Search

CANOES WERE central to the traditional lifeways and cultures of the Kalapuya and Tillamook peoples. Until recently, however, little attention has been paid to that relationship. Before removal to reservations [...]

Mesopotamian works are usually anonymous; at best the names of some copyists are known. Some significant exceptions, such as Saggil-kenam-ubbib, the author of Theodicee babylonienne (1), Kabti-ili-Marduk, author of the [...]

The Soviet plague control system was established in the early 20th Century as a comprehensive strategy to combat plague outbreaks across the vast territories of the former Soviet Union. That [...]

Introduction Hayden White once argued that historical research begins with the ability to envision 'at least two versions of the same set of events.' (1) Unfortunately, history textbooks and survey [...]

This paper examines the role of documentary mechanisms in the formation and reconfiguration of different pilgrimage routes in Central Asia during Russian rule. It focuses on how mass mobility in the form of pilgrimage was at once facilitated by the introduction of modern forms of transportation and channeled by regimes of regulation and paperwork. The article aims to reconstruct the discourses that took place among officials of the Russian colonial administration and their understanding of Muslim mobility. More importantly, the study examines how the indigenous population navigated and resisted these regulations en route to Mecca. By examining colonial and diplomatic correspondence, along with travel documents in Turki, Persian, and Russian languages, the paper sheds light on the classification of itineraries as legal and illegal through pilgrim passports and documentary regulations. Keywords: Central Asia, mobility, Russian Empire, passports, pilgrimage, imperialism., 'Like my predecessors, I consider this path to be illegal for its undesirable and even harmful effects on sanitary as well as politico-administrative matters; pilgrims should, thus, be prevented from [...]

Andrei Andreevich Vlasov, a Soviet general who sought to create a Russian Liberation Army under German auspices during World War II, has been the focal point of debates about wartime collaboration that reflect deep divides in memory of the Great Patriotic War and the Stalin era in post-Soviet Russia. Memory entrepreneurs in the literary world, the Orthodox Church and the historical profession have reappropriated Vlasov, inserting him in anti-Soviet historical narratives as a hero, symbol or martyr. Meanwhile, patriotic intellectuals in the Putin years have invoked Vlasov as a figure of national treachery and use him to discredit their political opponents. The debate over Vlasov points to the fractured and unproductive nature of national collective memory in Russia. Keywords: Russia; collaboration; Great Patriotic War; World War II; Vlasov; collective memory, Andrei Andreevich Vlasov, a Soviet general who served the Nazis after his capture in 1942, has been a source of considerable historical controversy in post-Soviet Russia. As the highest-ranking Red [...]

Thirteen veterans and civilians were named as distinguished and honorary members Thursday to the regiments of the Special Forces, Psychological Operations and Civil Affairs community. The inductees were honored during [...]

West Germany's record of dealing with National Socialism is often held up as a model to be emulated by states emerging out of war and mass crimes. This article traces the application of the German model to contemporary Serbia, as represented by the two tropes of 'Nuremberg' (justice) and 'Willy Brandt's Kniefall' (apology). It argues that both events were divorced from their own historical circumstances and presented as contemporaneous elements of a model that set unrealistic normative benchmarks when applied to the Serbian national context. Placing Germany's process of postwar memory construction in a historical and comparative light, rather than viewing it as an ideal-typical model to be emulated, provides a more productive way of analyzing the complexities of national memory processes in post-conflict states. Keywords: Germany; Serbia; post-conflict; transitional justice; political apology; Nuremberg; ICTY, INTRODUCTION The German model of 'coming to terms with the past' has, since the 1990s, been a key signifier in discourses and debates about memorialization and transitional justice around the [...]

