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Although 20% of couples who seek medically assisted reproduction (MAR) identify as 2S/LGBTQIA+, MAR services are primarily based on a medical/cisgender definition of infertility, failing to account for 2S/LGBTQIA+ individuals' experience of social infertility--that is, their inability to conceive due to their relationship status. Whereas the consequences of the MAR process on various aspects of mixed-gender/sex couples have been demonstrated (e.g., emotional, relationship, sexuality, social life), the generalization of this knowledge to the 2S/LGBTQIA+ community remains unexplored. This qualitative study aimed to explore the specific impacts of MAR on different aspects of 58 Canadian 2S/LGBTQIA+ couples' lives. While participants were asked about the impact of their MAR journey on the various spheres of their lives, the thematic analysis revealed that what proved most central to their experience were the barriers they encountered to access sensitive and inclusive care, echoing themes from existing literature such as heteronormativity and cisnormativity, a lack of tailored services, psychological distress triggered by the MAR process, and experiences of stigma and discrimination. Other themes outside the healthcare context were also identified: financial burden, a lack of social models and support systems, the emotional toll of repeatedly coming out, and microaggressions from family members. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted research and reforms in reproductive healthcare to better serve 2S/LGBTQIA+ couples and address the systemic barriers they face. KEYWORDS: Medically assisted reproduction, 2S/LGBTQIA+, sexual orientation, As of 2024, approximately 4% of the North American population identifies as part of the 2S/LGBTQIA+ (1) community, a term used to 'encompass many different sexualities, sexes and genders, including [...]

Background: The number of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures performed annually is increasing for reasons not fully explained by population growth and increasing rates of obesity. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of patient functional status as an indication for surgery and to determine if patients are undergoing surgery with a higher level of preoperative function than in the past. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane databases was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Functional status was assessed using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey's physical component summary (PCS) score. Only primary procedures were included. Articles were screened by 2 independent reviewers, with conflicts resolved with a third reviewer. Meta-regression analysis was performed to determine the effect of time, age and sex on preoperative PCS score. Subgroup analysis was performed to compare results for the United States with those for the rest of the world. Results: A total of 1502 articles were identified, of which 149 were included in the study. Data from 257 independent groups including 57844 patients recruited from 1991 to 2015 were analyzed. The mean preoperative PCS score was 31.1 (95% confidence interval 30.6-31.7) with a 95% prediction interval of 22.8-39.5. The variance across stuthes was found to be significant (p < 0.001) with 99.01% true variance. Year of enrolment, age, the percentage of female patients and geographic region did not have any significant effect on preoperative PCS score. Conclusion: Patients are undergoing TKA with a level of preoperative function similar to their level of function in the past. Patient age, sex and location did not influence the functional status at which patients were considered to be candidates for surgery. Contexte : La hausse du nombre annuel d'interventions pour prothèse totale du genou (PTG) ne peut s'expliquer entièrement par la croissance de la population et l'augmentation du taux d'obésité. Cette étude avait pour but de déterminer dans quelle mesure le statut fonctionnel constitue une indication de la chirurgie et si à présent la chirurgie est effectuée chez des malades plus fonctionnels que par le passé. Méthodes : Une revue systématique et méta-analyse des articles recensés à partir des bases de données MEDLINE, Embase et Cochrane a été effectuée conformément à la Norme de réalisation de revue systématique de la littérature PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Le statut fonctionnel a été établi selon le score du sommaire de la dimension physique (SDP) du questionnaire SF-36. Seules les interventions primaires ont été incluses. Les articles ont été passés en revue par 2 réviseurs indépendants, et tout désaccord était résolu par une troisième personne. Une méta-analyse de régression a été effectuée pour évaluer l'effet du temps, de l'âge et du sexe sur le score préopératoire du SDP. Une analyse de sous-groupes a permis de comparer les résultats entre les États-Unis et les autres pays. Résultats : En tout, 1502 articles ont été recensés, et 149 ont été inclus dans l'étude. Les données de 257 groupes indépendants regroupant 57 844 participants recrutés entre 1991 et 2015 ont pu être analysées. Le score préopératoire moyen du SDP a été de 31,1 (intervalle de confiance de 95% 30,6-31,7), avec un intervalle de prévision de 95% à 22,8-39,5. La variance s'est révélée significative entre les études (p < 0,001) avec une variance vraie de 99,01%. L'année de l'inclusion, le pourcentage de participantes féminin et le lieu géographique n'ont eu aucun effet significatif sur le score préopératoire du SDP. Conclusion : Les PTG sont effectuées chez des participants qui ont un score de fonctionnement similaire aux scores d'autrefois. L'âge, le sexe et le lieu géographique n'ont pas exercé d'influence sur le score de statut fonctionnel à partir duquel les personnes étaient considérées candidates à la chirurgie., Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most common orthopedic procedures. It is cost effective in relieving pain and improving function of patients with advanced joint disease, usually due [...]

