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We document 26 incidents of sunning behavior in 5 species of Accipitridae, including Crested Eagle (Morphnus guianensis), Black Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus tyrannus), Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus omatus), Roadside Hawk (Rupomis magnirostris), and White Hawk (Pseudastur albicollis), during a camera-trap survey conducted in Madre de Dios, Peru, in 2014. The sunning behavior was observed in forest clearings along logging trails and on a dirt road. We recorded 2 high-intensity sunning postures: 'full-spreadeagle,' in which the bird lies horizontally on the ground with wings outstretched, tail fanned, and head somewhat raised; and 'full-spread,' in which the bird stands while holding its wings out at right angles to the body. Sunning is a maintenance behavior observed in many bird species and has been reported in Accipitriformes in various habitats, but it is not commonly observed in tropical rainforests because of low visibility. Our camera traps recorded sunning behavior from 0931 h to 1400 h, a period in which ambient temperature increased until reaching its maximum around 1400 h. The most likely function of sunning in Accipitriformes in the rainforest is an anti-ectoparasite strategy. Camera-trap monitoring has been useful in detecting unusual interactions and diel patterns of activity, and researchers can obtain a wide range of natural history, ecological, and behavioral insights that would be difficult to obtain using traditional methods. We recommend analyzing 'bycatch' data from camera traps to recover information about bird behaviors that would otherwise be unattainable. Received 1 October 2023. Accepted 10 June 2024 ... Key words: Accipitridae, Amazon, birds, camera traps, maintenance, sun-bathing. (Spanish)--Se documenta 26 eventos de comportamiento de asoleamiento en cinco especies de Accipitridae, incluyendo el Aguila Crestada (Morphnus guianensis), Aguila Negra (Spizaetus tyrannus), Aguila Penachuda (Spizaetus omatus), Aguilucho Caminero (Rupomis magnirostris) y Gavilan Blanco (Pseudastur albicollis), registrados durante un estudio con camaras trampa en Madre de Dios, Peru, en 2014. El comportamiento de asoleamiento se observo en claros del bosque y trochas. Se registraron dos posturas de asoleamiento intenso, tambien llamadas 'Posturas de Alas Extendidas' segun Simmons (1986): 'aguila con alas extendidas completas', en que el ave se acuesta horizontalmente en el suelo con las alas extendidas, la cola abanicada y la cabeza algo elevada; y 'extension completa', en que el ave se para con las alas extendidas en angulo recto al cuerpo. El comportamiento de asoleamiento es un comportamiento de mantenimiento observado en muchas especies de aves y ha sido registrado en Accipitriformes en varios habitats, pero no es comunmente observado en bosques lluviosos tropicales debido a la baja visibilidad. Nuestras camaras trampa registraron comportamiento de asoleamiento entre las 0931 h y las 1400 h, periodo en el cual la temperatura aumento hasta alcanzar su valor maximo alrededor de las 1400 h. La funcion mas probable del asoleamiento en Accipitriformes en la selva tropical es una estrategia and ectoparasitaria. El monitoreo con camaras trampa ha sido util para detectar interacciones inusuales y patrones de actividad diarios, permitiendo a los investigadores obtener una amplia gama de conocimientos sobre historia natural, ecologia y comportamiento que seria dificil de obtener utilizando metodos tradicionales. Recomendamos analizar los datos de 'captura incidental' para recuperar informacion que de otra manera seria inaccesible. Palabras clave: Accipitridae, Amazonas, asoleamiento, aves, camaras trampa, mantenimiento., Sunning is the behavior by which a bird adopts postures to expose itself to sunlight. It has been described in more than 50 bird families, including passerines and large non-passerines, [...]

