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Although a ubiquitous social behavior, little is known about bullshitting (i.e., communicating with no regard for truth and/or evidence) and its effects on social perception and influence. Although bullshit and lies are viewed as undesirable, the distinction may have important implications for social influence. Frankfurt's (1986) insidious bullshit hypothesis (i.e., bullshitting is evaluated less negatively, but more insidious, than lying) is examined in light of social perception (i.e., evaluation and perceived motives; Experiment 1) and social influence (Experiment 2). Results suggest bullshitting is evaluated less negatively than lying and identifies ignorance, dishonesty, and opinion expression as mediators of a bullshit/lie-evaluation link. Furthermore, relative to lies, bullshit appears to have a more potent impact on that which is perceived to be true as well as attitudes formed for novel attitude objects., Author(s): John V. Petrocelli [sup.1] , Haley E. Silverman [sup.1] , Samantha X. Shang [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.241167.7, 0000 0001 2185 3318, Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, , [...]

Introduction 1251 I. Understanding the FMLA and NYPFL 1255 A. The History of Paid Family Leave in New York 1255 B. Comparing and Contrasting the FMLA and NYPFL 1256 C. [...]

'You can fool some of the people all of the time, and you can fool all of the people some of the time, but you cannot fool all of the [...]

Abstract: The new species Hypnea corona Huisman & Petrocelli is described to accommodate specimens from Australia, New Zealand, Italy, and Japan that were previously included in the Hypnea comuta complex [...]

BULLSHITTING INVOLVES INTENTIONALLY OR unintentionally, consciously or unconsciously, communicating with little to no regard or concern for truth, genuine evidence, and/or established semantic, logical, systemic, or empirical knowledge. (1,2) As [...]

Steroid use is only now being recognized as a national epidemic. Although American athletes have been using anabolic steroids since the 1950s, it was not until the 1980s that athletic governing bodies began to monitor and sanction illegal supplementation. It is easier to understand why paid, professional athletes might partake in steroid use; keeping up with the competition, sustaining or improving abilities, salary incentives and endorsements based on performance are but a few reasons. But it is more difficult to understand why adult nonprofessional athletes would eagerly flout the law and put their health at risk. Academic research into steroid use has largely ignored this populous group, instead focusing on professional, college or high school/ adolescent athletes. Through semi-structured interviews with 37 recreational steroid users, this paper seeks to fill that void by exploring their motivations, knowledge, and attitudes toward illegal anabolic steroids. The findings are discussed in terms of their policy implications.

ABSTRACT Background and Objective: Scar management is a long-term process. A variety of modalities have been employed and, depending on scar type, treatment may be invasive and/or conservative. The purpose [...]

Punitive responses to crime have been linked to a relatively low need for cognition (NFC). Sargent's (2004) findings suggest that this relationship is due to a relatively complex attributional system, employed by high-NFC individuals, which permits them to recognize potential external or situational causes of crime. However, high-NFC individuals may also be more likely to engage in counterfactual thinking, which has been linked to greater judgments of blame and responsibility. Three studies examine the relationship between trait and state NFC and punitiveness in light of counterfactual thinking. Results suggest that the ease of generating upward counterfactuals in response to an unfortunate crime moderates the NFC-punitiveness relationship, such that high-NFC individuals are less punitive than low-NFC individuals only when counterfactual thoughts are relatively difficult to generate. These findings are discussed in light of punishment theory and their possible implications with regard to the legal system. Keywords: counterfactual thinking; need for cognition; punishment; attitudes

The implementation of a new method to control line-commutated converters in discontinuous conduction mode is presented. The method is based on the modification of the thyristor's firing angle [alpha] using a linear approximation, yielding nearly the same dynamic performance as in continuous conduction mode. The firing angle is corrected by adding a supplementary angle [DELTA][alpha], calculated by estimating the average output current. The proposed technique significantly reduces computational burden, thus being suitable for online calculation. Both simulations and experimental results are presented on a 1-kW laboratory prototype. Index Terms--Estimation, nonlinear control, power supplies, thyristors.