Background: The recurrence of common bile duct stones and other biliary events after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is frequent. Despite recommendations for early cholecystectomy intervention during the same admission is carried out inconsistently. Methods: We reviewed the records of patients who underwent ERCP for gallstone disease and common bile duct clearance followed by cholecystectomy between July 2012 and June 2022. Patients were divided into 2 groups: the index group underwent cholecystectomy during the same admission and the delayed group was discharged and had their cholecystectomy postponed. Data on demographics and prognosis factors were collected and analyzed. Results: The study population was composed of 268 patients, with 71 (26.6%) having undergone cholecystectomy during the same admission after common bile duct clearance with ERCP. A greater proportion of patients aged 80 years and older were in the index group than in the delayed group. The American Society of Anesthesiologists score was significantly higher in the index group. There was no significant difference between groups regarding surgical complications, open cholecystectomy and death. The operative time was significantly longer in the delayed group. Among patients with delayed cholecystectomy, 18.3% had at least 1 recurrence of common bile duct stones (CBDS) and 38.6% had recurrence of any gallstone-related events before cholecystectomy. None of these events occurred in the the index group. There was no difference in the recurrence of CBDS and other biliary events after initial diagnosis associated with stone disease. Conclusion: Cholecystectomy during the same admission after common bile duct clearance is safe, even in older adults with comorbidities. Compared with delayed cholecystectomy, it was not associated with adverse outcomes and may have prevented recurrence of biliary events. Contexte : La récurrence de la cholédocholithiase et d'autres lithiases biliaires est fréquente après la cholangiopancréatographie rétrograde endoscopique (CPRE). Même s'il est recommandé de procéder à une cholécystectomie hâtive, l'intervention n'est pas systématiquement effectuée lors d'une même admission pour CPRE. Méthodes : Nous avons passé en revue les dossiers de personnes ayant subi une CPRE pour extraction de calculs biliaires et de cholédocolithiase suivie de cholécystectomie entre juillet 2012 et juin 2022. Les cas ont été répartis en 2 groupes : le groupe index réunissait les cas ayant subi la cholécystectomie lors de la même admission, et l'autre groupe réunissait ceux dont la cholécystectomie a été faite ultérieurement. Les caractéristiques démographiques et les pronostics ont été recueillis et analysés. Résultats : La population étudiée comptait 268 personnes, dont 71 (26,6%) ont subi leur cholécystectomie lors de la même admission après la CPRE pour extraction de cholédocholithiase. Le groupe index comportait un plus grand nombre d'individus de 80 ans et plus que l'autre groupe. Le score ASA (Société américaine des anesthésiologistes) était significativement plus élevé dans le groupe index. On n'a noté aucune différence significative entre les 2 groupes aux plans des complications chirurgicales, de la cholécystectomie ouverte et de la mortalité. Le temps opératoire a été significativement plus long dans le groupe opéré ultérieurement; et chez les patients de ce groupe, 18,3% ont eu au moins 1 récurrence de cholédocolithiase (CL) et 38,6% ont eu une récurrence de lithiase biliaire avant de subir leur cholécystectomie. Aucun de ces incidents n'est survenu dans le groupe index. Il n'y a eu aucune différence quant à la récurrence des cholédocholithiases et autres lithiases biliaires après le diagnostic initial de lithiase. Conclusion : La cholécystectomie effectuée dans la foulée de l'extraction d'une cholédocholithisase est sécuritaire, même chez les patients âgés présentant des comorbidités. Comparativement à la cholécystectomie effectuée ultérieurement, elle n'a été associée à aucune complication et peut avoir contribué à prévenir une récurrence des lithiases biliaires., The presence of common bile duct stones (CBDS) in patients with gallstones is estimated to be 5%-30%. (1-6) In the era of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and stone [...]