The article focuses on non-Russians who participated in the Russian conquest of eastern Siberia in the seventeenth century. As a result of recurrent wars fought by seventeenth-century Russia against Poland-Lithuania and the Crimean Khanate, numerous Polish-Lithuanian as well as Tatar nobles and soldiers found themselves as captives or prisoners of war in the tsar's service and willy-nilly participated in the colonial enterprize of the Russian Empire. Their numbers and role in the conquest of eastern Siberia cannot be dismissed as merely anecdotic and should perhaps be explained by their 'cultural capital' that was consciously used by their new patrons: military experience and commanding skills, but also literacy and--in the case of Tatars--language competencies. While few of them later returned home after peace treaties and amnesties, and desertions to Manchu China are not unknown either, most of them took local wives, adopted Orthodox Christianity, and their offspring has gradually dissolved in the multiethnic Russian- and Yakut-speaking population of eastern Siberia. Keywords: Siberia, prisoners of war, Russian Empire, Yakuts, Tatars, Poland-Lithuania., IN the years 1552-1689, between the conquest of the Kazan Khanate and the conclusion of the Nerchinsk Treaty with China, the Muscovite state experienced a century and a half of [...]

The Capuchin missionary Domenico da Fano (1674-1728) presented a report to the Propaganda Fide in 1713 based on his experiences in the Tibet mission from 1707 until 1711 when this mission was temporarily abandoned, principally due to lack of funds. The Report (Relazione) was the first detailed description of Tibet by a resident European observer since 1624, and it resulted in new funding and manpower for the mission, in which da Fano served as Prefect in Lhasa from 1714 to 1722. In the introduction to this first English translation of da Fano's Report, we assess the background of the Capuchin mission and da Fano's contributions to it and touch on some of the highlights of the Report and its detailed account of the economy, agriculture, lifestyle, and politics of Tibet. Special attention is given to his conception of Tibetan Buddhism as having many similarities to Roman Catholicism, and especially to his view of the Buddhist Three Precious Objects of Refuge (dkon mchog gsum; triratna) as analogous to the Trinitarian doctrine of Christianity. KEYWORDS: Catholic missions to Tibet, Capuchin missionaries, Domenico da Fano, Tibet eighteenth century, Tibetan Buddhism and Christianity, Lhasa, Dalai Lama selection, INTRODUCTION The Origins of the Mission and the First Expeditions On March 14, 1703, the Capuchin Fr. Francois Marie da Tours, a twenty-year veteran of the Indian missions, (1) obtained [...]

Ndalama za nyansi sitikuzifuna / We Don't Want Dirty Money Ndinu olemera inde Indeed you are rich Kwanuko mtereshi, tofu, ndalama sizisowa At your place there is no lack of [...]

Relying primarily on sources which reveal the mentality of the Britons and the rioters, this article aims at filling the vacuum by remapping how the Britons, both the London diplomats and the colonial bureaucrats in Hong Kong, interpreted the role of the Soviet Union before, during and after the riots. By covering three stages of evolution of the British assessment of the Soviets' possible role in Hong Kong, from feeling strongly suspicious before the 1967 riots to silent cooperation in the Cold War setting between 1967 and 1979, with the 1967 riots serving as the turning point, the paper concludes that the Soviet Card was reconstructed to serve its governance purpose., Author(s): Simon Shen [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.10784.3a, 0000 0004 1937 0482, Faculty of Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, , Shatin, NT, Hong Kong In 1967, at [...]

Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier. By DAVID BROPHY. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016. 368 pp. $39.95 (hardcover). This book tells the story of a frontier [...]

The Communist Party of Yugoslavia regarded the interpretation and the commemoration of World War II as one of the most important pillars of the ideology of 'brotherhood and unity' and the socialist revolution. Accordingly, the issues of the civil war and the nationality and ethnic identity of the perpetrators and victims were suppressed. The article examines war memorials in the Yugoslav Federal Republic of Croatia to show that following the sociopolitical changes that occurred from the mid-1960s, these previously evaded issues became more prominent in public life and began to jeopardize the official policy of remembrance. Keywords: ethnicity; memorials; nationality; Jews; Roma; Socialist Republic of Croatia; Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; 'victims of fascist terror'; World War II, INTRODUCTION World War II caused human suffering on an unprecedented scale on the territory of Croatia. Its force and brutality were derived from the political conflicts that had appeared during [...]

