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To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01933.x Byline: David M. Amodio (1), Patricia G. Devine (2), Eddie Harmon-Jones (3) Abstract: ABSTRACT Guilt is widely recognized as an important self-regulatory emotion, yet alternative theoretical accounts view guilt primarily as either a punishment cue or a prosocial motivator. Integrating these views, we propose that guilt functions dynamically to first provide a negative reinforcement cue associated with reduced approach motivation, which transforms into approach-motivated behavior when an opportunity for reparation presents itself. We tested this hypothesis in the context of racial prejudice. White subjects viewed a multiracial series of faces while cortical activity was recorded using electroencephalography. Following bogus feedback indicating anti-Black responses, subjects reported elevated guilt, which was associated with changes in frontal cortical asymmetry indicating reduced approach motivation. When subjects were presented with an opportunity to engage in prejudice-reducing behavior, guilt predicted greater interest in prejudice reduction, which in turn was associated with an approach-related shift in frontal asymmetry. The results support a dynamic model in which guilt is associated with adaptive changes in motivation and behavior. Author Affiliation: (1)New York University (2)University of Wisconsin-Madison (3)Texas A&M University Article History: (R eceived 5/23/06; R evision accepted 11/20/06; F inal materials received 12/4/06) Article note: Address correspondence to David M. Amodio, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, e-mail: david.amodio@nyu.edu.

B. The Historical Construction of Racial Categories There is substantial historical evidence that at the beginning of the eighteenth century, the socioeconomic elite in colonial Virginia created the category "white" [...]

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the effects of a carbohydrate (CHO; lotus-root starch) predominant, late-evening snack (LES), containing 200 kcal (50g CHO) on fasting resting energy expenditure (REE) and nutrient oxidation in hospitalized adults with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Adults with ACLF were randomized to receive daily LES (treatment; n = 35) or standard care (n = 35; non-supplemented control) for 14 days. REE and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured by indirect calorimetry, nutrient oxidation (CHO, protein and fat), intake and biochemical parameters were measured in both groups at baseline and after 14 days using validated techniques. Disease severity was measured using the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD). RESULTS: No significant differences in macronutrient intake, anthropometric, demographic characteristics or MELD scores were observed between groups at baseline (P > 0.05). Fasting RQ was significantly higher in the LES supplemented verses the control group after 2 weeks (P = 0.02). CHO oxidation was significantly higher (P = 0.001) and fat oxidation (P = 0.02) was lower in the LES-supplemented group when compared with controls after 2 weeks. Fasting RQ and REE in the LES-supplemented group increased significantly (0.83 verses 0.88; P = 0.007/1301 ± 409 vs 1687 ± 718 kcal/day; P = 0.02) in patients with MELD scores ≤ 30 when compared with patients with MELD scores > 30 (0.82 verses 0.84; P = 0.27/ 1361 ± 405 vs 1437 ± 429 kcal/day; P = 0.67) after supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: A carbohydrate-predominant LES is associated with increases in fasting carbohydrate oxidation, REE and reductions in fat oxidation in adults with ACLF. Therapeutic strategies utilizing LES may promote improved nutritional status in adults with ACLF. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2013) 67, 1251-1256; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.163; published online 18 September 2013 Keywords: acute-on-chronic liver failure; hepatitis b; energy expenditure; substrate oxidation; nutrition support, INTRODUCTION Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a sudden, severe and life-threatening deterioration of liver function in patients with chronic and pre-existing liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. [...]

IV. MAKING RACE SALIENT Recent social science research suggests one way to reduce the effects of implicit racial bias--by making race salient. Samuel Sommers and Phoebe Ellsworth have been at [...]

ESSAY CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. OVERVIEW OF IMPLICIT RACIAL BIASES II. PUBLIC DEFENDER TRIAGE III. IMPLICIT BIASES' EFFECTS ON TRIAGE JUDGMENTS A. Biased Evaluations of Evidence B. Biased Interactions C. Biased [...], Despite the promise of Gideon, providing 'the guiding hand of counsel' to indigent defendants remains unmanageable, largely because the nation's public defender offices are overworked and underfunded. Faced with overwhelming caseloads and inadequate resources, public defenders must engage in triage, deciding which cases deserve attention and which do not. Although scholars have recognized the need to develop standards for making these difficult judgments, they have paid little attention to how implicit, i.e., unconscious, biases may affect those decisions. There is reason to suspect that unconscious biases will influence public defender decisionmaking due to generations of racial stereotypes specific to stigmatized groups and crime. This Essay urges legal scholars and practitioners to consider how implicit biases may influence the rationing of defense entitlements and suggests ways to safeguard against the effects of these unconscious forces.

