonary Center, [...]

Decompressive craniectomy, an increasingly utilized salvage procedure, is affected by a number of complications, one of which is hydrocephalus. A thorough review of the directly and indirectly related literature was done in an attempt to elucidate the existing connections, if any, between this procedure and the complicating hydrocephalus. It became clear that a direct relationship exists between these two entities. Consequently decreasing the time in which the effects of the craniectomy interfere with the intracranial physiology, by performing an as early as possible cranioplasty, should avoid or decrease the likelihood of hydrocephalus to develop. Key words: Hydrocephalus, Pathogenesis, Hyperosmosis, Decompression. La craniectomía descompresiva, un procedimiento de rescate que está siendo utilizado con frecuencia creciente, está afectada por un número de complicaciones, una de las cuales es la hidrocefalia. Aquí Se efectuó una cuidadosa revisión de la literatura relacionada directa o indirectamente con estos tópicos con el objeto de detectar posibles conexiones entre el procedimiento descompresor y la génesis de hidrocefalia. Quedó en evidencia que existe una relación directa entre ambas condiciones. Por ello, reduciendo el tiempo en el cual el proceso descompresivo interfiere con la fisiología intracraneana al efectuar una cranioplastica lo más temprana posible, debiera evitar o disminuir la posibilidad del desarrollo de hidrocefalia. Palabras clave: Hidrocefalia, Patogenesis, Hiperosmosis, Descompresión., Introduction Decompressive craniectomy is currently been utilized for the management of medically refractory intracranial hypertension. Head trauma and malignant ischemic stroke are its most frequent, but not it's only indications. [...]

Se revisan cincuenta y tres pacientes adultos consecutivos tratados por hematoma subdural crónico con el agregado de glucocorticoides en su plan de tratamiento. El concepto actual de la patogenia del hematoma subdural crónico y el mecanismo por el cual los glucocorticoides podrían mejorar el pronóstico de esta condición son discutidos. Se presentan los resultados clínicos de este régimen terapéutico y si se comparan con los resultados de otras series en las cuales el hematoma subdural crónico fue tratado sin el agregado de glucocorticoides. Da la impresión que los glucocorticoides merecen un lugar en el tratamiento del hematoma subdural crónico. Palabras clave: Hematoma subdural crónico, Glucocorticoides. Fifty-three consecutive adult patients treated for chronic subdural hematoma with the addition of glucocorticoids in their management are reviewed. The current understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic subdural hematoma and the mechanism by which glucocorticoids might improve its prognosis is discussed. Clinical results of this therapeutic regimen are presented and if compared with other series where chronic subdural hematomas were treated without the addition of glucocorticoids, it would appear that glucocorticoids deserve a place in the management of chronic subdural hematoma. Key words: Chronic subdural hematoma, Corticosteroids., Glucocorticoids in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma Introduction While chronic subdural hematoma (CSH) is common in neurosurgical practice, it's optimal surgical treatment is still a matter of debate (1,13,16,20) [...]

Overexploitation and collapse of major fisheries raises important concerns about effects of harvest on fish populations. We tested for ecological and evolutionary mechanisms by which harvest could affect exploited fish populations in Lake Erie over the last four decades, over most of which intensive fisheries management was implemented. We did not detect evidence of long-term negative effects of harvest on yellow perch (Percaflavescens), walleye (Sander vitreus), white perch (Morone americana), or white bass (Morone chrysops) populations, either through recruitment success or through alteration of maturation schedules. Current fisheries management in Lake Erie has been relatively successful with respect to minimizing negative harvest effects, such that the dynamics of exploited fish populations in Lake Erie were more strongly affected by environment than harvest. Our study adds to the evidence that effective fisheries management is capable of rebuilding depleted fisheries and (or) maintaining healthy fisheries. Nevertheless, fisheries management needs to move beyond the ecological dimension to incorporate economic, social, and institutional aspects for society to be better assured of the sustainability of fisheries in rapidly changing ecosystems. La surexploitation et l'effondrement de grandes peches soulevent d'importantes inquietudes quant aux effets de la peche sur les populations de poissons. Nous avons examine les mecanismes ecologiques et d'evolution par lesquels la peche pourrait avoir une incidence sur les populations de poissons exploitees dans le lac Erie au cours des quatre dernieres decennies, periode durant une bonne partie de laquelle une gestion intensive des peches a ete employee. Nous n'avons detecte aucun signe d'effets negatifs a long terme de l'exploitation sur les populations de perchaude (Percaflavescens), de dore jaune (Sandervitreus), de baret (Morone americana) ou de bar blanc (Morone chrysops), que ce soit par le biais du succes de recrutement ou par des modifications de la chronologie de maturation. La gestion actuelle des peches dans le lac Erie s'est averee assez efficace pour ce qui est de minimiser les effets negatifs de l'exploitation, de sorte que l'environnement a eu une plus forte incidence que la peche sur la dynamique des populations de poissons exploitees dans le lac Erie. L'etude supporte la notion voulant qu'une gestion efficace des peches puisse permettre la reconstitution de ressources appauvries et le maintien de ressources en bon etat. Cela dit, la gestion des peches doit aller au-dela de la dimension ecologique et integrer des aspects economiques, sociaux et institutionnels pour assurer la perennite des ressources halieutiques dans des ecosystemes en rapide evolution. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The rapid increase of global harvest, and associated overexploitation and collapse of important fisheries, raises important concerns about effects of harvest on fish populations (Branch et al. 2011). However, [...]

