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Introduction Human biomonitoring studies make up an important area of exposure science that aids in public health assessments. Chemical metabolites or biomarkers are measured by collecting biological samples, typically blood/serum [...], Background: Xenobiotic metabolites are widely present in human urine and can indicate recent exposure to environmental chemicals. Proper inference of which chemicals contribute to these metabolites can inform human exposure and risk. Furthermore, longitudinal biomonitoring studies provide insight into how chemical exposures change over time. OBJECTIVES: We constructed an exposure landscape for as many human-exposure relevant chemicals over as large a time span as possible to characterize exposure trends across demographic groups and chemical types. Methods: We analyzed urine data of nine 2-y cohorts (1999-2016) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Chemical daily intake rates (in milligrams per kilogram bodyweight per day) were inferred, using the R package bayesmarker, from metabolite concentrations in each cohort individually to identify exposure trends. Trends for metabolites and parents were clustered to find chemicals with similar exposure patterns. Exposure variation by age, gender, and body mass index were also assessed. Results: Intake rates for 179 parent chemicals were inferred from 151 metabolites (96 measured in five or more cohorts). Seventeen metabolites and 44 parent chemicals exhibited fold-changes [greater than or equal to]10 between any two cohorts (deltamethrin, di- n- octyl phthalate, and di-isononyl phthalate had the greatest exposure increases). Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate intake began decreasing in 2007, whereas both di-isobutyl and di- isononyl phthalate began increasing shortly before. Intake for four parabens was markedly higher in females, especially reproductive-age females, compared with males and children. Cadmium and arsenobetaine exhibited higher exposure for individuals >65 years of age and lower for individuals Discussion: With appropriate analysis, NHANES indicates trends in chemical exposures over the past two decades. Decreases in exposure are observable as the result of regulatory action, with some being accompanied by increases in replacement chemicals. Age- and gender-specific variations in exposure were observed for multiple chemicals. Continued estimation of demographic-specific exposures is needed to both monitor and identify potential vulnerable populations. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12188

Estimation of fish stock size distributions from survey data requires knowledge about gear selectivity. However, selectivity models rest on assumptions that seldom are analyzed. Departures from these can lead to misinterpretations and biased management recommendations. Here, we use survey data on great Arctic char (Salvelinus umbla) to analyze how correcting for entanglement of fish and nonisometric growth might improve estimates of selectivity curves, and subsequently estimates of size distribution and age-specific mortality. Initial selectivity curves, using the entire data set, were wide and asymmetric, with poor model fits. Removing potentially nonmeshed fish had the greatest positive effect on model fit, resulting in much narrower and less asymmetric selection curves, while attempting to take nonisometric growth into account, by using girth rather than length, improved model fit but not as much. Using simulations we show that correcting for both entanglement and size selectivity produces accurate estimates of mortality rates, while correcting for size selectivity only does not. Our study demonstrates an approach that increases the accuracy of estimates of fish size distributions and mortality rates from survey data. L'estimation de la distribution des tailles au sein de stocks de poissons a partir de donnees tirees devaluations necessite une connaissance de la selectivite des engins. Les modeles de selectivite reposent toutefois sur des hypotheses qui sont rarement analysees. Des ecarts par rapport a ces dernieres peuvent se traduire par des interpretations erronees et des recommandations de gestion biaisees. Nous avons utilise des donnees devaluations relatives a l'omble chevalier (Salvelinus umbla) pour analyser comment des correctifs visant a tenir compte de l'enchevetrement de poissons et de la croissance non isometrique pourraient ameliorer les estimations de courbes de selectivite et, ainsi, les estimations de la distribution des tailles et de la mortalite selon l'age. Les courbes de selectivite initiales obtenues en utilisant l'integralite des donnees etaient larges et asymetriques, et l'ajustement du modele n'etait pas bon. Le retrait des poissons potentiellement non enchevetres a eu le plus grand effet positif sur l'ajustement du modele aux donnees, produisant des courbes de selection beaucoup moins larges et asymetriques, alors que la prise en compte de la croissance non isometrique en utilisant le tour du corps plutot que la longueur a ameliore l'ajustement du modele, mais dans une moindre mesure. Nous demontrons, a l'aide de simulations, que le fait de corriger pour l'enchevetrement et la selectivite des tailles produit des estimations exactes du taux de mortalite, contrairement au fait de corriger seulement pour la selectivite des tailles. L'etude demontre qu'une telle approche accroit l'exactitude des estimations de la distribution des tailles et du taux de mortalite des poissons basees sur des donnees devaluations. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction In freshwater systems several standardized methods exist to estimate community species composition, as well as abundance, biomass, and size distribution of fish stocks, including electrofishing, hydroacoustics, and gillnet surveys. [...]