Author(s): Letty Y.-Y. Kwan [sup.1] , Yu Sheng Hung [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.437123.0, 0000 0004 1794 8068, The University of Macau, , Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China (2) [...], Our behaviors are often inconsistent with our attitudes. In the current Study, we took a norm approach to understand why car owners continue to use private cars despite their support for environmentalism. In an experience sampling study, a large representative sample of 610 commuters from a megacity participated in a 2-part study. In the first part, they completed measures of their pro-environmental attitudes and their beliefs about society's perception of users using transportation types. After ten days, they recorded their commute behaviors on every trip they made over seven days (including a public holiday, four workdays, and a weekend). The results, which included recorded trips from 193 car owners, showed that car owners with strong pro-environmental attitudes used their cars more often when motivated by intersubjective norms. Interestingly, the results were reversed when car owners with strong pro-environmental attitudes were motivated by personal norms. The results concluded that pro-environmental attitudes alone could not predict pro-environment behaviors; instead, activating one's norms or changing one's perceived intersubjective norms are needed alongside strong pro-environmental attitudes to change one car driving behaviors.

John Hines & Nelleke Ijssennagger-Van der Pluijm (ed.). 2021. Frisians of the Early Middle Ages (Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology 10). Woodbridge: Boydell; 978-1-78327-561-8 hardcover 90 [pounds sterling]. The 10th volume [...]

Abstract Law students in Australia experience high rates of depression and anxiety. This article reports findings from an empirical study investigating the relationship between law students' levels of psychological distress [...]

Introduction Gene transfer into specific cell lineages in vivo remains an attractive yet elusive approach for modulating gene expression or correcting inherited mutations. Although a variety of techniques have been [...], Directed gene transfer into specific cell lineages in vivo is an attractive approach for both modulating gene expression and correcting inherited mutations such as emphysema caused by human α1 antitrypsin (hAAT) deficiency. However, somatic tissues are mainly comprised of heterogeneous, differentiated cell lineages that can be short lived and difficult to specifically transfect. Here, we describe an intratracheally instilled lentiviral system able to deliver genes selectively to as many as 70% of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in the mouse lung. Following a single in vivo lentiviral transduction, genetically tagged AMs persisted in lung alveoli and expressed transferred genes for the lifetime of the adult mouse. A prolonged macrophage lifespan, rather than precursor cell proliferation, accounted for the surprisingly sustained presence of transduced AMs. We utilized this long-lived population to achieve localized secretion of therapeutic levels of hAAT protein in lung epithelial lining fluid. In an established mouse model of emphysema, lentivirally delivered hAAT ameliorated the progression of emphysema, as evidenced by attenuation of increased lung compliance and alveolar size. After 24 weeks of sustained gene expression, no humoral or cellular immune responses to hAAT protein were detected. Our results challenge the dogma that AMs are short lived and suggest that these differentiated cells may be a possible target cell population for in vivo gene therapy applications, including the sustained correction of hAAT deficiency.

IAN RUSSELL & MAURICE F. HURLEY (ed.). Woodstown: a Viking-age settlement in Co. Waterford. 2014. xxiii+413 pages, numerous colour and b&w illustrations. Dublin: Four Courts; 978-1-84682536-1 paperback 35 £. This [...]

MAN RAY, AFRICAN ART, AND THE MODERNIST LENS OCTOBER 10, 2009-JANUARY 10, 2010 THE PHILLIPS COLLECTION, WASHINGTON DC AUGUST 7-OCTOBER 10, 2010 THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA ART MUSEUM, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA [...]

We used a retrospective, matching, birth cohort design to evaluate a comprehensive, coalition-led childhood immunization program of outreach, education, and reminders in a Latino, urban community. After we controlled for Latino ethnicity and Medicaid, we found that children enrolled in the program were 53% more likely to be up-to-date (adjusted odds ratio=1.53; 95% confidence interval=1.33, 1.75) and to receive timely immunizations than were children in the control group (t=3.91). The coalition-led, community-based immunization program was effective in improving on-time childhood immunization coverage.

Prior research indicates that East Asians are more sensitive to contextual information than Westerners. This article explored aesthetics to examine whether cultural variations were observable in art and photography. Study I analyzed traditional artistic styles using archival data in representative museums. Study 2 investigated how contemporary East Asians and Westerners draw landscape pictures and take portrait photographs. Study 3 further investigated aesthetic preferences for portrait photographs. The results suggest that (a) traditional East Asian art has predominantly context-inclusive styles, whereas Western art has predominantly object-focused styles, and (b) contemporary members of East Asian and Western cultures maintain these culturally shaped aesthetic orientations. The findings can be explained by the relation among attention, cultural resources, and aesthetic preference. Keywords: culture; attention; East Asians; Westerners; aesthetics; visual images

The 2005-2006 Paul Tillich Lecture, The Memorial Church, Harvard University Paul Tillich and I arrived at Harvard Divinity School in the fall of 1955. It is the 50th anniversary of [...]