Shallow (5-35 m depth) coastal waters, with their proximity to human populations, are likely to experience greater changes to ecosystem structure and functions from climate change and human impacts than offshore waters. Concerns of declining fisheries landings and deteriorating habitat quality in Northumberland Strait led to an assessment by Fisheries and Oceans Canada of the state of the environment and biota including zooplankton during the summer. In this paper we describe spatial structure of zooplankton (three distinct assemblages) and determined that two oceanographic zones can explain the spatial variation. Using distance-based linear models, bottom water temperature and surface water salinity explained 16% to 25% of the variation in zooplankton composition for each year of the survey. We used retrospective analyses to estimate what the zooplankton assemblage may have resembled in the early 1990s from data of oceanographic conditions. Given the prediction of warming oceans by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, we provide a means of predicting zooplankton composition and their distribution, with implications for the planktivorous fishes that prey upon them. Les eaux littorales peu profondes (de 5 a 35 m de profondeur), parce qu'elles sont proches de populations humaines, sont susceptibles de subir de plus grandes modifications de la structure et des fonctions des ecosystemes decoulant des changements climatiques et des impacts des humains que les eaux du large. Des inquietudes associees a la baisse des debarquements de peche et a la deterioration de la qualite des habitats dans le detroit de Northumberland ont mene a une evaluation par Peches et Oceans Canada de l'etat du milieu et du biote comprenant le zooplancton durant l'ete. Nous decrivons la structure spatiale du zooplancton (trois assemblages distincts) et etablissons que deux zones oceanographiques peuvent expliquer les variations spatiales. A la lumiere de modeles lineaires bases sur la distance, la temperature des eaux de fond et la salinite des eaux de surface expliquent de 16 % a 25 % des variations de la composition du zooplancton pour chaque annee de l'etude. Nous utilisons des analyses retrospectives pour estimer a quoi pouvait s'apparenter l'assemblage de zooplancton au debut des annees 1990 a partir de donnees sur les conditions oceanographiques. Etant donne la prediction du rechauffement des oceans du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'evolution du climat, nous proposons un moyen de predire la composition et la repartition du zooplancton, ce qui permet de tirer des inferences concernant les poissons planctonivores qui s'en nourrissent. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction In the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (sGSL), the coastal ecosystem (5-35 m depth) still supports an economically valuable fishery for American lobster (Homarus americanus) (Hanson and Lanteigne 2000; [...]

Una revisión de la literatura con respecto a la Derivación ventriculo-subgaleal, efectuada en los últimos diez años, reveló que actualmente ésta intervención Ventriculo-subgaleal (VSGS) se ha empleado principalmente para el tratamiento de la hidrocefalia post-hemorrágica de los prematuros (6,8,13,16). Si bien su uso en ese contexto ha mostrado resultados alentadores, la derivación ventriculo-subgaleal tiene ventajas significativas en el tratamiento de otras condiciones para las cuales, al parecer, no se utiliza con frecuencia actualmente. Esta nota terapéutica intenta llamar la atención de la comunidad neuroquirúrgica sobre esta intervención y despertar el interés de nuestros colegas en esta técnica. Palabras clave: Hidrocefalia, derivativa ventriculo-subgaleal. A literature review following the heading 'Ventriculosubgaleal shunt' for the last ten years, revealed that currently the Ventriculosubgaleal shunt (VSGS) is been mainly employed for the treatment of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus of the premature (6,8,13,16). While his use in that context has shown encouraging results, VSGS has significant advantages in the treatment of quite a few other conditions, for which it does not seem is currently been utilized. This therapeutic note has been written in an attempt to call the attention of the neurosurgical community to this situation and to spark the interest of our colleagues in this technique. Key words: Hydrocephalus, ventriculosubgaleal shunt., Introduction In spite of the pioneer efforts by von Mikulicz (15) and Cushing (2) among others, by the end of the XIX century in their attempts to devise an effective [...]

The largest uncertainty in the historical radiative forcing of climate is caused by changes in aerosol particles due to anthropogenic activity. Sophisticated aerosol microphysics processes have been included in many [...]