The paper aims to investigate the transformation of South Korean economy from strict state regulation to liberalization and to fill in the gap in the historical analysis of the transition from import-substitution to export-oriented economy of South Korea. The study relies on the methods of comparative-historical, historical-typological, and historical-genetic analysis to consider the evolution of South Korean economic system, the change in economic development model, and the transition to a new economic strategy. The study also implies the use of interdisciplinary methods to systematize the empirical material, applying political-geographic, economic, and complex approaches. The paper gives periodization of South Korean economic development and investigates the reasons of country's successful modernization and transition to export-oriented economy. Large corporations began to emerge in South Korea in the mid-1960s due to the active support from the state. They established the production of steel, marine vessels, automobiles, and electronic devices. The well thought-out government program brought notable success by the late 1990s, and South Korea gained the developed industrial base and powerful export potential. The afflux of foreign investments and the competitiveness of Korean products were mostly provided by low wages, traditional diligence, and Confucian education. Since the Korean strategy of economic development happened to be successful, there is a need for examining the experience of modernization as it can be useful for developing countries., Author(s): Egnara G. Vartanyan [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 0000 9000 3133, grid.26083.3f, Department of General History and International Relations, Kuban State University, , 149, Stavropolskaya St., 350040, Krasnodar, Russia [...]

Russia and China rapidly restore communication after the Cold War, but the Chinese immigration issue is also widely exaggerated and even described as 'Yellow Peril again' in Russia. The so-called Yellow Peril is not only a Russian object perception but also a cross-generational conflict between Russia and China. Furthermore, it will be related to the subsequent development of the Russian Far East and Siberia. The Chinese immigration constitutes psychological and survival non-traditional security impacts on Russia and also forms some kind of social competition with Russians. It is vital for Russia to cooperate with its eastern neighbor to accelerate the development of the Russian Far East and Siberia, but national security and social stability are the prerequisites for cooperation. Nevertheless, it is more significant to rebuild self-confidence of the Russians in the Russian Far East and acknowledge that the East will not be a threat to Russia. As long as Russia realizes that it can enjoy unlimited possibilities in the East, the non-traditional security impacts caused by the Chinese immigration will automatically alleviate and even disappear. Today, most Russians are trapped in the dilemma of welcoming or refusing the Chinese immigrants; however, cultural exchange still has some effects and at least causes Russians to begin to positively treat the Chinese immigration and consider whether to accept China and cooperate with China., Author(s): Shiau-shyang Liou [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of Diplomacy, College of International Affairs, National Chengchi University, 0000 0001 2106 6277, grid.412042.1, , Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China Introduction Russia [...]

Vladimir Putin shows remarkable interest in history in general and World War II in particular. This article explores this historian-president's attempts to codify the memory of this war in an open attempt to transmit a useful past to the younger generation. It argues that top-down models of historical memory are of little explanatory value in the Russian situation. The president rides a wave of historical revisionism that he shapes at the same time. Putin's government successfully uses it to mobilize Russian society against critical minorities within and perceived enemies without. The far-reaching consequences of this politicization for the history of World War II are sketched in the final section of the article. Keywords: Russia; World War II; Great Patriotic War; history wars; Vladimir Putin, A FAILED HISTORY EXAM On December 24, 2014, Vladimir Luzgin, a resident of Perm in the Urals, failed a history exam with fairly high stakes. He did so unknowingly, by [...]

Based on literature review and statistics of National Tourism Administration of China and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) Tourism Bureau, this article examines the trends of inbound tourism development in the region. The results show that the inbound tourists in the XUAR are only a tiny portion of the Chinese, and the regional total which mainly is made up of domestic tourism originated from the coastal areas. Among the Central Asian countries, Kazakhstan has become the largest inbound tourism market of the XUAR. The article further suggests that it is worth to investigate whether the inbound tourism development of the region is affected by the geopolitical and geo-economic situations and the national strategic interests of respective neighboring countries., Author(s): Parhad Keyim [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.9668.1, Karelian Institute, University of Eastern Finland, , Joensuu, Finland Introduction Tourist travel usually involves crossing both subnational (i.e., municipal, township, county, provincial, [...]