Abstract: Must the Internet promote political fragmentation? Although this is a possible outcome of personalized online news, we argue that other futures are possible and that thoughtful design could promote [...]

Childhood obesity is a highly complex issue with serious health and environmental implications. It has been postulated that young children (preschool-aged in particular) are able to internalise positive environmental beliefs. Applying a socioecological theoretical perspective, in this discussion paper we argue that although children may internalise such beliefs, they commonly behave in ways that contradict these beliefs as demonstrated by their consumer choices. The media directly influences these consumer choices and growing evidence suggests that media exposure (particularly commercial television viewing) may be a significant 'player' in the prediction of childhood obesity. However, there is still debate as to whether childhood obesity is caused by digital media use per se or whether other factors mediate this relationship. Growing evidence suggests that researchers should examine whether different types of content have conflicting influences on a child's consumer choices and, by extension, obesity. The extent to which young children connect their consumer choices and the sustainability of the productes they consume with their overall health and wellbeing has not previously been researched. To these ends, we call for further research on this socioecological phenomenon among young children, particularly with respect to the influence of digital media use on a child's consumer behaviours. Keywords: young children; preschool children; obesity; sustainability; consumption; consumer choices; media; television; digital., Orienting the Research--An Interdisciplinary Approach Childhood obesity is a multifaceted health issue. This complexity has been highlighted in current debates that have questioned the use of terms such as epidemic [...]

Objective. Violent media exposure has been associated with aggressive behavior, and it has been suggested that child health professionals counsel families on limiting exposure. Effective violence prevention counseling requires an understanding of norms regarding parental attitudes, practices, and influencing factors. Both theories of reasoned action and planned behavior emphasize that subjective norms and attitudes affect people's perceptions and intended behavior. Few data exist on violent television viewing and monitoring from a cross-section of families. By understanding the spectrum of parental attitudes, community-sensitive interventions for violence prevention can be developed. The objective of this study was to assess attitudes about and monitoring of violent television viewing from the perspective of parents. Methods. An anonymous self-report assisted survey was administered to a convenience sample of parents/ guardians who visited child health providers at 3 sites: an urban children's hospital clinic, an urban managed care clinic, and a suburban private practice. The parent questionnaire included questions on child-rearing attitudes and practices and sociodemographic information. Results. A total of 1004 adults who accompanied children for health visits were recruited for the study; 922 surveys were completed (participation rate: 92%). A total of 830 (90%) respondents were parents and had complete child data. Of the 830 respondents, 677 had questions on television viewing included in the survey and were the focus of this analysis. Seventy-five percent of families reported that their youngest child watched television. Of these, 53% reported always limiting violent television viewing, although 73% believed that their children viewed television violence at least 1 time a week. Among television viewers, 81% reported usually or always limiting viewing of sexual content on television and 45% reported usually or always watching television with their youngest child. Among children who watched television, parents reported that they spent an average of 2.6 hours per day watching television. Limitation of television violence was associated with female parents and younger children. Conclusions. There was variability in attitudes and practices regarding television violence viewing and monitoring among parents. Attitudes and practices varied on the basis of the age of the child and the gender of the parent. Pediatrics 2004;114:94-99; media violence, television viewing, violence prevention, anticipatory guidance, parental norms. ABBREVIATIONS. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval., The American Academy of Pediatrics has encouraged child health professionals to be proactive in addressing violence prevention in child health supervision. The policy statement entitled "The Role of the Pediatrician [...]