Thirty-nine years of scale growth measurements from Big Qualicum River chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in southern British Columbia demonstrated that competition and climate variation affect marine growth and age-at-maturity. A longitudinal study design that accounted for correlation among individuals revealed growth at all ages was reduced when the biomass of North American chum, sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka), and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) was high. When North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) was positive, indicating increased primary productivity, predicted growth increased. Climate variation influenced competition effects. For instance, density-dependent competition effects increased when NPGO became more positive and Pacific Decadal Oscillation became more negative (indicating cool conditions), causing the greatest range in predicted scale size. Chum salmon are likely to exhibit continued reduction in growth at age due to increased ocean temperatures driven by climate change and high aggregate salmon biomass that includes hatchery releases. If evidence of biomass and climate effects presented here are common among Pacific salmon populations, reduction of hatchery releases should be considered. Des mesures sur 39 ans de la croissance des ecailles de saumons ketas (Oncorhynchus keta) de la Grande riviere Qualicum, dans le sud de la Colombie-Britannique, demontrent que la concurrence et les variations climatiques ont une incidence sur la croissance en mer et l'age a la maturite. Un plan d'etude longitudinale qui tient compte de la correlation entre individus revele que la croissance a tous les ages est plus faible quand la biomasse des saumons ketas, sockeyes (Oncorhynchus nerka) et roses (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) d'Amerique du Nord est elevee. Quand l'oscillation du tourbillon nord-pacifique (OTPN) est positive, indiquant une productivite primaire accrue, la croissance predite augmente. Les variations du climat ont egalement une incidence sur ces effets de concurrence. Les effets de la concurrence dependant de la densite augmentent quand l'OTPN devient plus positive et l'oscillation decennale du Pacifique, plus negative (indiquant des conditions fraiches), ce qui produit la plus grande fourchette de tailles d'ecailles predites. Il est probable que les saumons ketas continueront de presenter une diminution de la croissance selon l'age en raison de la hausse des temperatures oceaniques causee par les changements climatiques et de la forte biomasse totale de saumons incluant les individus issus d'ecloseries. Si les indices d'effets de la biomasse et du climat releves dans la presente etude s'averaient repandus dans les populations de saumons du Pacifique, il serait pertinent d'examiner la possibilite de reduire les lachers de poissons issus d'ecloseries., Introduction There have been recent downward trends in size-at-age for many Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations (Pyper and Peterman 1999; Agler et al. 2013; Jeffrey et al. 2017), which are [...]

Ref.: Can J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 77(7): 1101-1116 (2020) dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2019-0152. Table 5 was published with incorrect values for columns [[beta].sub.0] and [[beta].sub.1]; values for [[beta].sub.0] column were entered for [[beta].sub.1] [...]

Regulatory mechanisms governing the sequence from progenitor cell proliferation to neuronal migration during corticogenesis are poorly understood (1-10). Here we report that phosphorylation of DISC1, a major susceptibility factor for several mental disorders, acts as a molecular switch from maintaining proliferation of mitotic progenitor cells to activating migration of postmitotic neurons in mice. Unphosphorylated DISC1 regulates canonical Wnt signalling via an interaction with GSK3β, whereas specific phosphorylation at serine 710 (S710) triggers the recruitment of Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins to the centrosome. In support of this model, loss of BBS1 leads to defects in migration, but not proliferation, whereas DISC1 knockdown leads to deficits in both. A phospho-dead mutant can only rescue proliferation, whereas a phospho-mimic mutant rescues exclusively migration defects. These data highlight a dual role for DISC1 in corticogenesis and indicate that phosphorylation of this protein at S710 activates a key developmental switch., In the developing cerebral cortex, progenitor cells exit the cell cycle in the ventricular and subventricular zone, where after postmitotic neurons move towards the cortical pial surface to form laminated [...]

