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It is now recognized that many nonneuronal cells that express purinoceptors are activated by ATP released locally in an autocrine or paracrine manner. However, there are a number of examples [...]

I. Introduction II. Background A. Autonomic neuromuscular transmission B. Autonomic ganglia C. Central nervous system D. Purinergic receptor subtypes E. ATP storage, release, and breakdown F. Plasticity of purinergic signaling [...]

A. Inherited Mutations That Cause [Ca.sup.2+]-Dependent Arrhythmias 1. RyR2 mutations and arrhythmias Coumel et al. (109), Swan et al. (520), and Leenhardt et al. (313) recognized catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia [...]

The field of NO has grown immensely from the incredulous proposal as a biological molecule to a field with 80,000 publications and touching all aspects of physiology and pathology. Inhaled [...]

A. Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Cardiac Diseases Calcium-dependent NOSs are responsible for the generation of NO in cardiomyocytes, endocardial endothelium, coronary endothelium, and cardiac nerves. NO serves many important [...]

I. Introduction II. Nitric Oxide A. Discovery of nitric oxide as a biological molecule B. The selective reactivity of nitric oxide C. Diffusion and signaling properties of nitric oxide D. [...]

I. Introduction II. An Overview of Cell Death Pathways A. Apoptosis B. Autophagic cell death C. Necrosis D. Mitotic catastrophe III. Detection of Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization A. Signs of outer [...]

I. Introduction: Multidrug/Xenobiotic Resistance and ABC Transporters II. General Structure and Mechanism of Action of MDR-ABC Transporters A. Basic features of the ABC transporters B. Structural basis of the molecular [...]

Detailed information about TRP ion channels and their role in the skin can be found in other excellent reviews (70, 146, 147, 337, 453, 662, 805, 908) (Table 2). Sensory [...]

I. Introduction II. Calcium Entry Through Voltage-Activated Chromaffin Cell Calcium Channels A. T-type channels B. L-type channels C. N-type channels D. P-type channels E. Q-type channels F. R-type channels G. [...]

I. Introduction A. Historical perspective B. Halophilic and halotolerant adaptations C. Mechanisms of salt homeostasis II. [M.sup.+] Coordination Chemistry A. [M.sup.+] coordination in synthetic molecules B. Naturally occurring small molecules [...]

I. Introduction II. Overview of Nuclear Envelope and Lamina Proteins A. The lamina and the lamin family B. Integral membrane proteins of the INM C. Lamin modifications and lamin filament [...]

I. Introduction II. The Cholecystokinin Receptors A. Nomenclature B. cDNAs cloning and deduced protein structures C. Genes D. Binding properties and ligands III. Structure-Function Relationship of Cholecystokinin Receptors A. Localization [...]

I. Thermogenesis and Body Temperature Homeostasis A. Evolutionary aspects: homeothermy and the need for additional heat production B. Regulation of body temperature: obligatory and facultative thermogenesis C. Thermogenic mechanisms II. [...]

I. Introduction A. Historical perspective B. Atherosclerosis as an immunoinflammatory disease II. The Atherosclerotic Cytokine Network A. Cytokine families B. Cytokine-associated signaling pathways III. Inducers of Cytokine Production in Atherosclerosis [...]

I. Introduction II. Ubiquitylation A. The Cb1 family of E3 ligases B. Family of HECT ubiquitin-protein ligases C. Ubiquitin binding domains III. Ubiquitin and Intracellular Membrane Transport in Yeast A. [...]

Calcium ions are ubiquitous and versatile signaling molecules, capable of decoding a variety of extracellular stimuli (hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, etc.) into markedly different intracellular actions, ranging from contraction to [...]

Fertilization calcium waves are introduced, and the evidence from which we can infer general mechanisms of these waves is presented. The two main classes of hypotheses put forward to explain [...]

Locomotion results from intricate dynamic interactions between a central program and feedback mechanisms. The central program relies fundamentally on a genetically determined spinal circuitry (central pattern generator) capable of generating [...]

doi:10.1152/physrev.00013.2005.--This review discusses current understanding of the role that endogenous and exogenous progenitor cells may have in the treatment of the diseased heart. In the last several years, a major [...]

doi: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2004.--Beta-cell mass regulation represents a critical issue for understanding diabetes, a disease characterized by a near-absolute (type 1) or relative (type 2) deficiency in the number of pancreatic beta [...]

doi:10.1152/physrev.00024.2004.--Voltage-gated sodium channels open (activate) when the membrane is depolarized and close on repolarization (deactivate) but also on continuing depolarization by a process termed inactivation, which leaves the channel refractory, [...]

I. Introduction A. Why study invertebrate muscles, genes, and proteins? B. Invertebrate and vertebrate phylogeny C. Scope of review and literature database II. Review of Vertebrate Muscle Specific Proteins III. [...]

I. Introduction II. Coregulation of Ion Channel Development, Spontaneous Activity, and Activity-Dependent Development A. Oocyte maturation and the block to polyspermy B. Early postfertilization changes and selective channel elimination C. [...]

I. Introduction II. Embryonic Origin of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium A. First phase: establishment of two layers B. Second phase: differentiation of RPE and photoreceptors III. Absorption of Light and [...]