Inconsistent performance by gifted students has been a source of frustration for both parents and educators for decades. Several studies on gifted underachievement point to a connection between student learning styles and classroom performance. This study examined the learning styles of gifted middle school students, student perceptions of the classroom environment, and possible connections between learning style, classroom environment, and achievement levels. Eighty gifted students from grades 6, 7, and 8 were administered the Learning Style Inventory (LSI) to identify student learning style preferences. They were also administered the Student Perception Inventory (SPI), developed for the study, in order to determine perceptions of these learning style elements in their classroom environments. Results indicated that the LSI elements of persistence and lighting correlated with achievement in all content areas. Additionally, correlations between higher grade point averages (GPA) and LSI preferences for responsibility and teacher motivation were found in science and math classes. Results of the SPI revealed a correlation between higher grade point averages in social studies and science classrooms and the following items: persistence; motivation; and auditory, tactile, and kinesthetic modalities. All subject areas showed a correlation between higher GPA and the students' perceived level of persistence.

Glucagon has a short plasma [t.sub.1/2] in vivo, with renal extraction playing a major role in its elimination. Glucagon is degraded by neutral endopeptidase (NEP) 24.11 in vitro, but the physiological relevance of NEP 24.11 in glucagon metabolism is unknown. Therefore, the influence of candoxatril, a selective NEP inhibitor, on plasma levels of endogenous and exogenous glucagon was examined in anesthetized pigs. Candoxatril increased endogenous glucagon concentrations, from 6.3 [+ or -] 2.5 to 20.7 [+ or -] 6.3 pmol/l [COOH-terminal (C)-RIA, P < 0.05]. During glucagon infusion, candoxatril increased the [t.sub.1/2] determined by C-RIA (from 3.0 [+ or -] 0.5 to 17.0 [+ or -] 2.5 min, P < 0.005) and midregion (M)-RIA (2.8 [+ or -] 0.5 to 17.0 [+ or -] 3.0 min, P < 0.01) and reduced metabolic clearance rates (MCR; 19.1 [+ or -] 3.2 to 9.4 [+ or -] 2.0 ml*[kg.sup.-1]*[min.sup.-1], P < 0.02, C-RIA; 19.2 [+ or -] 4.8 to 9.0 [+ or -] 2.3 ml*[kg.sup.-1]*[min.sup.-1], P < 0.05, M-RIA). However, neither [t.sub.1/2] nor MCR determined by N[H.sub.2]-terminal (N)-RIA were significantly affected ([t.sub.1/2], 2.7 [+ or -] 0.4 to 4.5 [+ or -] 1.6 min; MCR, 30.3 [+ or -] 6.4 to 28.5 [+ or -] 9.0 ml*[kg.sup.-1]*[min.sup.-1]), suggesting that candoxatril had no effect on N[H.sub.2]-terminal degradation but leads to the accumulation of N[H.sub.2]-terminally truncated forms of glucagon. Determination of arteriovenous glucagon concentration differences revealed that renal glucagon extraction was reduced (but not eliminated) by candoxatril (from 40.4 [+ or -] 3.8 to 18.6 [+ or -] 4.1%, P < 0.02, C-RIA; 29.2 [+ or -] 3.1 to 14.7 [+ or -] 2.2%, P < 0.02, M-RIA; 26.5 [+ or -] 4.0 to 19.7 [+ or -] 3.5%, P < 0.06, N-RIA). Femoral extraction was reduced by candoxatril when determined by C-RIA (from 22.7 [+ or -] 2.4 to 8.0 [+ or -] 5.1%, P < 0.05) but was not changed significantly when determined using M- or N-RIAs (10.0 [+ or -] 2.8 to 4.7 [+ or -] 3.7%, M-RIA; 10.5 [+ or -] 2.5 to 7.8 [+ or -] 4.2%, N-RIA). This study provides evidence that NEP 24.11 is an important mediator of the degradation of both endogenous and exogenous glucagon in vivo. candoxatril; peptide; enzyme inhibition

By the time our class had visited the Elmina Slave Castle in Ghana to witness the sites of degradation, genocide, and slavery for African women and men, the painful story [...]