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01460.x Byline: MATTHEW E. HERBERT (*s.), PETER B. MCINTYRE ([dagger]**), PATRICK J. DORAN (*), J. DAVID ALLAN ([dagger]), ROBIN ABELL ([double dagger]) Keywords: fish conservation; freshwater conservation; groundwater; insect conservation; mollusk conservation; protected areas; riparian; wetlands Abstract: Abstract: Protected areas are a cornerstone of conservation and have been designed largely around terrestrial features. Freshwater species and ecosystems are highly imperiled, but the effectiveness of existing protected areas in representing freshwater features is poorly known. Using the inland waters of Michigan as a test case, we quantified the coverage of four key freshwater features (wetlands, riparian zones, groundwater recharge, rare species) within conservation lands and compared these with representation of terrestrial features. Wetlands were included within protected areas more often than expected by chance, but riparian zones were underrepresented across all (GAP 1-3) protected lands, particularly for headwater streams and large rivers. Nevertheless, within strictly protected lands (GAP 1-2), riparian zones were highly represented because of the contribution of the national Wild and Scenic Rivers Program. Representation of areas of groundwater recharge was generally proportional to area of the reserve network within watersheds, although a recharge hotspot associated with some of Michigan's most valued rivers is almost entirely unprotected. Species representation in protected areas differed significantly among obligate aquatic, wetland, and terrestrial species, with representation generally highest for terrestrial species and lowest for aquatic species. Our results illustrate the need to further evaluate and address the representation of freshwater features within protected areas and the value of broadening gap analysis and other protected-areas assessments to include key ecosystem processes that are requisite to long-term conservation of species and ecosystems. We conclude that terrestrially oriented protected-area networks provide a weak safety net for aquatic features, which means complementary planning and management for both freshwater and terrestrial conservation targets is needed. Abstract (Spanish): Las Redes de Reservas Terrestres no Representan a los Ecosistemas Acuaticos Adecuadamente Resumen: Las areas protegidas son una piedra angular de la conservacion y han sido disenadas principalmente alrededor de atributos terrestres. Las especies y ecosistemas dulceacuicolas se encuentran en peligro, pero la efectividad de las areas protegidas existentes para representar las caracteristicas dulceacuicolas es poco conocida. Utilizando las aguas interiores de Michigan como un caso de prueba, cuantificamos la cobertura de cuatro atributos dulceacuicolas clave (humedales, zonas riberenas, recarga de agua subterranea y especies raras) en las tierras conservadas y las comparamos con la representacion de los atributos terrestres. Los humedales estaban incluidos en las areas protegidas mas a menudo que lo esperado por azar, pero las zonas riberenas estuvieron insuficientemente representadas en todas las tierras protegidas (GAP1-3), particularmente en manantiales y rios grandes. Sin embargo, las zonas riberenas estuvieron bien representadas en las tierras con proteccion estricta (GAP 1-2) debido a la contribucion del Programa Nacional de Rios Silvestres y Escenicos. La representacion de areas de recarga de aguas subterraneas generalmente fue proporcional al area de la red de reservas dentro de cuencas hidrologicas, aunque un sitio importante de recarga asociado con algunos de los rios mas valiosos en Michigan estaba casi totalmente desprotegido. La representacion de especies en areas protegidas difirio significativamente entre las especies acuaticas obligadas, de humedales y terrestres, con una representacion generalmente mayor para las especies terrestres y menor para las acuaticas. Nuestros resultados ilustran la necesidad de evaluar y atender la representacion de los atributos dulceacuicolas dentro de las areas protegidas y el valor de ampliar el analisis de brechas y otras evaluaciones de areas protegidas para incluir los procesos ecosistemicos claves que son requisito para la conservacion a largo plazo de especies y ecosistemas. Concluimos que las redes de areas protegidas orientadas al medio terrestre proporcionan una red de seguridad debil para los atributos acuaticos, lo que significa que se requiere planeacion y manejo complementario tanto para objetivos de conservacion dulceacuicolas como terrestres. Author Affiliation: (*)The Nature Conservancy, 101 East Grand River Avenue, Lansing, MI 48906-4374, U.S.A. ([dagger])School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A. ([double dagger])World Wildlife Fund-United States, 1250 24th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037, U.S.A. Article History: Paper submitted March 23, 2009; revised manuscript accepted October 20, 2009. Article note: (s.) email mherbert@tnc.org

The authors develop a method for the long-lead forecasting of El Nino-influenced rainfall probability and illustrate it using the economically important prediction, from the beginning of the year, of September--November (SON) rainfall in the coastal sugarcane producing region of Australia's northeastern coast. The method is based on two probability distributions. One is the Gaussian error distribution of the long-lead prediction of the El Nino index Nino-3.4 by the Clarke and Van Gorder forecast method. The other is the relationship of the rainfall distribution to the Nifio-3.4 index. The rainfall distribution can be approximated by a gamma distribution whose two parameters depend on Nifio-3.4. To predict the rainfall at, say, the Tully Sugar, Ltd., mill on the north Queensland coast in SON 2009, the June-August (JJA) value of Nifio-3.4 is predicted and then 1000 possible 'observed' JJA Nifio-3.4 values calculated from the error distribution. Each one of these observed Nifio-3.4 values is then used, with the Nifio-3.4-dependent gamma distribution for that location, to calculate 1000 possible SON rainfall totals. The result is one million possible SON rainfalls. A histogram of these rainfalls is the required probability distribution for the rainfall at that location predicted from the beginning of the year. Cross-validated predictions suggest that the method is successful. DOI: 10.1175/2010JAMC2373.1

The present study describes a preparative gas chromatographic (GC) approach employed to study a series of products arising from reaction of phenylacetylene with para-substituted aryl-iodides under Sonogashira catalysis conditions. GC analysis resolves the isomers from each reaction; however, it cannot provide structural details (their MS data are virtually identical). Since classical liquid chromatography cannot resolve the isomers, preparative-scale GC is the only practical approach to provide further spectroscopic characterization of the isomers. The products are well separated by GC so a single thick-film capillary column is adequate for this case, with operation up to ~+300[degrees]C. By collection of 50+ repeat injections, sufficient material could be isolated for [sup.1]H NMR spectral analysis of the isomers, and for one isomer (isomer I) of a number of analogous related catalytic reaction mixtures, X-ray crystal structure determination enabled complete structural elucidation (absolute configuration) of the substitution pattern of the structure of this isomer. This confirmed isomer I to be the 2-para-aryl-substituted 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene product in all cases. [sup.1]H NMR spectra of isomer I products generally had similar patterns but differed markedly from the second major isomer product (isomer II). 10.1021/ac100417h