Context. Television (TV) Viewing is associated with obesity among school-aged children, adolescents, and adults, but this relationship has not been evaluated in preschool-aged children. Objective. To describe the TV/video viewing habits of a multiethnic, low-income preschool population of children and to determine whether TV/video viewing is related to their adiposity. Design. Cross-sectional survey of parents/guardians with measurements of children&apos;s height and weight. Setting and Participants. Two thousand seven hundred sixty-one adults with children, 1 through < 5 years, from 49 New York State agencies of the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. Outcome Measures. Cross-sectional relationships between the amount of time the child spends viewing TV/ video and the presence of a TV set in the child&apos;s bedroom, with the prevalence of overweight children (body mass index [BMI] >85th percentile) after adjustment for potential confounders. Results. Mean TV/video viewing times were higher among black children and Hispanic children than white children and increased with the child&apos;s age. In multiple logistic regression, the odds ratio of children having a BMI >85th percentile was 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.004-1.11) for each additional hour per day of TV/ video viewed, independent of child age, child sex, parental educational attainment, and race/ethnicity. Almost 40% of children had a TV set in their bedroom; they were more likely to be overweight and spent more time (4.6 hours per week) watching TV/video than children without a TV in their bedroom. In multiple logistic regression, the odds ratio of having a BMI >85th percentile was 1.31 (95% CI: 1.01-1.69) among those with a TV in their bedroom versus those without a TV, after statistical adjustment for child age, child sex, child TV/video viewing hours per week, maternal BMI, maternal education, and race/ethnicity. Conclusions. This study extends the association between TV viewing and risk of being overweight to younger, preschool-aged children. A TV in the child&apos;s bedroom is an even stronger marker of increased risk of being overweight. Because most children watch TV by age 2, educational efforts about limiting child TV/video viewing and keeping the TV out of the child&apos;s bedroom need to begin before then. Pediatrics 2002;109:1028-1035; obesity, television, preschool, child, parent, behavioral. ABBREVIATIONS. BMI, body mass index; TV, television; WIC, Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; NYS, New York State; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval., Over the past 20 to 30 years, the prevalence of obesity has dramatically increased among adults and children in the United States. (1-3) Fifty-five percent of adults are overweight with [...]

Objectives. Recognizing the negative effects of television on children, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that children 2 years and older watch Methods. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1990 to 1998, were used to analyze reported television viewing at 0 to 35 months of age and to follow the trajectory of a child&apos;s viewing from infancy through age 6. Logistic regression models were used to determine risk factors associated with greater television viewing at 0 to 35 months and the association of early viewing habits with school-age viewing. Results. Seventeen percent of 0- to 11-month-olds, 48% of 12- to 23-month-olds, and 41% of 24- to 35-month-olds were reported to watch more television than the AAP recommends. Compared with college graduates, less-educated women were more likely to report that their children watched more television than recommended. Children who watched >2 hours per day at age 2 were more likely to watch >2 hours per day at age 6 (odds ratio: 2.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.8-3.9), controlling for maternal education, race, marital status and employment, household income, and birth order. Conclusions. A substantial number of children begin watching television at an earlier age and in greater amounts than the AAP recommends. Furthermore, these early viewing patterns persist into childhood. Preventive intervention research on television viewing should consider targeting infants and toddlers and their families. Pediatrics 2002;109:634-642; television, infant, children, longitudinal survey, socioeconomic factors. ABBREVIATIONS. AAP, American Academy of Pediatrics; NLSY, National Longitudinal Survey of Youth; HOME, Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval., The substantial amount of television watched by school-aged children (1-6) and the associated adverse effects (7-26) are increasingly well documented. Although a few researchers highlight the benefits of television, (12-14) [...]

This statement describes the possible negative health effects of television viewing on children and adolescents, such as violent or aggressive behavior, substance use, sexual activity, obesity, poor body image, and decreased school performance. In addition to the television ratings system and the v-chip (electronic device to block programming), media education is an effective approach to mitigating these potential problems. The American Academy of Pediatrics offers a list of recommendations on this issue for pediatricians and for parents, the federal government, and the entertainment industry., ABBREVIATIONS. AAP, American Academy of Pediatrics; MTV, Music Television; E/I, educational/informational. For the past 15 years, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has expressed its concerns about the amount of [...]

A physician discusses ways to shield children from the violence in the media. Parents, teachers, doctors and the entertainment industry must all share the burden of reducing children's exposure to violence and sex in the media. People in the media claim they only give people what they want, but a vast amount of scientific research shows that exposure to violence creates violent children and adults., I believe television is going to be the test of the modern world, and that in this new opportunity to see beyond the range of our vision we shall discover [...]