I. Introduction II. Store-Operated Calcium Entry: Refilling the Stores and More III. The Fundamental Property of Store-Operated Calcium Channels Is Activation By Store Depletion IV. Measuring Store-Operated Calcium Influx V. [...]

I. Introduction II. Properties of Undifferentiated Embryonic Stem Cells A. Mouse ES cell lines B. Human ES cell lines C. ES cells of other species III. Genetic Manipulation of Embryonic [...]

I. Endoplasmic Reticulum and Cellular Physiology: Historical Remarks II. Organization of the Endoplasmic Reticulum A. The neuronal ER as a continuous endomembrane structure B. The ER as a universal signaling [...]

I. Introduction II. Evolutionary Origin and External Structure A. Gills of protovenebrates and modern fishes B. External structure of fish gills III. Internal Structure: Vascular and Neural A. Vascular B. [...]

I. Introduction II. Evolutionary Aspects of Olfaction III. From Odorant Molecules to Cortical Centers A. Olfactory sensory neurons and signal transduction B. Synaptic transmission at the first processing stage C. [...]

I. Introduction A. Physiological roles for [K.sup.+] channels in kidney B. Overview of renal [K.sup.+] channel diversity and structure II. Function and Regulation of Potassium Channels in the Kidney A. [...]

I. Introduction: Lessons From Aphasia II. Functional Neuroimaging Techniques A. Overview of neuroimaging tools B. Tracking brain activations C. Outstanding questions III. Language in the 'Healthy' Adult Brain A. Single-word [...]

I. Introduction A. [K.sup.+] Channel Overview II. Molecular Structure A. Mechanisms of voltage-sensing B. Mechanisms of inactivation C. The T1 domain and [K.sup.+] channel multimerization III. Subcellular Localization and Trafficking [...]

I. Introduction A. Historical view B. Bioactive forms of NO C. Regulation of NOS D. Localization of NO in the airways E. Arginine uptake and metabolism F. Molecular action of [...]

I. General Features of Endothelial Junctions II. Adherens Junctions A. Molecular components of AJ B. Outside AJ C. Intracellular signaling through AJ D. Modulation of AJ organization and vascular permeability [...]

I. Introduction II. Native GAB[A.sub.B] Receptors A. Coupling to G proteins B. Coupling to [Ca.sup.2+] channels C. Coupling to [K.sup.+] channels D. Coupling to adenylyl cyclase E. Pharmacology of native [...]

I. Introduction: Phenotypic Modulation/Switching of the Smooth Muscle Cell Plays a Key Role in a Number of Major Diseases in Humans II. Molecular Regulation of Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation and [...]

I. Introduction: Multiple Control of Aldosterone Secretion--Multiplicity of Signal Transduction Pathways in the Glomerulosa Cell II. Calcium Signal Generation in Glomerulosa Cells A. Receptor-mediated [Ca.sup.2+] release B. [Ca.sup.2+] transport through [...]

I. Introduction II. Protease-Activated Receptors: Mechanisms of Activation by Cell-Surface Proteolysis A. Discovery and structure B. Proteases cleave PARs to expose a tethered ligand domain C. Protease binding to PARs [...]

I. Introduction II. Action Potential Generation by the Single Cardiac Cell III. Fundamental Biophysical Principles of Propagation A. Continuous propagation B. Principles of discontinuous propagation C. The safety of propagation [...]

I. Introduction II. The Tau Gene A. Human tau gene polymorphism B. Human tau gene expression III. Saithoin IV. Tau Protein A. Regions, domains, and motifs V. Cellular and Subcellular [...]

The function of brown adipose tissue is to transfer energy from food into heat; physiologically, both the heat produced and the resulting decrease in metabolic efficiency can be of significance. [...]

One of the most significant challenges in neuroscience is to identify the cellular and molecular processes that underlie learning and memory formation. The past decade has seen remarkable progress in [...]

Mammals control the volume and osmolality of their body fluids from stimuli that arise from both the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. These stimuli are sensed by two kinds of [...]

The cone snails (genus Conus) are venomous marine molluscs that use small, structured peptide toxins (conotoxins) for prey capture, defense, and competitor deterrence. Each of the 500 Cortus can express [...]

I. INTRODUCTION The [Na.sup.+]-[K.sup.+]-ATPase mediating the active coupled transport of [Na.sup.+] and [K.sup.+] across cell membranes was first identified in 1957 by Skou (392), who in 1997 was awarded the [...]

I. INTRODUCTION The importance of pH regulation to the viability of cells is widely recognized. The production of intracellular acid is a normal consequence of respiration and, if unchecked, can [...]

Theory without fact is fantasy, but fact without theory is chaos. C. O. Whitman (334) I. INTRODUCTION A. Scope In birds and mammals, the four chambers of the formed heart [...]

I. INTRODUCTION: MYOCARDIAL PRECONDITIONING Acute coronary occlusion is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world and according to the World Health Organization will be the major [...]

Goll, Darrel E., Valery F. Thompson, Hongqi Li, Wei Wei, and Jinyang Cong. The Calpain System. Physiol Rev 83: 731-801, 2003; 10.1152/physrev.00029.2002.--The calpain system originally comprised three molecules: two [Ca.sup.2+]-dependent [...]