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.10.007 Byline: Kevin Durkin (a), Gina Conti-Ramsden (b), Allan J. Walker (a) Keywords: Computer-mediated communication; Adolescence; Specific language impairment (SLI) Abstract: The various uses of computer-mediated communication (CMC) are transforming the nature of social interactions and human relations among adolescents. Little is known about engagement of exceptional youth with this technology. The present study investigated the implications of language and social factors for frequency of CMC use and its relationship to adolescent well-being in young people with and without a history of specific language impairment (SLI). Eighty six adolescents with a history of SLI and 90 typically developing 17year olds participated. Participants completed standardized assessments of psycholinguistic abilities and self-report measures of language motivations and social motivations for CMC use, as well as anxiety and depression. Results indicate that language abilities have a complex relationship with frequency of CMC use; social abilities have a more direct association and are predictive of frequency of CMC use. Both adolescents with SLI and typically developing adolescents were less shy online. No association was obtained between frequency of CMC use and reported emotional symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. It is argued that the characteristics of CMC, in terms of its less stringent language demands and its reduced-cues environment, can provide a medium for positive adaptation of adolescents with communication challenges. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Psychology, University of Strathclyde, Graham Hills Building, 40, George Street, Glasgow G1 1QE, UK (b) Human Communication and Deafness (HCD), School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Ellen Wilkinson Building (formerly Humanities Devas St.), Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

The potential for endogenous remyelination and axonal protection can be an important factor in determining disease outcome in demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis. In many multiple sclerosis (MS) patients CNS repair fails or is incomplete whereas in others the disease is accompanied by extensive repair of demyelinated lesions. We have described significant differences in the ability of two strains of mice to repair CNS damage following Theiler's virus-induced demyelination: WB/NJ (FVB) mice repair damaged myelin spontaneously and completely, whereas B10.D1-[H2.sup.q]/sgJ (B10.Q) mice are deficient in the repair process. A QTL analysis was performed to identify genetic loci that differentially regulate CNS repair following chronic demyelination in these strains and two QTL were detected: one on chromosome 3 with a LOD score of 9.3 and a second on chromosome 9 with a LOD score of 14.0. The mouse genes for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and Tyk2 are encoded within the QTL on chromosomes 3 and 9, respectively. Sequence polymorphisms between the FVB and B10.Q strains at both the EGFand Tyk2 loci define functional variations consistent with roles for these genes in regulating myelin repair. EGF is a key regulator of cell growth and development and we showa sevenfold increase in EGF expression in FVB compared to B10.Q mice. Tyk2 is a Janus kinase that plays a central role in controlling the TH1 immune response and we show that attenuation of Tyk2 function correlates with enhanced CNS repair. quantitative trait locus | remyelination | Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus | multiple sclerosis www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0906589107

Flavonoids are phytochemicals that are widespread in the human diet. Despite limitations in their bioavailability, experimental and epidemiological data suggest health benefits of flavonoid consumption. Valid biomarkers of flavonoid intake may be useful for estimating exposure in a range of settings. However, to date, few useful flavonoid biomarkers have been identified. In this study, we used a metabolite profiling approach to examine the aromatic and phenolic profile of plasma and urine of healthy men after oral consumption of 200 mg of the pure flavonoids, quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, and epigallocatechin gallate, which represent major flavonoid constituents in the diet. Following enzymatic hydrolysis, 71 aromatic compounds were quantified in plasma and urine at 2 and 5 h, respectively, after flavonoid ingestion. Plasma concentrations of different aromatic compounds ranged widely, from 0.01 to 10/[micro]mol/L, with variation among volunteers. None of the aromatic compounds was significantly elevated in plasma 2 h after consumption of either flavonoid compared with water placebo. This indicates that fiavonoid-derived aromatic compounds are not responsible for the acute physiological effects reported within 2 h in previous human intervention studies involving flavonoids or flavonoid-rich food consumption. These effects are more likely due to absorption of the intact flavonoid. Our urine analysis suggested that urinary 4-ethylphenol, benzoic acid, and 4-ethylbenzoic acid may be potential biomarkers of quercetin intake and 1,3,5trimethoxybenzene, 4-O-methylgallic acid, 3-O-methylgallic acid, and gallic acid may be potential markers of epigallocatechin gallate intake. Potential biomarkers of (-)-epicatechin were not identified. These urinary biomarkers may provide an accurate indication of flavonoid exposure. J. Nutr. 139: 2309-2314, 2009. Manuscript received July 27, 2009. Initial review completed August 27, 2009. Revision accepted September 15, 2009. First published online October 7, 2009; doi: 10.3945/jn.109.113613.

Understanding the factors that regulate the induction, quality, and longevity of antiviral T cell responses is essential for devising rational strategies to prevent or combat infections. In this study, we show that interleukin-21 (IL-21), likely produced by [CD4.sup.+] T cells, directly influences the generation of polyfunctional [CD8.sup.+] T cells and that the number of [CD4.sup.+] T cells that produce IL-21 differs markedly between acute and chronic infections. IL-21 regulates the development of [CD8.sup.+] T cell exhaustion and the ability to contain chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Thus, IL-21 serves as a critical helper factor that shapes the functional quality of antiviral [CD8.sup.+] T cells and is required for viral control