Climate change is having complex impacts on the boreal forest, modulating both tree growth limiting factors and fire regime. However, these aspects are usually projected independently when estimating climate change effect on the boreal forest. Using a combination of three different methods, our goal is to assess the combined impact of changes in growth and fire regime due to climate change on the timber supply at the transitions from closed to open boreal coniferous forests in Quebec, Canada. To identify the areas that are likely to be the most sensitive to climate change, we projected climate-induced impacts on growth and fire activity at three different time periods: 2011-2040 RCP 8.5 for low growth change and minimum fire activity, 2071-2100 RCP 4.5 for moderate growth change and medium fire activity, and 2071-2100 RCP 8.5 for high growth change and maximum fire activity. Our study shows the importance of incorporating fire in strategic forest management planning especially in a context of climate change. Under the most extreme scenarios, the negative impact of fire activity on productive area and total volume mostly offsets the positive effects of climate change via improved tree growth. Key words: boreal forests, climate change, productivity, growth, fire regime Le changement climatique a des impacts complexes sur la foret boreale, modulant a la fois les facteurs limitant la croissance des arbres et le regime des feux. Cependant, ces derniers sont generalement projetes independamment lors de l'etude de l'effet du changement climatique sur la foret boreale. En utilisant une combinaison de 3 methodes differentes, notre objectif est d'evaluer l'impact combine des changements de croissance et de regime des feux dus au changement climatique sur l'approvisionnement en bois a la transition entre les forets boreales de coniferes fermees et ouvertes au Quebec, Canada. Afin d'identifier les zones susceptibles d'etre les plus sensibles au changement climatique, nous avons projete les impacts induits par le climat sur la croissance et l'activite des feux a trois periodes differentes : 2011-2040 RCP 8.5 pour un faible changement de croissance et une activite de feux minimale, 2071-2100 RCP 4.5 pour un changement de croissance modere et une activite de feux moyenne, et 2071-2100 RCP 8.5 pour un fort changement de croissance et une activite de feux maximale. Notre etude montre l'importance d'integrer le feu dans la planification strategique de l'amenagement forestier, en particulier dans un contexte de changement climatique. Dans les scenarios les plus extremes, l'impact negatif de l'activite des feux sur la superficie productive et le volume total annule en grande partie les effets positifs du changement climatique via l'amelioration de la croissance des arbres. Mots-cles: forets boreales, changement climatique, productivite, croissance, regime des feux, Introduction The boreal forest is a key ecosystem on many levels (ecological, economic, cultural, etc.), particularly in Canada where the timber industry is one of the most important industries in [...]

Regional analyses assessing the vulnerabilities of forest ecosystems and the forest sector to climate change are key to considering the heterogeneity of climate change impacts as well as the fact that risks, opportunities, and adaptation capacities might differ regionally. Here we provide the Regional Integrated Assessment of climate change on Quebec's forests, a work that involved several research teams and focused on climate change impacts on Quebec's commercial forests and on potential adaptation solutions. Our work showed that climate change will alter several ecological processes within Quebec's forests. These changes will result in important modifications in forest landscapes. Harvest will cumulate with climate change effects to further alter future forest landscapes, which will also have consequences on wildlife habitats (including woodland caribou habitat), avian biodiversity, carbon budget, and a variety of forest landscape values for Indigenous peoples. The adaptation of the forest sector will be crucial to mitigate the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystem goods and services and improve their resilience. Moving forward, a broad range of adaptation measures, notably through reducing harvest levels, should be explored to help strike a balance among social, ecological, and economic values. We conclude that without climate adaptation, strong negative economic and ecological impacts will likely affect Quebec's forests. Key words: Quebec, boreal forest, synthesis, ecosystem services, regional analyses Les analyses regionales evaluant la vulnerabilite des ecosystemes forestiers et du secteur forestier aux changements climatiques sont essentielles pour prendre en compte l'heterogeneite des impacts des changements climatiques, mais aussi le fait que les risques, les opportunites et les capacites d'adaptation peuvent differer d'une region a l'autre. Nous presentons ici l'evaluation regionale integree des changements climatiques sur les forets du Quebec, un travail qui a implique plusieurs equipes de recherche et qui s'est concentre sur les impacts des changements climatiques sur les forets commerciales du Quebec et sur les solutions d'adaptation a ces changements. Nos travaux montrent que les changements climatiques pourraient modifier plusieurs processus ecologiques dans les forets du Quebec. Ces changements entraineront d'importantes modifications des paysages forestiers. La recolte forestiere pourrait s'additionner aux changements climatiques pour modifier davantage les futurs paysages forestiers, ce qui pourrait egalement avoir des consequences sur les habitats fauniques (notamment ceux du caribou forestier), la biodiversite aviaire, le bilan carbone et les valeurs des paysages forestiers pour les Peuples autochtones. Nous preconisons que l'adaptation du secteur forestier sera essentielle afin d'attenuer les impacts des changements climatiques sur plusieurs biens et services ecosystemiques forestiers. Ces strategies devraient ameliorer la resilience des services ecosystemiques. Par exemple, la reduction de la recolte pourrait permettre de maintenir l'habitat du caribou, favoriser la biodiversite aviaire, bonifier la capacite de stockage du carbone et profiter aux activites traditionnelles autochtones. La reduction des taux de recolte du bois pourrait aussi aider a reduire les echecs de regeneration apres les feux dans les regions oU ceux-ci sont actuellement communs, ou dans celles qui seront a risque dans le futur. Sur la base de nos travaux, nous concluons qu'omettre de mettre en oeuvre des options d'adaptation aux changements climatiques pourrait representer des impacts economiques et ecologiques negatifs importants pour les forets du Quebec. Mots-cles : Quebec, foret boreale, synthese, services ecosystemiques, analyses regionales, 1. Introduction The science is clear: human-caused climate change has been warming the planet by 1.1[degrees]C since 1880, with a recent rate of increase of 0.18[degrees]C per decade since 1981 [...]

