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Every decade or so, a stunning breakthrough in string theory sends shock waves racing through the theoretical physics community, generating a feverish outpouring of papers and activity. This time, the [...]

In the present article, the authors intend to propose a new theory that potentially allows the propagation of the formation and the evolution of quarkonium in a thermal BIon. When quarks are close to each other, quarkonium behaves like a scalar and, by their getting away, it transitions to a fermionic system. To analyze this particular behaviour, a new outlook approach needs to be adopted as the concurrent view is found deficient to analyse the aforesaid behaviour. Therefore, the authors, post-deliberation, accept that the fermions and fermionic systems are related. We need to accept a theory in which the origin of fermions and bosons is the same. However, in M-theory, these particles are independent and for this reason, we use a new broader theory based on Lie-N algebra and we call it broad Lie-N algebra (BLNA) theory. Thus, in a way, BLNAis M- theory with 11 dimensions. In this model, two types of energies with opposite signs emerge from nothing such that the sum over them becomes zero. They produce two types of branes with opposite quantum numbers and bosonic fields, which interact with each other and get compact. By compacting branes, the quarks and anti-quarks are produced on branes and exchange the graviton and the gravitino. These particles produce two types of wormholes, which act opposite to each other. They preclude the closing or diverging of the branes and also occurrence of confinement. This confined potential that emerges from these wormholes depends on the separation distance between quarks and anti-quarks and also on the temperature of the system and it is reduced to the predicted potential in experiments and QCD. Also, total entropy of this system grows with increasing temperature and produces a repulsive force, which leads to the separation of quarks and anti- quarks and also to the emergence of deconfinement. Key words: quarkonium, BLNA-Theory, BIon, brane, M-theory. Nous voulons proposer ici une nouvelle theorie qui a le potentiel de predire la propagation de la formation et l'evolution du quarkonium dans un systeme standard de deux solitons lies (BIon). Lorsque les deux quarks sont pres l'un de l'autre, le quarkonium a le comportement d'un scalaire, mais lorsqu'ils s'eloignent, il se transforme en systeme fermionique. Une nouvelle approche est necessaire pour analyser ce comportement particulier, puisque le point de vue concurrent est incapable d'expliquer ce comportement. Par consequent, nous en sommes arrives collectivement a la conclusion que fermions et systemes fermioniques sont apparentes. Nous devons accepter une theorie qui dit que l'origine des bosons et des fermions est la meme. Cependant, en theorie-M, ces particules sont independantes et a cause de cela, nous utilisons une nouvelle theorie plus etendue basee sur une algebre de N-Lie et nous l'appelons l'algebre de N-Lie etendue (ANLE/BLNA). Ainsi ANLE est une theorie M sur 11 dimensions. Dans ce modele deux types d'energie emergent de rien, de telle sorte que la somme sur les deux est zero. Elles produisent deux sortes de branes, avec nombres quantiques opposes et des champs de bosons, qui interagissent et deviennent compactes. La compactification des branes produit les quarks et anti-quarks qui echangent graviton et gravitino. Ces particules produisent deux types de trou de ver qui agissent en opposition l'un envers l'autre. Ceci interdit la fermeture et l'evasion des branes l'un de l'autre, produisant un confinement. Ce potentiel de confinement qui emerge des trous de ver depend de la distance de separation entre le quark et l'anti-quark et sur la temperature du systeme et se reduit au potentiel predit dans les experiences en CDQ/QCD. De plus l'entropie totale du systeme augmente avec la temperature et produit une force repulsive qui mene a la separation des quarks et anti-quarks et a l'emergence du deconfinement. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: quarkonium, theorie de l'algebre de N-Lie etendue, systeme de deux solitons lies, theorie M., 1. Introduction One of the main puzzles in QCD is the reason for the confinement that occurs between quarks and anti-quarks that prevents quarks from going further away from or [...]