Comparing the patterns of population differentiation among genetic markers with different modes of inheritance can provide insights into patterns of sex-biased dispersal and gene flow. The Blue-and-yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna) is a Neotropical parrot with a broad geographic distribution in South America. However, little is known about the natural history and current status of remaining wild populations, including levels of genetic variability. The progressive decline and possible fragmentation of populations may endanger this species in the near future. We analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control-region sequences and six microsatellite loci of Blue-and-yellow Macaws sampled throughout their geographic range in Brazil to describe population genetic structure, to make inferences about historical demography and dispersal behavior, and to provide insight for conservation efforts. Analyses of population genetic structure based on mtDNA showed evidence of two major populations in western and eastern Brazil that share a few low-frequency haplotypes. This phylogeographic pattern seems to have originated by the historical isolation of Blue-and-yellow Macaw populations ~374,000 years ago and has been maintained by restricted gene flow and female philopatry. By contrast, variation in biparentally inherited microsatellites was not structured geographically. Male-biased dispersal and female philopatry best explain the different patterns observed in these two markers. Because females disperse less than males, the two regional populations with well-differentiated mtDNA haplogroups should be considered two different management units for conservation purposes. Key words: Ara ararauna, Blue-and-yellow Macaw, microsatellite, mitochondrial DNA, sex-biased dispersal.

Each May, red knots (Calidris canutus rufa) congregate in Delaware Bay during their northward migration to feed on horseshoe crab eggs (Limulus polyphemus) and refuel for breeding in the Arctic. [...]

Many migratory birds use staging sites to gain essential resources to fuel their ongoing migration. Understanding staging strategies reveals much about migration systems and is essential if one is concerned with monitoring population trends and mass gains, two of the principal methods for assessing the 'health' of a migratory population. In spring 2004, we investigated the staging behavior in Delaware Bay of Red Knot (Calidris canutus) using mark--recapture techniques and resightings of birds marked in the preceding spring. Individuals staged for 11-12 days, which declined to 8-10 days late in the season. Arrivals were asynchronous, but departures tended to be synchronized. A simple sensitivity analysis showed that the mark-recapture analysis estimated length of stay to within +10% and confirmed biases in monitoring trends and mass gains using peak counts and mass-on-date regressions. Alternative methods using staging duration to estimate passage population size and mass gains were shown to be unbiased. Using these methods, we estimated a passage population size in 2004 of 18,000 Red Knot that arrived at an average mass of 111 g and, on average, gained mass at 7.2 g [day.sup.-1]. Thus, in 2004, the passage population was substantially smaller than the recent peak count of 50,360 in 1998, which confirms a significant decline in the number of Red Knot staging in Delaware Bay. Use of refined techniques such as these is essential if management decisions such as those in Delaware Bay are to be based on firm scientific advice. Key words: Calidris canutus, Delaware Bay, mark-recapture models, mass gain, passage population size, Red Knot, staging ecology, turnover.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2008.05.016 Byline: Robert N. Foley (a)(b), Allan J. Collins (a)(b), Areef Ishani (b), Philip A. Kalra (c) Abstract: Calcium-phosphate levels, linked to vascular dysfunction in chronic kidney disease, may represent novel risk factors for coronary heart disease, stroke, and death in community-dwelling adults. Author Affiliation: (a) United States Renal Data System, Minneapolis, MN (b) University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (c) Department of Renal Medicine, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK Article History: Received 11 February 2008; Accepted 14 May 2008 Article Note: (footnote) This study was supported by the United States Renal Data System under contract no. HHSN267200715002C (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). Doctor Foley has received honoraria from Genzyme (Cambridge, MA) and Abbott (Abbott Park, IL). Doctor Collins has received consulting fees from Roche (Basel, Switzerland) and Amgen (Thousand Oaks, CA). Doctor Kalra has received educational grants from Amgen and Genzyme. Doctor Ishani has no conflicts of interest.

Understanding how the cell uses a limited set of proteins to transduce very different signals into specific cellular responses is a central goal of cell biology and signal transduction disciplines. Although multifunctionality in signal transduction is widespread, the mechanisms that allow differential modes of signaling in multifunctional signaling pathways are not well defined. In legume plants, a common symbiosis signaling pathway composed of at least seven proteins mediates infection by both mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobial bacteria. Here we show that the symbiosis signaling pathway in legumes differentially transduces both bacterial and fungal signals (inputs) to generate alternative calcium responses (outputs). We show that these differential calcium responses are dependent on the same proteins, DMI1 and DMI2, for their activation, indicating an inherent flexibility in this signaling pathway. By using Lyapunov and other mathematical analyses, we discovered that both bacterial-induced and fungal-induced calcium responses are chaotic in nature. Chaotic systems require minimal energy to produce a wide spectrum of outputs in response to marginally different inputs. The flexibility provided by chaotic systems is consistent with the need to transduce two different signals, one from rhizobial bacteria and one from mycorrhizal fungi, by using common components of a single signaling pathway. chaos | mycorrhization | nodulation

The high-performance continuous-wave (CW) operation of 10-m-wide quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) emitting at approximately 4.6[mu] m is discussed. Results suggest the achievement of the maximum wall-plug efficiencies of 8.6 percent in pulsed and 3.1percent in CW operations at 298 K.