Just like the androgen receptor (AR), the estrogen receptor [alpha] (ER[alpha]) is expressed in the prostate and is thought to influence prostate cancer (PCa) biology. Yet the incomplete understanding of ER[alpha] functions in PCa hinders our ability to fully comprehend its clinical relevance and restricts the repurposing of estrogen- targeted therapies for the treatment of this disease. Using 2 human PCa tissue microarray cohorts, we first demonstrate that nuclear ER[alpha] expression was heterogeneous among patients, being detected in only half of the tumors. Positive nuclear ER[alpha] levels were correlated with disease recurrence, progression to metastatic PCa, and patient survival. Using in vitro and in vivo models of the normal prostate and PCa, bulk and single-cell RNA-Seq analyses revealed that estrogens partially mimicked the androgen transcriptional response and activated specific biological pathways linked to proliferation and metabolism. Bioenergetic flux assays and metabolomics confirmed the regulation of cancer metabolism by estrogens, supporting proliferation. Using cancer cell lines and patient- derived organoids, selective estrogen receptor modulators, a pure anti-estrogen, and genetic approaches impaired cancer cell proliferation and growth in an ER[alpha]-dependent manner. Overall, our study revealed that, when expressed, ER[alpha] functionally reprogrammed PCa metabolism, was associated with disease progression, and could be targeted for therapeutic purposes., Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer for men in 112 countries (1). This disease is highly dependent on the androgen receptor (AR), a transcription factor that modulates [...]

We investigated how the surrounding environment influences the growth of dominant trees and their responses to temperature and insect epidemics in boreal forests of eastern Canada. We focused on 82 black spruce and jack pine focal trees in stands spanning a double gradient of species diversity and soil texture within a 36 [km.sup.2] area of western Quebec. For these trees, we compared their diameter at breast height, growth rates, temperature-growth relations, and growth during insect defoliator epidemics. We used linear models to study how surrounding tree attributes and soil properties affected the growth of focal trees. Models showed that tree growth responses and responses to temperature and insect epidemics were generally negative with higher intraspecific competition and positive with greater tree species diversity. Growth of both species benefitted from lower soil sand content. Our research offers novel insights on the potential role of the surrounding environment, notably tree competition and species diversity, in mitigating the vulnerability of eastern Canada's boreal trees to anthropogenic climate change and insect epidemics. Key words: basal area increments, forest tent caterpillar, growing season length, eastern spruce budworm, summer heat stress Nous avons etudie comment le milieu environnant influence la croissance d'arbres dominants et leurs reponses a la temperature et aux epidemies d'insectes dans les forets boreales de l'est du Canada. Nous nous sommes concentres sur 82 epinettes noires et pins gris dans des peuplements couvrant un double gradient de diversite d'especes et de texture du sol dans une zone de 36 [km.sup.2] de l'ouest du Quebec. Pour ces arbres, nous avons compare leur diametre a hauteur de poitrine, leur taux de croissance, les relations temperature-croissance et la croissance pendant les epidemies d'insectes defoliateurs. Nous avons utilise des modeles lineaires pour etudier comment les attributs des arbres environnants et les proprietes du sol affectaient la croissance des arbres focaux. Les modeles ont montre que les reponses de la croissance des arbres et les reponses a la temperature et aux epidemies d'insectes etaient generalement negatives avec une competition intraspecifique accrue entre arbres et positives avec une plus grande diversite d'especes d'arbres. La croissance des deux especes a beneficie d'une teneur en sable plus faible dans le sol. Notre recherche offre de nouvelles perspectives sur le role potentiel du milieu environnant, notamment de la competition et de la diversite des especes d'arbres, dans l'attenuation de la vulnerabilite des arbres boreaux de l'est du Canada au changement climatique anthropogenique et aux epidemies d'insectes. Mots-cles: accroissement de la surface terriere, livree des forets, longueur de la saison de croissance, tordeuse des bourgeons de l'epinette, stress thermique estival, 1. Introduction Anthropogenic climate change is expected to impact the growth of trees in boreal forests of Northeastern America directly through increasing temperatures (D'Orangeville et al. 2016; Pau et al. [...]