The Woman's Bible shows typical characteristics of nineteenth-century thought, including a replacement of a personal God with Nature, an attraction to historical-critical methods of the study of scripture, a belief in progressive revelation, Orientalism, theological anti-Semitism, and an interest in the occult. These ideas inform its very mixed picture of Judaism. Progressive revelation and Orientalism, forms of thought congenial to higher criticism, pervade the image of 'the Jews,' whose 'backward' ideas degraded women. Jesus is judged to be free of patriarchy, while Paul's negative comments on women are attributed to his Jewishness. The anti-Jewish statements are tempered by Elizabeth Cady Stanton's rejection of Christian triumphalism, as well as some commentators' appreciation for Jewish insights. The commentary invites us to think about the relationship between abolitionist and suffragist exegesis, cultural determinism versus human agency, and the prescience of Cady Stanton and others in identifying issues that would engage feminist interpreters a century later., In a recent article in this journal, Emily Mace articulates the generative role played by The Woman's Bible for the second wave of feminist theologians and biblical scholars beginning in [...]

This study was undertaken to examine the chemical constituents, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities of the leaf, floral and fruit volatile oils of Datura metel Linn. (Solanaceae).The oils were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Monoterpenoids were the dominant class of compounds in the leaf oil (100%), flower oil (81.4%) and fruit oils (58.8%).The volatile oils were characterized by the abundance of [alpha]-phellandrene (38.3%), p-cymene (28.0%) and 1,8-cineole (12.4%) in the leaves; linalool (62.9%) and (E, E)-farnesol (11.1%) in the flowers; and p-cymene (31.4%), 1, 8-cineole (23.3%) and valerenal (9.4%) in the fruits. In addition, both flower and fruit oils exhibited potent in vitro cytotoxic activities against the Hs 578T human breast ductal carcinoma cells and varying antimicrobial effects on selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Key words: Datura metel, essential oils, terpenoids, Solanaceae, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activities

In recent years, a resurgence of interest in the life and writing of Mary Darby Robinson has led to three major biographies, modern editions of her work, and dozens of [...]

Introduction Lipoatrophy of the face, arms, buttocks and/or legs is a distressing and stigmatizing long-term effect of antiretroviral therapy. Lipoatrophy has been described in human immunodeficiency (HIV)-infected persons with or [...], Objectives: Uridine abrogates mitochondrial toxicities of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor in adipocyte cell culture. We aim to study the effect of uridine supplementation on human adipocyte mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels in subjects with human immunodeficiency (HIV) lipoatrophy. Methods: Sixteen patients with lipoatrophy on stavudine-containing antiretroviral therapy were enrolled, and received NucleomaxX, a dietary supplement with a high bioavailability of uridine (36g TID every other day for 16 weeks). Patients were then followed off-uridine for another 16 weeks. Highly active antiretroviral therapy remained unchanged during the trial. Results: Fourteen patients completed the study. Two subjects dropped out before week 4 for study-unrelated reasons. No adverse events were noted throughout the study. HIV-1 RNA, CD4 counts, liver enzymes and hemoglobin remained unchanged. Body mass index, lactate, lipids, insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were unaltered. Fat and peripheral blood and mononuclear cell mtDNA levels did not correlate with each other and exhibited no changes throughout the study. Lipoatrophy scores by patients and physician improved significantly at weeks 16 and 32 compared to study entry. Conclusion: In this pilot study, NucleomaxX was safe, well tolerated without apparent deleterious effect on HIV indices. In contrast to in vitro data, NucleomaxX did not lead to changes in fat or blood mtDNA levels. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602793; published online 30 May 2007 Keywords: mitochondria; uridine; lipoatrophy; lipodystrophy; mitochondrial DNA

This study determined the effectiveness of an early literacy program that embeds skills-based instruction into meaningful contexts, documented children's engagement in the instruction, and obtained insights into how language of [...]

Many in the publishing world see Spanish as a language that binds and at the same time divides those who speak it. It is important to understand how different Latin America and Spain are in many ways and once this is done one of the largest linguistic regions in the world can be successfully exploited.

The volatile oil obtained by hydrodistillation of air-dried samples of the leaf of Brachystegia eurycoma Harms, Caesalphinaceae, have been studied for their constituents by GC-MS. Oxygenated monoterpenoids (35.9%) and sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbons (30.7%) are the major class of compounds identified occurring in higher proportions. The main compounds of the leaf oil are 1,8-cineole (23.1%) and acorenone (10.0%). [beta]-Caryophyllene (5.6%) and geranyl acetone (4.5%) are also present in significant amounts. This is first report on the constituents of the oil of the plants in the genus Brachystegia. The potential chemotherapeutic effects of the oil are discussed. KEYWORDS Brachystegia eurycoma Harms; Caesalphinaceae; Essential oil; GC-MS; 1,8-Cineole; Acorenone

The forum of curators from nine festivals on three continents inaugurates a creation of diagnoses on the existing state of the international queer festival network, its history, and the challenges it faces. The nine participants in this first forum offer a lively and diverse cross-section of the global festival landscape.