INTRODUCTION When the Tsarist Empire entered the steppes, deserts, and mountains of southern Central Asia in the 1860s, the Russian imperial elite shared the conviction that Russia thus fulfilled a [...]

ABSTRACT The pamphlet Kenya: Twendapi? (Kenya: Where are we heading?) is a text often referred to but rarely read or analysed. Abdilatif Abdalla wrote it as a twenty-two-year-old political activist [...]

Social development in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region from 1999 to 2009 is the focus of this article. I will explore the current situation among Uyghurs and Hans living in Xinjiang in different social contexts and purviews, mainly assessing problems and open questions hindering a balanced and consensus-based social development in the area. The concept of 'development' per se will be understood with a critical perspective. The fieldwork was conducted in 2011 and 2012 in Urumqi, Turpan, Kahsgar, Wujiaqu and Shihezi, and in eight rural villages-seven located in the Kashgar Prefecture and one in Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture. The opportunity to adopt an 'insider perspective', at the same time working with critical tools provided by the disciplines of sociology and anthropology, can be considered an important asset in the field of Xinjiang studies. My PhD research in China (2010-2013) and my work as consultant for KFW (2011-2012) have been of great help in adopting this approach. Interviews, participant observation and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data from different sources are the basis of the fieldwork results presented here. UNDP indicators and indexes are taken as reference in setting and organising data., Author(s): Alessandra Cappelletti [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) The American University of Rome, Rome, Italy Preliminary Notes on Sociological Research in China and Xinjiang While modern sociology is considered to be [...]

Kashgar, a westernmost city in the restive Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region bordering Central and South Asia, was paired with the southern city of Shenzhen, the most successful special economic zone for its future development. The development of Kashgar's economy in specific and the Xinjiang in general is a part of China's new Silk Road project which serves multi-purpose goals, such as narrowing regional disparity, reducing ethnic tensions, fighting terrorism and balancing US pivot to Asia. It is skeptical whether the Shenzhen model can be transplanted into Kashgar. The plan of developing Kashgar's economy and establishing Kashgar special economic zone may be considered a new bottle with old wine. The development programmes in the past several decades did not address the roots of ethnic tension, including suppression of cultural autonomy and unequal distribution of the benefits and social costs of economic growth. Besides that, the success of the Shenzhen special economic zone is an exception, not a rule. It was unsuccessful in the past attempts to transfer the successful experience from Shenzhen to other special economic zones. It is skeptical whether the Shenzhen experience can be transplanted to Kashgar, whose geographical location and investment environment was much inferior., Author(s): Bill Chou [sup.1] , Xuejie Ding [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) Faculty of Social Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR (2) Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, [...]

IN MAY (1947) G. I. ZHURBA found herself in a situation similar to that of many other Soviet women of the postwar era: she was a single mother raising her [...]

Disorders of the respiratory tract are the most common cause of medically attended illness (29%) among cruise ship passengers and crew (1). Influenza outbreaks associated with travel on cruise ships, [...]

Abstract Based on ethnographic fieldwork and readings of local publications, this article explores the multifaceted production of tribal history in northern Syria. Focussing on the representations of genealogy and warfare, [...]

When the guns ceased firing, signaling the end of the Great War, it was not uncommon for bereaved loved ones or surviving comrades to post memoriam notes in British newspapers. [...]

The people hate him, women loved him, the Church Anathemizes him, poets absolve him. Unless the world greatly alters, I fear the women and the poets will always have the [...]

AMID THE PREPARATIONS FOR THE ABORTIVE RUSSO-OTTOMAN PEACE TALKS at Fokschan in April 1772, Anton Wenzel Kaunitz instructed the Austrian Internuntius in Istanbul, Franz Maria Thugut, to elect a colleague [...]