The reproductive ecology of the semi-serotinous species black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) in northern boreal forests remains poorly understood. There is a general lack of data on cone/seed production and viability as a function of biotic treelevel characteristics and abiotic variables. No studies currently exist to quantify these differences over a large gradient in temperature, elevation, and precipitation. Extensive physical, ecological, dendrometric, and reproductive data were collected from young to very old black spruce stands in northern Quebec. ANOVA and general linear mixed models were used to examine interannual cone production, and the relative importance of the biotic and abiotic explanatory factors in determining total cone production; length of the cone-bearing zone; filled seeds per cone; proportion of filled seeds; and seed viability. The results illustrate that the reproductive ecology of black spruce in northern cold forests is mainly explained by biotic variables such as age and diameter [DELTA]T breast height, and by abiotic variables related to temperature such as elevation, length of the growing season, and growing degree-days. Black spruce exhibits a lower reproductive potential in northern cold forests, making it possibly less resilient to increased fire frequency, particularly in unproductive and very young or very old stands. Key words: black spruce, reproductive ecology, cone production, seed production, germination, boreal forest, forest fire, seed viability, resilience, adaptation L'ecologie de la reproduction de l'espece semi-serotineuse, l'epinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) dans les forets boreales froides est encore peu documentee. Il existe un manque general de donnees sur la production des cones/graines et leur viabilite en fonction des caracteristiques biotiques au niveau de l'arbre et des variables abiotiques. Aucune etude n'existe actuellement pour quantifier ces differences sur un large gradient de temperature, d'altitude, et de precipitations. De nombreuses donnees physiques, ecologiques, dendrometriques et reproductives ont ete recueillies dans des peuplements d'epinette noire jeunes a tres ages dans le nord du Quebec. Des ANOVA et des modeles mixtes lineaires generaux ont ete utilises pour examiner la production annuelle de cones et l'importance relative des facteurs explicatifs biotiques et abiotiques dans la determination de la production totale de cones; la longueur de la cime comportant des cones; le nombre de graines pleines par cone; la proportion de graines pleines; et leur taux de germination. Les resultats indiquent que l'ecologie de la reproduction de l'epinette noire dans les forets boreales nordiques est expliquee par des variables biotiques telles que l'age et le DHP, et des variables abiotiques liees a la somme thermique regionale telles que l'altitude, la duree de la saison de croissance, et les degres-jours de croissance. L'epinette noire presente un potentiel reproductif plus faible dans les forets froides du nord, ce qui la rend moins resistante a l'augmentation de la frequence des feux, particulierement dans les peuplements improductifs et tres jeunes ou tres vieux. Mots-cles : epinette noire, ecologie de la reproduction, production des cones, production des graines, germination, foret boreale, feu de foret, taux de germination, resilience, adaptation, 1. Introduction Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.)) is one of the most common and commercially important conifer species in the boreal forest of eastern North America (Viereck and Johnston 1990), [...]