Stereotype formation may be based on the exaggeration of real group differences (category accentuation) or the misperception of group differences that do not exist (illusory correlation). This research sought to account for both phenomena with J. K. Kruschke's (1996, 2001, 2003) attention theory of category learning. According to the model, the features of majority groups are learned earlier than the features of minority groups. In turn, the features that become associated with a minority are those that most distinguish it from the majority. This second process is driven by an attention-shifting mechanism that directs attention toward group-attribute pairings that facilitate differentiation of the two groups and may lead to the formation of stronger minority stereotypes. Five experiments supported this model as a common account for category accentuation and distinctiveness-based illusory correlation. Implications for the natures of stereotype formation, illusory correlation, and impression formation are discussed. Keywords: stereotype formation, social categorization, categorization and attention, category accentuation, illusory correlation

Author(s): Gabriele Varano [1]; Simon Raffel [2]; Martina Sormani [1]; Federica Zanardi [1]; Silvia Lonardi [3]; Christin Zasada [4]; Laura Perucho [1]; Valentina Petrocelli [1]; Andrea Haake [5]; Albert K. [...]

Attitude certainty has been the subject of considerable attention in the attitudes and persuasion literature. The present research identifies 2 aspects of attitude certainty and provides evidence for the distinctness of the constructs. Specifically, it is proposed that attitude certainty can be conceptualized, and empirically separated, in terms of attitude clarity (the subjective sense that one knows what one's attitude is) and attitude correctness (the subjective sense that one's attitude is correct or valid). Experiment 1 uses factor analysis and correlational data to provide evidence for viewing attitude clarity and attitude correctness as separate constructs. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrate that attitude clarity and attitude correctness can have distinct antecedents (repeated expression and consensus feedback, respectively). Experiment 4 reveals that these constructs each play an independent role in persuasion and resistance situations. As clarity and correctness increase, attitudes become more resistant to counterattitudinal persuasive messages. These findings are discussed in relation to the existing attitude strength literature. Keywords: attitudes, certainty, attitude strength, metacognition

Discrepancies between people's ought selves and their actual selves and their ideal selves and actual selves predict the emotions that individuals experience. The authors predicted that internal versus external causal attributions for self-discrepancies should moderate the relationship between self-discrepancies and emotions, resulting in more refined predictions for both agitation-and dejection-related emotions and for two additional types of emotion, namely, anger-related and discontent-related emotions. Results of two studies generally supported the predictions that agitation-related emotions and dejection-related emotions were positively associated with actual-ought discrepancies and actual-ideal discrepancies, respectively, only when causal attributions for the discrepancies were internally based. Anger-related emotions and emotions of discontent were positively associated with actual-ought and actual-ideal discrepancies, respectively, primarily when causal attributions were externally based. Study 2, which addressed group discrepancies and group-based emotions, generally replicated the findings when group identification was high, yielding a more complex model of the link between discrepancies and emotions. Keywords: self-discrepancy; attributions; group-based emotions; group identification

The authors describe use and development of the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (E. I. McConnaughy, J. O. Prochaska, & W. F. Velicer, 1983) and examine the psychometric properties [...]

Paleomagnetic analysis from lower Pleistocene (Sicilian) mudstones in the Sant'Arcangelo basin (Southern Apennines, Italy) shows no vertical-axis rotations. These results define the upper time constraint on the 23[degrees] counterclockwise rotations previously measured in the underlying lower Pleistocene (Santernian-Emilian) units of the Sant'Arcangelo basin. These rotations occurred before the Jaramillo subchron in a time span of Keywords: paleomagnetism, fast tectonic rotations, early Pleistocene, Southern Apennines, slab breakoff.

Paleomagnetic analysis from lower Pleistocene (Sicilian) mudstones in the Sant' Arcangelo basin (Southern Apennines, Italy) shows no vertical-axis rotations. These results define the upper time constraint on the 23[degrees] counterclockwise rotations previously measured in the underlying lower Pleistocene (Santernian-Emilian) units of the Sant' Arcangelo basin. These rotations occurred before the Jaramillo subchron in a time span of Keywords: paleomagnetism, fast tectonic rotations, early Pleistocene, Southern Apennines, slab breakoff.