A hallmark of adaptive immunity is the generation of memory T cells that confer long-lived, antigen-specific protection against repeat challenges by pathogens (1-5). Understanding the mechanisms by which memory T [...]

Exercise or Swiss balls are increasingly being used with conventional resistance exercises. There is little evidence supporting the efficacy of this approach compared to traditional resistance training on a stable surface. Previous studies have shown that force output may be reduced with no change in muscle electromyography (EMG) activity while others have shown increased muscle EMG activity when performing resistance exercises on an unstable surface. This study compared 1RM strength, and upper body and trunk muscle EMG activity during the barbell chest press exercise on a stable (flat bench) and unstable surface (exercise ball). After familiarization, 13 subjects underwent testing for 1RM strength for the barbell chest press on both a stable bench and an exercise ball, each separated by at least 7 days. Surface EMG was recorded for 5 upper body muscles and one trunk muscle from which average root mean square of the muscle activity was calculated for the whole 1 RM lift and the concentric and eccentric phases. Elbow angle during each lift was recorded to examine any range-of-motion differences between the two surfaces. The results show that there was no difference in 1RM strength or muscle EMG activity for the stable and unstable surfaces. In addition, there was no difference in elbow range-of-motion between the two surfaces. Taken together, these results indicate that there is no reduction in 1 RM strength or any differences in muscle EMG activity for the barbell chest press exercise on an unstable exercise ball when compared to a stable flat surface. Moreover, these results do not support the notion that resistance exercises performed on an exercise ball are more efficacious than traditional stable exercises. KEY WORDS strength training; chest press, bench press, 1RM strength, EMG

The synthesis and crystal chemistry of indium metal-oxide organic frameworks containing metal-oxide chains connected by different dicarboxylate anions is discussed. The studies provide insight into the influence of the ligand geometry on the coordination of the In atoms and on the formation of the In-O chains.

BACKGROUND: Human health anomalies have been associated with pesticide exposure for people living in rural landscapes in the northern Great Plains of North America. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of 45 pesticides in drinking water from reservoirs in this area that received water primarily from snowmelt and rainfall runoff from agricultural crop lands. METHODS: Water from 15 reservoirs was sampled frequently during the spring pesticide application period (early May to mid-August) and less frequently for the remainder of the year. Drinking water was sampled in early July. Sample extracts were analyzed for pesticide content using mass spectrometric detection. RESULTS: We detected two insecticides and 27 herbicides in reservoir water. Consistent detection of a subset of 7 herbicides suggested that atmospheric deposition, either directly or in rain, was the principal pathway from fields to the reservoirs. However, the highest concentrations and number of herbicides in drinking water were associated with runoff from a localized 133-mm rainfall over 15 days toward the end of spring herbicide application. Water treatment removed from 14 to 86% of individual herbicides. Drinking water contained 3-15 herbicides (average, 6.4). CONCLUSIONS: We estimated the mean annual calculated concentration of herbicides in drinking water to be 75 ng/L (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, 31 ng/L (2-chloro-4-methylphenoxy)acetic acid, 24 ng/L clopyralid, 11 ng/L dichlorprop, 4 ng/L dicamba, 3 ng/L mecoprop, and 1 ng/L bromoxynil. The maximum total concentration of herbicides in drinking water was 2,423 ng/L. For the seven herbicides with established drinking water guidelines, all concentrations of the individual chemicals were well below their respective guideline. However, guidelines have not been established for the majority of the herbicides found in drinking water or for mixtures of pesticides. KEY WORDS: drinking water, northern Great Plains, pesticides, reservoirs, water treatment. Environ Health Perspect 115:1183-1191 (2007). doi:10.1289/ehp.9435 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 15 May 2007], In agricultural landscapes, rural and municipal residents can be exposed to agricultural pesticides either directly during crop applications or indirectly in air, water, or food. In the northern Great Plains [...]