COVID-19 has led to unprecedented health and social measures in several countries, including major restrictions on funeral rituals. These restrictions concerned pre-mortem, peri-mortem and post-mortem rites. Based on a longitudinal study of 955 French-speaking Canadians bereaved of a loved one during the pandemic, this article describes the reality of these impediments. Through an analysis of the quantitative and qualitative data collected, it is possible to identify the gap between desired and realized funeral rituals during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results show important hindrances to the various desired rituals, yet some ritual and symbolic creativity by the bereaved. La Covid-19 a entraine dans plusieurs pays des mesures sociosanitaires inedites, notamment des restrictions majeures aux rituels funeraires. Ces empechements ont concerne tant les rites pre-mortem, peri-mortem que post-mortem. A partir d'une etude longitudinale debutee en mars 2021 aupres de 955 personnes francophones canadiennes endeuillees d'un proche pendant la pandemie, cet article propose de decrire la realite vecue de ces empechements. Par une analyse des donnees quantitatives et qualitatives recueillies, il est possible d'identifier l'ecart entre les rituels funeraires souhaites et realises pendant la premiere annee de la pandemie de Covid-19. Les resultats montrent d'importantes privations des differents rites souhaites, mais egalement une certaine creativite rituelle et symbolique de la part des personnes endeuillees., INTRODUCTION La Covid-19 a entraine dans plusieurs pays des mesures sociosanitaires inedites qui ont eu des effets collateraux majeurs sur la qualite de vie et la sante (e.g., Gloster et [...]

Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) is a fish species known to occupy diverse habitats within the Arctic region. However, summer habitat use during the juvenile stage of the anadromous form is largely unknown. The present study aims to characterize fry and parr summer habitat preferences. Surveys were conducted by electrofishing, associated with physical habitat characterization on several rivers of the Ungava Bay, Nunavik, Canada. At the microhabitat and station scales (group of microhabitats), fry showed significant habitat preferences for shallow water and slow velocity. At the mesohabitat scale, fry showed a significant habitat selectivity for riffles. This habitat selectivity implies that habitat models can be built to evaluate the potential of habitat suitability for Arctic char fry. However, no significant habitat selectivity was found for parr. Parr size was nonetheless positively correlated with velocity, which was found to be a limitative factor for juvenile habitat use. This first attempt at modeling juvenile anadromous Arctic char habitat in rivers emphasizes the importance of selecting an appropriate spatial scale and reiterates the fact that parr showed relatively high plasticity in stream habitat selection. L'omble chevalier (Salvelinus alpinus) est une espece de poisson qui occupe des habitats varies dans la region arctique. Les connaissances sur l'utilisation d'habitats estivaux a l'etape juvenile de la forme anadrome sont toutefois presque inexistantes. La presente etude vise la caracterisation des preferences en matiere d'habitat estival des alevins et des tacons de cette espece. Des releves ont ete realises par peche electrique, associes a la caracterisation physique de l'habitat dans plusieurs rivieres de la baie d'Ungava (Nunavik, Canada). Aux echelles du microhabitat et de la station (groupes de microhabitats), les alevins presentent des preferences significatives pour des habitats d'eau peu profonde et de faible velocite. A l'echelle du mesohabitat, les alevins presentent une selectivite significative pour des habitats de seuil. Cette selectivite sous-entend que des modeles d'habitat peuvent etre elabores pour evaluer le potentiel que des habitats conviennent aux alevins d'omble chevalier. Aucune selectivite d'habitat significative n'est toutefois relevee pour les tacons. La taille de ces derniers presente neanmoins une correlation positive avec la vitesse du courant qui s'avere etre un facteur limitatif de l'utilisation d'habitats par les juveniles. Cette premiere tentative de modelisation des habitats d'ombles chevaliers anadromes juveniles en riviere souligne l'importance de choisir une echelle spatiale adaptee et offre un autre exemple de la plasticite relativement elevee dont font preuve les tacons en matiere de selection d'habitats en riviere. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) are habitat generalists showing one of the most diverse ecologies of fishes (Klemetsen et al. 2003). Arctic char exhibit a wide flexibility in life history [...]