The identification of basic principles that apply to all aspects of the knowledge domain of a discipline is important. Such fundamentals define the discipline and instruct its development. This process, nevertheless, may be pursued too narrowly--and schools of management thought often do so. These schools of thought generally seek principles and methods that apply equally in all different kinds of organizations. In doing so, they ignore an important aspect of the objects they observe, that organizations are part of a highly dynamic, currently ongoing, evolutionary process. Relatively recent emergents, exchange-based societies are composed of organizations competing for survival with dynamic, ever-changing internal purposes and external goals. The competition itself is management and unique management patterns emerge in different organizations. Management science needs a conceptual framework that instructs the development of organization-specific management theories. Management observation and communication theory (MOCT) is one step in this direction. MOCT is essentially an integration of linguistic-mathematical theory (L-M theory) and living systems theory (LST). L-M theory is a pure system--defined by the interrelationships of its own elements, and thus does not depend on any particular empirical element. LST views existence in the context of concrete systems and particularly from the vantage of living systems. By integrating these general systems theories, MOCT instructs the discovery and development of internal purposes and external goals unique to particular organizations. L-M theory synthesizes information about an organization's internal processes into general statements of purposes and connects those statements to similarly general statements of external goals. LST focuses MOCT on the processes and structures managers control and in which they compete. This paper overviews the central ideas and methods of MOCT. Some examples of methods suggested by the theory are given to illustrate how MOCT is applied. Keywords organizations; management; systems theory; living systems theory; linguisticmathematical theory, INTRODUCTION Management observation and communication theory (MOCT) (Heiskanen and Swanson, 1992) is an integration of linguistic--mathematical theory (L-M theory) (Heiskanen, 1975; Heiskanen and Airaksinen, 1979) and living systems theory (LST) [...]

Cosmic strings are linear concentrations of energy that may be formed at phase transitions in the very early universe. At one time they were thought to provide a possible origin for the density inhomogeneities from which galaxies eventually develop, though this idea has been ruled out, primarily by observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Fundamental strings are the supposed building blocks of all matter in superstring theory or its modern version, M-theory. These two concepts were originally very far apart, but recent developments have brought them closer. The 'brane-world' scenario in particular suggests the existence of macroscopic fundamental strings that could well play a role very similar to that of cosmic strings. In this paper, we outline these new developments, and also analyse recent observational evidence, and prospects for the future.

Byline: Reiner Hedrich (1) Keywords: unity of science; unification; reductionism; fundamental theory; theory of everything; superstrings Abstract: Requirements for a Fundamental Physical Theory.The search for a so-called `Theory of Everything' which should lead to the unification of allfundamental forces is seen, at present, as a matter of priority within theoretical high-energy physics. Some physicist identify this Theory of Everything today with aspecific type of superstring theory or its intended conceptualcontinuation, called M-Theory. The objective of this article is the discussion of therequirements a fundamental physical theory has to comply with.This question can only be clarified if one takes into account that the claim that a physical theory is all-encompassing takes forgranted some tacit prerequisites which concern the conceptualand epistemological foundations of science and, not least,the question for the realizability of its reductionisticunity. Author Affiliation: (1) Zentrum fur Philosophie und Grundlagen der Wissenschaft, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen, Otto-Behaghel-Strasse 10 C II, D 35394, Giessen Article History: Registration Date: 30/09/2004

The article explains that there is a 'landscape' of string/M theory vacua, perhaps containing many candidates for describing real world physics. Arguments are presented for and against this idea.

Lovelock gravity is arguably the most natural higher curvature, higher dimensional generalization of Einstein's theory of gravity. As shown in a previous paper (Kunstatter et al. arXiv:1210.1566; Kunstatter et al. Classical Quantum Gravity, 29, 092001 (2012) (Fast Track); arXiv:1201.4904.), the Hamiltonian for spherically symmetric Lovelock gravity is as simple as that of general relativity when written in terms of geometrodynamical variables (i.e., the areal radius and mass function). This result paves the way to the study of critical phenomena in black hole formation and the quantum mechanics of Lovelock black holes. PACS Nos.: 04.50.-Gh, 04.20.Fy, 04.60.Kz. On peut argumenter que la gravite de Lovelock est la generalisation la plus naturelle de la gravite d'Einstein a plus grande courbure et plus grande dimension. Tel que demontre en (Kunstatter et al. arXiv:1210.1566; Kunstatter et al. Classical Quantum Gravity, 29, 092001 (2012) (Fast Track); arXiv:1201.4904.), le Hamiltonien pour la gravite a symetrie spherique de Lovelock est aussi simple que celui de la relativite generale lorsqu'ecrit en fonction des variables geometrodynamiques (i.e. le rayon areal et la fonction de masse). Ceci pave le chemin vers l'etude des phenomenes critiques dans la formation d'un trou noir et vers la mecanique quantique des trous noirs de Lovelock. [Traduit par la Redaction], Einstein's theory of gravity must undergo corrections at microscopic distance scales. Quantum theory suggests the need to add higher-curvature terms, whereas string/M-theory [1] requires the existence of extra spatial dimensions. [...]