Examined the cluster-derived typologies of males in a juvenile offender sample. Adolescent males, age 12-17, in a regional youth detention center were given the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Self Report-Adolescent (BASC-SRP-A; C. Reynolds & R. Kamphaus, 1992) and the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI; T. Millon, 1993). Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to determine cluster membership across the scales of the BASC-SRP-A, and these clusters were compared to cluster groupings across the scales of the MACI. Clusters were then compared to the severity of youth offense history. A five-cluster solution was developed with only one cluster suggesting severe problem behaviors. However. all of the BASC-SRP-A clusters seemed to endorse more symptomatic problem behaviors on the MACI. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed, including the under-reporting or over-reporting of different instruments in certain populations. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: Website: [c] 2004 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.] KEYWORDS Juvenile offenders, behavioral typologies, cluster analysis

The purpose of this article is to assist researchers in meeting the requirement of reporting effect sizes in quantitative research studies submitted to the Journal of Counseling & Development. This requirement is detailed in the "Guidelines for Authors" included in this issue. The authors provide practical information on generating, reporting, and interpreting effect size estimates for various types of statistical analyses. Information is provided on the meaning of effect sizes within the larger knowledge base., Whereas statistical significance tests assess the reliability of the relationship between independent and dependent variables, effect sizes assess the strength of the relationship. When reported and interpreted appropriately, effect size [...]

The author examined the factor structure of the 12-item Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) Scale (A. Strathman, E Gleicher, D. S. Boninger, & S. Edwards, 1994) among 664 undergraduate university students enrolled in human development courses. A principal-components factor analysis with varimax rotation yielded 2 factors. The author used confirmatory factor analysis procedures to examine the fit of 4 models, according to the principal-components factor analysis findings, with the observed covariance. The author used a number of fit indices to compare the 4 models. Both sets of analysis provided the greatest support for an 8-item short version of the CFC Scale. The author discussed findings in regard to the CFC Scale as an instrument to measure future time perspective. Key words: consideration of future consequences, IN RECENT YEARS, INTEREST IN THE FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE (FTP) has resurged. Earlier studies of time perspectives focused on construct definition and speculation about its influence on motivation and social [...]

A brief content analysis was conducted on the use of hierarchical regression in counseling research published in the Journal of Counseling Psychology and the Journal of Counseling & Development during [...]

Mechanisms linking mitogenic and growth inhibitory cytokine signaling and the cell cycle have not been fully elucidated in either cancer or in normal cells. Here we show that activation of protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt, contributes to resistance to antiproliferative signals and breast cancer progression in part by impairing the nuclear import and action of p27. Akt transfection caused cytoplasmic p27 accumulation and resistance to cytokine-mediated G1 arrest. The nuclear localization signal of p27 contains an Akt consensus site at threonine 157, and p27 phosphorylation by Akt impaired its nuclear import in vitro. Akt phosphorylated wild-type p27 but not p27T157A. In cells transfected with constitutively active Akt[sup.T308DS473D] (PKB[sup.DD]), p27WT mislocalized to the cytoplasm, but p27T157A was nuclear. In cells with activated Akt, p27WT failed to cause G1 arrest, while the antiproliferative effect of p27T157A was not impaired. Cytoplasmic p27 was seen in 41% (52 of 128) of primary human breast cancers in conjunction with Akt activation and was correlated with a poor patient prognosis. Thus, we show a novel mechanism whereby Akt impairs p27 function that is associated with an aggressive phenotype in human breast cancer. NOTE:: In the version of the article initially published online, the abstract contained one extraneous sentence. This error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions. The abstract will appear correctly in the forthcoming print issue., Author(s): Jiyong Liang [1]; Judit Zubovitz [2]; Teresa Petrocelli [1]; Rouslan Kotchetkov [1]; Michael K. Connor [1]; Kathy Han [1]; Jin-Hwa Lee [1]; Sandra Ciarallo [1]; Charles Catzavelos [3]; Richard [...]