In the context of global changes, the future dynamics of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) are uncertain in the middle of its range. An increase in climate-related mortality could occur, but the modification of disturbance regimes could also favor its expansion. In this study, we document trembling aspen dynamics over 40 years at the scale of a boreal forest landscape (10 930 [km.sup.2]), as well as the role of disturbances in these dynamics. The results indicate that trembling aspen has experienced a substantial expansion over the last four decades (+102% occurrence), particularly between 1987 and 1997 (+70.9% occurrence). Nevertheless, these dynamics vary both spatially and temporally, with for example a phase of weak decline since 1997 (-5.9% occurrence). Anthropogenic disturbances, particularly clear-cutting, have played a major role in the expansion of trembling aspen. This expansion could influence the response of ecosystems to climate change, by modifying both fire and insect outbreak activities. Key words: Populus tremuloides expansion, disturbance, clear-cut, boreal forest, eastern Canada Dans le contexte des changements mondiaux, la dynamique future du peuplier faux-tremble (Populus tremuloides Michx.) est incertaine au milieu de son aire de distribution. Une augmentation de la mortalite reliee au climat pourrait se produire, mais la modification des regimes de perturbations pourrait egalement favoriser son expansion. Dans la presente etude, nous documentons la dynamique du peuplier faux-tremble sur plus de 40 ans a l'echelle d'un paysage forestier boreal (10 930 [km.sup.2]) de meme que le role des perturbations dans cette dynamique. Les resultats indiquent que le peuplier faux-tremble a connu une expansion substantielle au cours des quatre dernieres decennies (frequence de +102 %), particulierement entre 1987 et 1997 (frequence de +70,9 %). Neanmoins, cette dynamique varie sur le plan spatial et temporel, avec par exemple une phase de faible declin depuis 1997 (frequence de -5,9 %). Les perturbations anthropogeniques, particulierement la coupe a blanc, ont joue un role majeur dans l'expansion du peuplier faux-tremble. Cette expansion pourrait influencer la reponse des ecosystemes aux changements climatiques en modifiant les activites des incendies et des epidemies d'insectes. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : expansion du Populus tremuloides, perturbation, coupe a blanc, foret boreale, Est du Canada, Introduction Global changes raise many questions about the recent and future dynamics of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx., hereinafter referred to as aspen). In recent years, several cases of decline [...]

Successive disturbances such as fire can affect post-disturbance regeneration density, with documented adverse effects on subsequent stand productivity. We conducted a simulation study to assess the potential of reactive (reforestation) and proactive (variable retention harvesting) post-fire regeneration failure mitigation strategies in a 1.37 Mha fire-prone boreal landscape dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). We quantified their respective capacity to maintain landscape productivity and post-fire resilience, as well as their associated financial returns under current and projected (RCP 8.5) fire regimes. While post-fire reforestation with jack pine revealed to be the most effective strategy to maintain potential production, associated costs quickly became prohibitive when applied over extensive areas. Proactive strategies such as an extensive use of variable retention harvesting, combined with replanting of fire-adapted jack pine only in easily accessible areas, appeared as a more promising approach. Despite this, our results suggest an inevitable erosion of forest productivity due to post-fire regeneration failure events, highlighting the importance of integrating fire a priori in strategic forest management planning as well as its effects on long-term regeneration dynamics. Key words: post-fire regeneration failure, reforestation, variable retention harvesting, post-fire resilience, black spruce, jack pine. Les perturbations successives, telles que les feux, peuvent influencer la densite de la regeneration observee apres une perturbation et avoir un effet indesirable connu sur la productivite des futurs peuplements. Nous avons mene une etude de simulation pour evaluer le potentiel de strategies reactives (reboisement) et proactives (coupe a retention variable) d'attenuation des echecs de la regeneration apres un feu dans un paysage boreal d'une superficie de 1,37 Mha, sujet aux feux et domine par l'epinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) et le pin gris (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). Nous avons quantifie leur capacite respective a maintenir la productivite et la resilience apres un feu a l'echelle du paysage, de meme que leurs rendements financiers sous les regimes de feu actuels et projetes (RCP 8.5). Bien qu'un reboisement de pin gris apres un feu se soit avere la strategie la plus efficace pour maintenir la production potentielle, les couts associes a cette strategie sont rapidement devenus prohibitifs lorsqu'elle etait appliquee sur de vastes superficies. Une approche plus prometteuse consiste en une strategie proactive telle qu'une application a grande echelle de la recolte a retention variable combinee au reboisement uniquement dans les zones facilement accessibles d'une espece bien adaptee au passage du feu comme le pin gris. Malgre tout, nos resultats indiquent qu'une diminution de la productivite forestiere est inevitable en raison d'episodes d'echec de la regeneration apres un feu. Ce constat souligne l'importance d'integrer a priori le feu dans la planification strategique de l'amenagement forestier de meme que ses effets sur la dynamique de la regeneration a long terme. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : echec de la regeneration apres un feu, reboisement, recolte a retention variable, resilience apres un feu, epinette noire, pin gris., Introduction Inclusion of fire risk into all phases of planning is increasingly being recognized as a necessity to ensure sustainable forest management (Savage et al. 2010). It becomes particularly relevant [...]