Students learn new or difficult information most effectively when the classroom environment is compatible with their learning style preferences. Determining learning style preferences can be accomplished by administering the Learning Style Inventory (LSI). However, to understand compatibility with the classroom, an instrument that quantifies student perceptions of elements within the environment is essential. This paper describes development and field-testing of such an instrument--the Student Perception Inventory (SPI). The SPI was administered to 80 gifted middle school students and was found to provide useful student perception data. Information needed to improve learning environments for gifted learners, especially underachieving gifted students, was found when using the LSI in conjunction with the SPI., Underachievement in gifted students has been described by Gowan as 'one of the greatest social wastes of our culture' (1955, p. 247). The National Commission on Excellence in Education (1983) [...]

Glucagon metabolism under basal (endogenous) conditions and during intravenous glucagon infusion was studied in anesthetized pigs by use of midregion (M), COOH-terminal (C), and N[H.sub.2]-terminal (N)-RIAs. Arteriovenous concentration differences revealed a negative extraction of endogenous glucagon immunoreactivity across the portal bed (-35.4 [+ or -] 11.0, -40.3 [+ or -] 9.6, -35.6 [+ or -] 16.9%, M-, C-, N-RIA, respectively), reflecting net secretion of pancreatic glucagon and intestinal glicentin and oxyntomodulin, but under exogenous conditions, a net extraction occurred (11.6 [+ or -] 3.6 and 18.6 [+ or -] 5.7%, C- and N-RIA, respectively). Hindlimb extraction of endogenous (17.4 + 3.7%, C-RIA) and exogenous (29.1 [+ or -] 4.8 and 19.8 [+ or -] 5.1%, C- and M-RIA) glucagon was detected, indicating M and C cleavage of the molecule. Renal extraction of glucagon was detected by all assays under endogenous (19.4 [+ or -] 6.7, 33.9 [+ or -] 7.1, 29.5 [+ or -] 6.7%, M-, C-, N-RIA) and exogenous conditions (46.9 [+ or -] 4.8, 46.4 [+ or -] 6.0, 47.0 [+ or -] 7.7%; M-, C-, N-RIA), indicating substantial elimination of the peptide. Hepatic glucagon extraction was undetectable under basal conditions and detected only by M-RIA (10.0 [+ or -] 3.8%) during gtucagon infusion, indicating limited midregional cleavage of the molecule. The plasma half-life determined by C- and N-RIAs (2.7 [+ or -] 0.2 and 2.3 [+ or -] 0.2 min) were similar, but both were shorter than when determined by M-RIA (3.2 [+ or -] 0.2 min, P < 0.02). Metabolic clearance rates were similar regardless of assay (14.4 [+ or -] 1.1, 13.6 [+ or -] 1.7, 17.0 [+ or -] 1.7 ml*[kg.sup.-1]*[min.sup.-1], M-, C-, N-RIA). Porcine plasma degraded glucagon, but this was not significantly affected by the dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitor valine-pyrrolidide, and in anesthetized pigs, glucagon's metabolic stability was unchanged by DPP IV inhibition. We conclude that tissue-specific metabolism of glucagon occurs, with the kidney being the main site of removal and the liver playing little, if any, role. Furthermore, valine-pyrrolidide has no effect on glucagon stability, suggesting that DPP IV is unimportant in glucagon metabolism in vivo, in contrast to its significant role in the metabolism of the other proglucagon-derived peptides and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. dipeptidyl peptidase IV; valine-pyrrolidide; peptide degradation

This qualitative, phenomenological study explores the experiences of dance therapy for 5 women who had been sexually abused as children. Using in-depth, largely unstructured interviews, the women reflect on their dance therapy experiences and on their perceptions of the role of these experiences in their psychological healing. Analysis of these data revealed 6 common themes related to the women&apos;s sense of spontaneity, permission to play, struggle, freedom, intimate connection, and bodily reconnection. The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of the therapeutic nature of dance therapy and how this therapeutic modality facilitates change and healing in clients&apos; fives., Counseling and therapy have traditionally been known as "talking cures," used to relieve the symptoms of emotional distress and the problems in living encountered by clients as they progress through [...]