N B. Schmidt, T E. Joiner, J. E. Young, and M. J. Telch (1995) provided preliminary construct validity for scores from J. E. Young 's (1990) 205-item Early Maladaptive Schema [...]

Technical eclecticism and theoretical integration literature has typically examined how multiple approaches to counseling practice may lead to more comprehensive and functional outcomes. Few have proposed an integration of approaches from a scientist-practitioner perspective; many others have neglected the richness found in the body of existing theory. The purpose of this synthesis is to highlight the contributions that the Transtheoretical Model of Change (J. O. Prochaska & C. C. DiClemente, 1984; J. O. Prochaska & J. C. Norcross, 1994) has for technical eclecticism and theoretical integration. The intervention implications of processes and stages of change are discussed., Several trends in the application of counseling and psychotherapy have persisted. One trend that has existed for a number of years, in different forms, is the "eclectic" approach to counseling [...]

A study was conducted to examine the transport and anisotropy properties of ((BaCuO2)/(CaCuO2)) superconducting superlattices containing different number of CuO2 planes and have been fabricated using the pulsed laser deposition method. Experimental results show that the deposited superlattices have a critical temperature of about 100 K. It was also noted that these superlattices have a narrower transition, and thus, have a higher activation energy.

SHOW TOWN: THEATER AND CULTURE IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST, 1890-1920 by Holly George University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2016. Illustrations, tables, notes, bibliography, index. 280 pages. $29.95, cloth. Set against [...]

A study was conducted on BaCuO2/CaCuO2 superlattices grown on (001) SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition method. The results indicate that the BaCuO2/CaCuO2 superlattices are grown pseudomorphically on the SrTiO3 substrate. Moreover, the Ca is partially oxidized while Ba is completely oxidized. The findings show that the pulsed laser deposition method permits the fabrication of high quality infinite-layer superlattices of high structural and chemical ordering.

The pulsed layer deposition method was successfully applied for growing artificially layered films of the CuBa(sub 2)(Ca(sub 1-x)Sr(sub x))sub(n-1)Cu(sub n)O(sub y), respectively, with n varied between 2 and 5. The average random discrete thickness fluctuations which affect both the BaCuO(sub y) and (Ca(sub 1-x)Sr(sub x))CuO(sub y) layers were much smaller than one atomic layer. Findings indicated that truly new structures can be obtained by a layer by layer deposition process with a low interfacial disorder.

Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles (2nd ed.), by Arie W. Kruglanski and E. Tory Higgins. New York: Guilford Press, 2007. 1034 pp., ISBN 978-1-57230-918-0. $160, hardcover. GIVEN THE HODGEPODGE [...]

TWO YEARS AFTER Andries Deinum, a Dutch emigre, was fired from the University of Southern California in 1955 for refusing to cooperate with the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), he [...]

Thin films of lithium-zinc ferrite have been grown by pulsed laser deposition techniques under varying oxygen partial pressures. X-ray diffraction measurements showed the films grew epitaxially onto the (001) MgO substrates. Films grown at lower oxygen pressures displayed cubic anisotropy with parameters close to bulk values, with the film grown at the lowest pressure having the highest saturation magnetization and the narrowest ferromagnetic resonance linewidth. The film grown at the highest pressure displayed in-plane uniaxial anisotropy and a relatively low magnetization.

The possibility that the perceived functions of intimacy, task, and social category groups, particularly the needs that are fulfilled by membership in each type of group, contribute to the way people perceive and organize information about groups of these types is explored. Results support the hypothesis that the functionality of a group guides people's perceptions and representations of that group.

The role of adolescent- parent relationships in African American female juvenile delinquency is discussed. The results of the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) and the Assessment of Interpersonal Relations show that mother- daughter relationships play a major role for such females.

The role of adolescent- parent relationships in African American female juvenile delinquency is discussed. The results of the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) and the Assessment of Interpersonal Relations show that mother- daughter relationships play a major role for such females.