SEVENTH EDITION OF ALWD GUIDE TO LEGAL CITATION Although updates to legal citation manuals generally do not make front-page news, the most recent version of ALWD Guide to Legal Citation [...]

The opening Folio stage direction of limon seems quite straightforward: 'Enter Poet, Painter, Ieweller, Merchant, and Mercer, at seuerall doores.' It soon becomes apparent that this Mercer does not speak [...]

Gerrard Herbert, a keen observer of the Jacobean court but of undetermined identity, wrote a series of letters in the period of 1617-19 that respond to dramatic performances, usually court masques. In some cases, Herbert provides the only extant information about certain productions, most notably that of Shakespeare's Pericles in May 1619. His personal letters cover a range of topics, but this essay focuses on his accounts of drama, including the loss through fire of Whitehall's Banqueting House in January 1619, a loss of a crucial theater venue. The crowning achievement for Herbert, in terms of commentary on drama, came in his apparent eye-witness account of the Pericles performance, recorded in his last letter about drama. A transcription of the pertinent parts of the letter is included here. Herbert as letter writer provides information, insight, and perspective on a court caught up in the splendor of masques and dramatic performances. He thereby expands knowledge of English theater history in its richest period., GERRARD Herbert, a mysterious man knowledgeable of the Jacobean court, wrote a series of letters, all addressed to Dudley Carleton, that offer information about dramatic performances at court. In some [...]

In areas sensitive to forest management, paludification and successive disturbances in boreal forest can affect forest regeneration negatively, sometimes resulting in stand opening. As these negative effects on forest productivity are not fully considered in strategic management planning, a new landscape dynamics model integrating fire, paludification, forest harvesting, and regeneration failure was used to assess these impacts in a large forest management unit (10 828 [km.sup.2]) of northwestern Quebec. Two reforestation scenarios, one based on the accessibility of the areas to be treated and the other aimed at restoring all burned and paludified areas to production were compared with one with no intervention. The success of the scenarios was evaluated using the predicted volume harvested, the proportion of closed or opened stands areas, which is an indicator of productivity, and the cost of reforestation and the royalties associated with harvesting. Harvesting the paludified areas without reforesting would lead to a sharp increase in open stands areas (+17.3%). The strategy of reforesting accessible areas is the most promising for achieving sustainable forest management targets. The monitoring of maximum potential volume and the closed forest area as indicators of landscape productivity provides the ability to anticipate problems earlier than with the conventional forest planning indicators. Key words: landscape modeling, sustainable forest management, regeneration failure, management scenario, productivity. Dans les zones sensibles a l'amenagement forestier, la paludification et les perturbations successives de la foret boreale peuvent affecter negativement la regeneration des forets, entrainant parfois l'ouverture des peuplements. Comme ces effets negatifs sur la productivite forestiere ne sont pas pleinement pris en compte dans la planification strategique de l'amenagement forestier, un nouveau modele de dynamique du paysage integrant le feu, la paludification, l'exploitation forestiere et les echecs de regeneration a ete utilise pour evaluer ces impacts dans une grande unite d'amenagement forestier (10 828 [km.sup.2]) du nord-ouest du Quebec. Deux scenarios de reboisement, l'un base sur l'accessibilite des zones a traiter et l'autre visant a remettre en production toutes les zones brulees et paludifiees, ont ete compares a un scenario sans intervention. Le succes des scenarios a ete evalue a l'aide du volume recolte, de la proportion des superficies de peuplements fermes ou ouverts, d'un indicateur de productivite, du cout du reboisement et des redevances associees a la recolte. La recolte des zones paludifiees non suivie de plantation entrainerait une forte augmentation des zones de peuplements ouverts (+17,3 %). La strategie de reboisement des zones accessibles est la plus prometteuse pour atteindre les objectifs de gestion durable des forets. Le suivi du volume potentiel maximal et de la zone de foret fermee comme indicateurs de la productivite du paysage permet d'anticiper les problemes plus tot qu'avec les indicateurs habituels de la planification forestiere. Mots-cles : modelisation des paysages, amenagement forestier durable, accident de regeneration, scenario d'amenagement, productivite., Introduction In Canada, the boreal forest provides many ecological benefits, including a large carbon stock (Lempriere et al. 2013), and is an important source of wood fiber (Brandt et al. [...]