The task of saving life, irrespective of the cost, is one which is beyond our power to undertake. (1) The authorities bearing in mind, as the first essential, that relief [...]

This study offers a comparison of Voltaire's treatments of Ivan Mazepa and his Ukrainian Cossack homeland in two of his best known historical works: his History of Charles XII, King of Sweden and his History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great. It also discusses Voltaire's use of written and oral sources and his historical method in general. Voltaire's attitude towards the Ukrainian rebel 'Hetman ' or ruler, Mazepa, and Ukrainian independence in general, was basically positive in his earlier work on Charles. but was much more guarded, indeed negative, in his History of the Russian Empire, which was a work commissioned by the Russian court that greatly praised the reforms of the iron-willed Tsar: However, in extensive revisions of his book on Charles, done simultaneously with his work on Russia, Voltaire did not change his generally positive view of Mazepa and Ukrainian independence, and so, his true attitude remains somewhat difficult to determine. Voltaire's work on Charles in particular was very influential throughout Europe during the Romantic period and was the ultimate ,source of Byron's poem on Mazepa, and after him, many other works of literature, painting and music that treated the Mazepa theme. Dans cet article, nous etudions la facon dont Voltaire traite d' Ivan Mazepa et de sa patrie cosaque ukrainienne, dans deux de ses essais historiques les plus connus: Histoire de Charles XII, roi de Su6de et Histoire de I'Empire russe sous Pierre le Grand. Nous discutons aussi de l'emploi que fit Voltaire des sources ecrites et orales et aussi de sa mbthode historique en general. L'attitude de Voltaire envers le rebble <> ou Mazepa, le chefe, et l'independance ukrainienne en general, etait au fond assez positive au debut, dans son oeuvre sur Charles', mais devint beaucoup plus circonspecte, voire meme negative dans son Histoire de l'Empire russe qui avait btb commanditOe par la cour de Russie qui vantait enormement les mOrites des reformes de ce tsar a la volonte defer: Toutefois, en apportant de considOrables revisions a son livre sur Charles--revisions entreprises en meme temps qu 'il ecrivait son liw'e sur la Russie--Voltaire ne changea pas son opinion, qui etait en general positive, sur Mazepa et sur l'independance ukrainienne et. par consequent, son attitude veritable demeure quelque peu d(f/icile h determiner: L'ouvrage de Voltaire sur Charles, en particulier, a eu beaucoup d'influence a travers l'Europe durant la periode romantique et fut la source fondamentale du poeme de Byron sur Mazepa, et, apres lui, de nombreuses autres oeuvres d'art tant en litterature qu'en peinture et musique qui eurent Mazepa pour theme., J'ay vu un temps oh vous n 'aimiez gueres l'histoire. Ce n'est apres tout qu'un ramas de tracasseries qu'on fait aux morts [... history is, after all, nothing but the [...]

The Russian economy faces serious challenges when it comes to such issues as legitimacy of property and protection of property rights. This paper considers institutional aspects of raiding, including the role of Commercial Arbitration Courts and bankruptcy procedures in Russia. It concludes that raiding in Russia has a predatory character not because raiders prey on the weakest, failing, bankrupting businesses, but because they attack healthy and profitable enterprises, firms in temporary financial distress. Raiders use unclear ownership structure of attractive firms and buy necessary decisions from corrupt bureaucrats instead of waiting for a financial crisis to come. Keywords: bankruptcy, corruption, crisis, raiding, Russia JEL Classification Codes: K42, P26, P31, P37, Two decades into market reforms, the Russian Federation (RF) is still in the process of creating and developing its market institutions. The Russian economy is the fifth largest economy in [...]

This article shows that the process of ethnicity formation is a continual search by the Korean diaspora in Russia for ways to reduce the risks of social exclusion (discrimination) and [...]