Approximately 60% of the 45 species of terns (Sternae) have an unusual form of wing molt in which a variable number of inner primaries and outer secondaries are replaced two or three times in a single year--a process that has been called 'repeated molt.' Although several hypotheses have been proposed for the maintenance of repeated molt, few data exist regarding potential selective forces that may have favored the evolution of this molt strategy, and there are no explanations for the high degree of interspecific variation in the extent of repeated molt. Preliminary investigations indicated that large terns tended to have less repeated molt than small terns and that the presence of repeated molt appeared to be associated with migratory behavior. We examined these initial findings by combining data from the literature, from examinations of museum specimens, and from a recent molecular phylogeny of the terns to perform phylogenetic-comparative tests. First, we used independent contrasts to verify that the association between large terns and less repeated molt was significant and not a result of shared ancestry. Second, we used tests for binary character association to evaluate the apparent link between repeated molt and migratory behavior. The results of these tests, along with reconstructions of ancestral states, led to a potential explanation for the origin of repeated molt, in which a tropical, sedentary ancestor gave rise to several lineages that spread to temperate areas and adopted a migratory life history. With this shift to a more seasonal regime came shortened breeding periods and perhaps more time for molt, which could have led to modifications of the ancestral molting strategy and the origin of repeated molt. Received 5 August 2005, accepted 16 July 2006. Key words: body size, comparative studies, life-history evolution, migration, molt, phylogeny, Sternae, tern. Aproximadamente el 60% de las 45 especies de gaviotines (Sternae) presentan una forma inusual de muda del ala en la que un numero variable de primarias internas y secundarias externas son reemplazadas dos o tres veces en un mismo ano, un proceso denominado muda repetida. Aunque muchas hipotesis han sido propuestas para el mantenimiento de la muda repetida, existen pocos datos sobre las fuerzas selectivas potenciales que pueden haber favorecido la evolucion de esta estrategia de muda, y no existen explicaciones sobre el alto grado de variacion interespecifica en el patron de la muda repetida. Las investigaciones preliminares indicaron que los gaviotines grandes tendieron a presentar menos mudas repetidas que los gaviotines pequenos y que la presencia de la muda repetida parecio estar asociada con el comportamiento migratorio. Examinamos estos hallazgos iniciales combinando datos de la literatura, del examen de especimenes de museo y de una filogenia molecular reciente de los gaviotines para realizar evaluaciones filogeneticas comparativas. Primero, usamos contrastes independientes para verificar que la asociacion entre los gaviotines grandes y la existencia de menos mudas repetidas era significativa y no el resultado de ancestros compartidos. Segundo, usamos pruebas de asociacion de caracteres binarios para evaluar la vinculacion aparente entre la muda repetida y el comportamiento migratorio. Los resultados de estas pruebas, junto con las reconstrucciones de los estados ancestrales, condujeron a una explicacion potencial del origen de la muda repetida, en la que un ancestro tropical sedentario dio origen a varios linajes que se distribuyeron a areas templadas y que adoptaron una forma de vida migratoria. Este cambio a un regimen mas estacional trajo consigo periodos reproductivos mas cortos y tal vez mas tiempo para la muda, lo que puede haber conducido a modificaciones de la estrategia de muda ancestral y al origen de la muda repetida.

Research shows a decline in physical activity levels during adolescence, particularly among girls, This study explored perceived barriers to participation in moderate and vigorous physical activity among adolescent girls who live in a large ethnoracially and socioeconomically diverse city. A total of 73 adolescent girls in Toronto participated in 1 of 7 focus group sessions which were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim, and qualitative software was used to facilitate data analysis. A constant comparison approach was used to inductively develop themes. Participants' perceived barriers to participating in physical activity included: lack of time; involvement in technology-related activities; influence of peers, parents and teachers; concern about safety; inaccessibility of facilities and cost of using them; competition; and body-centered issues. The results suggest that strategies to address specific intrapersonal, socialenvironmental, and physical-environmental barriers to physical activity participation should be used in physical activity promotion programs for adolescent girls., Establishing patterns of physical activity during childhood and adolescence is important for immediate gains in health and well-being and to develop positive behaviors that can be deployed throughout the life [...]

Methyl(phenoxo)mercury(II) may be obtained from the reaction of methyl(chloro)mercury(II) with silver(I) oxide, followed by addition of phenol. The dominant motif of the structure is a pair of independent MeHgOPh aggregates (Hg--C,O 2.05(2) Å, 2.06(1) Å (x2); C-Hg-O 176.6(5)[??], 176.3(5)[??]) loosely associated about a quasi-inversion centre by Hg ... O interactions (2.702(9) Å, 2.719(9) Å) to form a dimer (Hg-O-Hg' 106.0(4)[??], 106.5(4)[??]; O-Hg-O' 73.0(3)[??], 72.6(3)[??]), the dimer stacking up the short crystallographic c axis (= 6.914(1)[??]) at spacings c/2. Vibrational spectroscopic studies are insensitive to the associative interactions. Key words: mercury, methylmercury, organomercury, structure, aryloxide, phenoxide. On peut obtenir du methyl(phenoxo)mercure(II) par reaction du methyl(chloro)mercure(II) avec de l'oxyde d'argent(I), suivie d'une addition de phenol. Le motif dominant de la structure est une paire d'agregats independants de MeHgOPh (Hg--C,O 2,05(2) Å, 2,06(1) Å (x2); C-Hg-O 176,6(5)[??], 176,3(5)[??]) faiblement associes autour d'un centre de quasi-inversion par des interactions Hg ... O (2,702(9) Å, 2,719(9) Å) qui permettent de former le dimere (Hg-O-HgN 106,0(4)[??], 106,5(4)[??]; O-Hg-ON 73,0(3)[??], 72,6(3)[??]) qui s'empile le long de l'axe cristallographique c (= 6,914(1) Å) a des distances de c/2. Les etudes spectroscopiques vibrationnelles sont insensibles aux interactions associatives. Mots cles : mercure, methylmercure, organomercure, structure, aryloxyde, phenolate. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The coordination chemistry of monoorganomercury(II) complexes has been reviewed (1, 2); for arylalkoxides and aryloxides, structural studies are limited to the early study of the 4-bromo-2-chlorophenoxo complex PhHgO[C.sub.6][H.sub.3]ClBr (3, [...]