HIV patients who have low CD4+ T cell levels and high HIV RNA levels are at risk of becoming infected with cytomegalovirus. The level of cytomegalovirus appears to be directly linked to the level of CD4+ T cells and a previous cytomegalovirus infection.

All feminist religious publishing challenges patriarchal authority. Feminist religious scholars need to continue accepting the risks publishing entails, since exchanging ideas is essential to a movement's survival.

The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an intestinal hormone which effectively stimulates insulin and inhibits glucagon secretion. In a study of halothane-anesthetized pigs, radioimmunoassays and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that disposal of GLP-1 by the liver and by the hindleg require different degradation processes. Data indicated that metabolic degradation of GLP-1 is tissue-specific.

A unique cell surface-exposed structure in Pseudomonas putida WCS358 was studied by a specific monoclonal antibody. This cell surface structure seems to be a polysaccharide. It does not contain 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, heptose or lipid A which shows that it is not a second type of lipopolysaccharide. The polysaccharide exhibited characteristics which are similar to that of the K antigen from Escherichia coli. Findings revealed that the structure is composed of an O-specific polysaccharide of lipopolysaccharide and a novel polysaccharide which is not involved in adhesion to the potato root.

The effect of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) supplements on the breakdown of protein and glucose in infants with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) was investigated. Analysis of the body protein and glucose kinetics in IUGR preterm infants revealed high leucine turnover and increased availability of leucine for protein synthesis. However, there was no increase in net leucine balance, suggesting that rhGH supplementation does not stimulate increases in protein synthesis or glucose metabolism.

A study was conducted to examine plasmid stability in the root-colonizing strain Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365. Stability was tested in several laboratory media and in the rhizospheres of various plant species. The plasmids pVSP41 and pWTT2081, which carry the rep and sta regions of the native Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were found to be important as stable vectors for the functional analysis of genes affecting root colonization, as long as control cells hold the empty vector.

The Christian community supports marginalization and discrimination against minority groups, such as women, gays, the poor and ethnic groups, through the belief that God has selected Christians exclusively and that this gives them a superiority over others. God's hospitality is one of unity in diversity and committment to Christ requires the practice of God's hospitality. Therefore, Christian philosophy needs to be discussed and reformed to eliminate elements of neoconservative backlash and restore God's hospitality.

A European American woman discusses the socio-political status of women in Asian countries. She explains the cultural stagnation experienced by women in orthodox societies. As a feminist active in organising workshops on the position of women in the Pacific Rim, she argues against the restriction of women from national history. The critic agrees that each nation has a different sociological perspective and patriarchal set-up. Yet, feminist concern around the world is similar.

Hillary Rodham Clinton, as a prominent woman attorney and First Lady of the U.S., has helped to redefine women's roles. As chair of the Task Force on Health Care Reform, she showed an impressive ability to grasp the complexities of the problem and communicate them to a variety of groups. Mrs. Clinton has long been an advocate on children's issues, and was chairman of the board of the Children's Defense Fund. She instituted the Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youngsters in Arkansas, modeled on a program in Israel. Biographical information includes a listing of publications, honors and awards, and memberships and associations.

Injuries represent the leading cause of death for children older than age one. Likewise, some 22 million children are injured each year, with more than 1 million requiring medical treatment. More than 40% of children currently receive full-time or part-time day care, but little research has examined the status of injuries to children in daycare. This paper provides information on the nature and extent of injuries to children, and contributing factors responsible for those injuries. One case study of research on injuries in Minneapolis, Minn., daycare centers is discussed. Recommendations for action are offered.