Toward a Political Subjectivization of Memory: An Introduction by Andrew Herscher After the end of the Bosnian War, the remains of the victims of a genocidal massacre around the town [...]

The article inquires why the Allied bombing of Sofia in the winter of 1943/1944, the most devastating trauma to hit Bulgaria's capital city, left no permanent mark on public and historical memory. It reconstructs the little-known events of early 1944 and then analyzes how specific social and cultural factors combined with political and international realities to delineate the boundaries within which the bombing could be collectively remembered and commemorated. The author argues for the importance of studies of the Allied bombing campaign in Eastern Europe for a proper understanding of World War II and the postwar history of the continent., In 2004, at the height of anti-American sentiments over the 'War on Terror' and Iraq, a small sapphire-colored volume, entitled The American Terrorism over Bulgarians, came out in Bulgaria. Its [...]

In April 2009, when Ojibwe tribal members Neil and Chris Peterson traveled to Trout Lake to spear walleye pike in a centuries-old tribal tradition, the boat landing was quiet. (1) [...]

WITH its violent images of heavenly and earthly combat, the book of Revelation has been criticized for promoting a vengeful and distorted version of Christ's teachings. Gerd Ludemann, for example, [...]

Abilene Christian University (Zeta Beta) 22 October 2009: Charles Brazell. Agnes Scott College (Alpha Theta Psi) 16 November 2009: Megan R. Beyer, Kathryn A. Clark, Charlotte L. Cue, Anna M. [...]

A decorated pair of trousers excavated from a well-preserved tomb in the Tarim Basin proved to have a highly informative life history, teased out by the authors--with archaeological, historical and art historical dexterity. Probably created under Greek influence in a Bactrian palace, the textile started life in the third/second century BC as an ornamental wall hanging, showing a centaur blowing a war-trumpet and a nearly life-size warrior of the steppe with his spear. The palace was raided by nomads, one of whom worked a piece of the tapestry into a pair of trousers. They brought no great luck to the wearer who ended his days in a massacre by the Xiongnu, probably in the first century BC. The biography of this garment gives a vivid glimpse of the dynamic life of Central Asia at the end of the first millennium. Keywords: China, Tarim, Xinjiang, Iron Age, Greek, Macedonian, textiles, wall hanging, trousers, centaur, Xiongnu, Introduction Since the discovery of mummies in the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang (e.g. Wang 1999; Figure 1), cultural contacts and migrations of the early inhabitants of eastern Central Asia have [...]

The dramatic post-Soviet transformations have profoundly affected school education in Russia. History courses were deeply involved in this painful process. They experienced a revolutionary shift in emphasis from class struggle to nationalism and ethnocentrism. Textbooks were rewritten several times over the course of fifteen to twenty years. One of the problems faced by their authors was how to create a balanced presentation of the numerous ethnic groups that constituted the former Soviet Union in textbooks where the dominant majority was represented by ethnic Russians. In this article I demonstrate that an aspiration to depict Russia as a homogeneous civilization led to the biased representation of certain non-Russian ethnic communities., Russia is an ethno-federal state that includes, as did the USSR before it, several 'national' (i.e., ethnically based) republics in addition to provinces. The former are named after their 'titular [...]

National monuments typically serve as aesthetic manifestations of dominant visions of history and collective identity, but they can also generate a contestation of the past they are intended to cement. Defending this two-pronged interpretive approach, this essay attends to the changing symbolic power of a unique national monument--the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow. The study traces the cathedral's historic role in Russia's national self-definition during the last two centuries. The cathedral's construction under tsars, destruction under Stalin, and the postcommunist rebuilding accompanied and justified a particular version of national identity. The role of the cathedral as a magnet for competing versions of Russia's traumatic past is illustrated by the controversy over its rebuilding after the collapse of the Soviet Union., Following the call of Benedict Anderson to regard nations as 'imagined communities,' scholars across the humanities have sought to investigate the formation of public memory and national identity. (1) Although [...]